Abstract: The disclosure discloses a method for realizing single radio voice call continuity, which is applied in an IP Multimedia Core Network Subsystem (IMS) network. The method includes: receiving, by a service continuity application server (SC AS), a handover request, and then updating, by the SC AS, a remote leg, and transmitting, by the SC AS, a handover notification message to a user terminal; receiving, by the user terminal, a handover command in a Packet Switch (PS) domain and the handover notification message, then adjusting, by the user terminal, an access mode to be accessing a Circuit Switch (CS) domain. The invention further discloses a system for realizing single radio voice call continuity. The method and system for realizing enhancement of single radio voice call continuity provided by the disclosure can effectively reduce the overlong interruption time in the prior art, and greatly improve the user experience.

Abstract: The subject matter described herein includes methods, systems, and computer readable media for improved multi-switch link aggregation group (MLAG) convergence. According to one aspect of the subject matter described herein, a system for improved multi-switch link aggregation group (MLAG) convergence is provided. The system includes a packet forwarding device. The packet forwarding device includes a packet processor for receiving a packet and determining that the packet is destined for a port of the packet forwarding device associated with an MLAG group. The packet forwarding device further includes an MLAG module associated with the packet processor for determining that the port is inactive, and in response to determining that the port is inactive, performing a convergence operation, wherein the convergence operation includes redirecting, using a redirection filter, the received packet towards an active port associated with the MLAG group.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method for reporting a mobility state of a mobile terminal comprising: a User Equipment (UE) evaluating its own mobility state under a Radio Resource Control (RRC) connection state based on a first evaluation parameter sent by an evolved Node B (eNodeB), and obtaining an evaluated first determination result; and the UE reporting the first determination result to the eNodeB through a measurement report message in the RRC connection state. The present invention also discloses a mobile terminal configured to report determination result of its own mobility state to an eNodeB such that the eNodeB can adopt different pertinent processing strategies for UEs in different mobility states, thereby bringing convenience to practical application.

Abstract: A first node device transmits a first path information frame including first path information that associates a destination node device with a first forwarding destination to which the first node device forwards a data frame destined for the destination node device. A second node device other than the first node device receives the first path information frame. The second node device determines whether a forwarding path includes a loop. The forwarding path is a path from the second node device to the destination node device via the first node device and the first forwarding destination. The second node device stores the first path information upon determining that the forwarding path does not include a loop. The second node device forwards a data frame destined for the destination node device to the first node device on the basis of the first path information.

Abstract: A mobile phone performs a search operation for searching for a communicable access point when a state of being able to communicate with an access point changes to a state of being unable to communicate. When a search operation is performed, the mobile phone displays that the search operation is being performed. In order to reduce power consumption, when the mobile phone displays that the search operation is being performed, the search operation is halted in response to acceptance of an input of an instruction to halt the search operation.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for establishing a first pseudo-wire between a first item of input terminal equipment and an item of output terminal equipment, used by the first item of input terminal equipment. The method includes a step of transmitting a first message requesting establishment of the first pseudo-wire to an item of switching equipment, the first pseudo-wire to be established consisting of a first link between the first item of input terminal equipment and the item of switching equipment and of a second link between the item of switching equipment and the item of output terminal equipment. In such a method, the first establishment-request message also includes a request to establish at least one backup pseudo-wire consisting of the second link and of a third link to be established between the item of switching equipment and a second item of input terminal equipment.

Abstract: Systems and methods for providing services are disclosed. One aspect comprises determining a plurality of services to be provided over a first communication path to a destination, determining a select service of the plurality of services to be provided over a failover path to the destination, detecting a failure of the first communication path, and routing the select service over the failover path in response to the failure of the first communication path.

Abstract: A method for application-specific chargeback of content cached at a wireless tower of a RAN includes receiving a request for content from an end user device in a base station of a RAN and routing the request to an application in a packet switched data communications network from the base station by way of a CN. Content from the application can be received in the base station within a response to the request, the response can be cached in a local cache of the base station in connection with the application and the response can be forwarded to the end user device. Subsequently, in response to a new request for the content received in the base station, the content can be served in a response from the local cache. Further, an identity of the application can be transmitted to a remote charging service external to the base station but within the RAN for charging the application in consequence of having served the content from the local cache of the base station.

Abstract: N optical transceivers are each connected to a respective electronic module in one-to-one relation such that a respective one electronic module controls a respective one optical transceiver. An electronic switch matrix provides cross-connect capability between the P redundant electronic modules and N electronic modules to the N optical transceivers. A system controller determines when an active N electronic module has failed, and configures the electronic switch matrix to switch a P redundant electronic module into the optical transceiver to which the failed electronic module was connected. A system switch module redirects traffic and routing information, under the direction of the system controller, from the failed module to the newly activated redundant module so that the redundant module assumes the functionality of the failed module.

Abstract: A fail-to-wire (FTW) module that preserves a primary data path connection from an upstream computer to a downstream computer if there is any kind of failure in a breakout data path to a breakout system. The FTW module provides switches between the incoming data network data and the breakout system such that when the breakout system encounters a failure, the switches are de-activated to bypass the breakout system. The switches in the FTW module are activated by a system health signal from the breakout system. The breakout system can be serviced without interrupting the data network connections since the FTW module can be extracted from the failed breakout system with data network connections intact. The FTW module is preferably a compact modular element that fits within the breakout chassis and is easily inserted and removed from the breakout system during servicing operations.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus relating to repurposing a data lane as a clock lane by migrating to reduced speed link operation are described. In one embodiment, speed of a link is reduced upon detection of failure on a clock lane of the link and one of a plurality of data lanes of a link is repurposed as a replacement clock lane. Other embodiments are also disclosed and claimed.

Abstract: A network layout between network elements and routers using network redundancy to improve reliability of network communication is disclosed. Upon detecting a link failure associated with a primary link between an access switch and a primary router by the access switch via a connectivity verification protocol, the access switch sends a message to the primary router indicating connection defect via the connectivity verification protocol such as IEEE 802.1ag standard. After enabling protection switching mechanism to activate a secondary link between the access switch and a backup router for network communication, routing data streams are routed between the access switch and the router via the secondary link. In one aspect, the protection switching mechanism is operated in accordance with G.8031 under International Telecommunication Union (“ITU”) standard.

Abstract: A system and method for providing backup communications over an Ethernet cable are disclosed. A backup communication system (BCS) is provided as part of a networked (TCP/IP) hospital communication system. The BCS is coupled to an Ethernet cable used for normal TCP/IP communications. When TCP/IP communications are interrupted, the BCS receives patient call signals from patient room terminals over a secondary communication mode of the Ethernet cable, and transmits those call signals to a nurses' station. The call signals are transmitted as voltage coded data such as voltage pulses or static levels. The voltage can include call information. 10V can represent a normal patient call, 15V can represent a patient emergency call, and 24V can represent a code call. Information can be relayed back to the room terminals using the same signaling technique. Thus, basic communications can be achieved when TCP/IP communications are unavailable. Other embodiments are disclosed and claimed.

Abstract: Between a first pair of termination nodes, a first current-use packet transmission path and at least one first spare packet transmission path are defined. Between a second pair of termination nodes, a second current-use packet transmission path and at least one second spare packet transmission path are defined. When no network fault occurs, packets are transmitted between the pairs of nodes in a 1:1 transfer mode in which the pairs transfer packets via both current-use packet transmission paths only. When a network fault occurs in the first current-use packet transmission path, both transmissions are switched from a 1:1 transfer mode to a 1+1 transfer mode, in which the first pair of nodes transfer packets by using the first current-use packet transmission path and the first spare packet transmission path, and the second pair transfer packets by using the second current-use packet transmission path and the second spare packet transmission path.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for detecting an intermittent path to a storage system comprising accessing path statistics comprising indicia of path state of a path to a storage system, determining whether the path state has changed during a predefined period and, if the path state has changed at least a predefined number of times during the predefined period, identifying the path as intermittent. Once a path is deemed intermittent, the path is aged until either the path is no longer intermittent or the path is deemed dead.

Abstract: A system and method for optical communication are disclosed that may include providing an optical network terminal (ONT) operable to transmit information over a passive optical network (PON) to an optical line terminal (OLT); transmitting gigabit encapsulation mode (GEM) frames from the ONT to the OLT; converting the GEM frames into IP fragments; and transmitting the IP fragments out of the OLT.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for demoting network traffic are disclosed. In one embodiment, a method includes transmitting traffic associated with a session over a first path, and maintaining state information identifying the first path as a forwarding path for the session. Traffic associated with the session is rerouted from the first path to a second path following a network failure and the rerouted traffic is marked so that at least a portion of the rerouted traffic can be dropped at any point in the network if rerouting causes network congestion.

Abstract: A fabric chip includes a plurality of port interfaces, in which each of the plurality of port interfaces includes a network chip interface (NCI) block having a port resolution module to determine which of the port interfaces is to receive a packet from the NCI block and a crossbar block communicatively coupled with each of the NCI blocks in the plurality of port interfaces. In addition, at least two of the plurality of port interfaces are to be connected to at least two port interfaces of another fabric chip as trunked links of a trunk. Moreover, the NCI blocks of the at least two of the plurality of port interfaces include a resource that keeps track of the port interfaces in the fabric chip that are connected to the trunk links of the trunk.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a primary bidirectional LSP is established between an originating LSP packet switching device and a destination LSP packet switching device through an intermediate packet switching device. A corresponding backup LSP is also established. The originating LSP packet switching device sends a particular label switched packet to the destination LSP packet switching device over the primary bidirectional LSP. An intermediate packet switching device sends the particular label switched packet back to the originating LSP packet switching device over the primary bidirectional LSP in response to an error condition identified as affecting the primary bidirectional LSP towards the destination LSP packet switching device. The originating LSP packet switching device receives the particular label switched packet and sends it to the destination packet switching device over the backup LSP.

Abstract: Techniques are described for forwarding packets in a VPLS using multi-homing PE routers configured in an “active-active” link topology. As described herein, a PE router receives a packet from a multi-homed VPLS customer site, and processes the packet to determine a portion of a MAC domain to which the packet corresponds. When the packet is determined to correspond to a portion associated with the PE router, the PE router forwards the packet to the destination in accordance with forwarding protocols executing on the PE router. When the packet is determined to correspond to a portion associated with a second PE router, the PE router forwards the packet to the second PE router via a pseudowire that is external to the VPLS domain, and the second PE router forwards the packet to the destination in accordance with forwarding protocols executing on the second PE router.

Abstract: Methods and systems for detecting a preamble of a data packet in wireless communication systems is provided. To determine a preamble from a received signal, which may include a noise-altered preamble bit sequence, linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs) can be used to generate a count of the received preamble, and the count is compared to pre-generated scores to identify a match. Example methods include for each of a number of different preamble orientations of a preamble, generating a count value based on a comparison of bits of the preamble with a random bit sequence to produce a sequence of count values, and comparing the sequence of count values with m sequences of count values. A sequence of count values is identified that includes a maximum number of matching elements, and the received preamble is determined to be one of the m preambles corresponding to the identified sequence.

Abstract: Link identifiers such as VIDs, selected from a defined range of values, are locally assigned by each node on a link state protocol controlled Ethernet network to each of its links or adjacencies. The link identifiers are assigned by the nodes such that each link or adjacency at the node is uniquely identified by a different link identifier. A link state protocol adjacency notification mechanism or other flooding mechanism is used to disseminate the locally assigned link identifiers to other nodes on the link state protocol controlled Ethernet network. The link identifiers are added by the nodes to their topology databases to enable detour routes to be locally calculated by the nodes on the network in a distributed manner. Upon occurrence of a failure, the link identifiers are used to source route traffic around the failure so that traffic may continue to traverse the link state protocol controlled Ethernet network.

Abstract: Providing protection to network traffic includes sending a Pseudowire protection configuration parameter for configuring a standby Pseudowire between a source node and a destination node, receiving a Pseudowire configuration acknowledgement indicating whether the Pseudowire protection configuration parameter has been accepted by the destination node, and in the event that the Pseudowire protection configuration parameter has been accepted by the destination node, using the standby Pseudowire, wherein the standby Pseudowire's configured based at least in part on the Pseudowire protection configuration parameter.

Abstract: An optical communications system includes a MSAP and an optical transceiver mounted at the MSAP that communicates over an optical network to at least one optical network terminal (ONT). A first electronic module is operatively connected to the optical transceiver and configured to control the optical transceiver and mounted at the MSAP separate from the optical transceiver. A redundant second electronic module is supported within the MSAP and mounted separate from the optical transceiver. A Mux/Demux module interconnects and supports the first and second electronic modules to form an integral unit and mounted at the MSAP separate from the optical transceiver. The Mux/Demux module is configured to switch the second electronic module into communication with the optical transceiver upon failure of the first electronic module.

Abstract: A method and a network device for managing Diameter routing are disclosed in the communication technology. The network device avoids frequently sending a Diameter message on a faulty routing. In the method: a network apparatus receives a first Diameter message configured to be delivered to a destination node. The network apparatus determines a routing status of a primary routing from the network apparatus to the destination node according to recorded routing status from the network apparatus to the destination node. The network apparatus sends the first Diameter message through the primary routing if the routing status of the primary routing is normal. The network apparatus sends the first Diameter message through an alternative routing from the network apparatus to the destination node if the routing status of the primary routing is faulty.

Abstract: A fail-to-wire (FTW) module that preserves a primary data path connection from an upstream computer to a downstream computer if there is any kind of failure in a breakout data path to a breakout system. The FTW module provides switches between the incoming data network data and the breakout system such that when the breakout system encounters a failure, the switches are de-activated to bypass the breakout system. The switches in the FTW module are activated by a system health signal from the breakout system. The breakout system can be serviced without interrupting the data network connections since the FTW module can be extracted from the failed breakout system with data network connections intact. The FTW module is preferably a compact modular element that fits within the breakout chassis and is easily inserted and removed from the breakout system during servicing operations.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and products notify of alarms in security systems. Sensor data is received from an alarm sensor, and an alarm condition is determined by an alarm controller. Video data associated with the alarm sensor is retrieved. An alarm message is sent over a wireless network connection, while the video data is send over a wireline broadband connection.

Abstract: Disclosed example operations involve provisioning a pool of communication capacity in a network link, the pool of communication capacity including spare capacity; allocating from the spare capacity a reserve service communication capacity requested in a connection setup message associated with a first user, the reserve service communication capacity being available to accommodate an increase of communications associated with a first service connection for the first user; and while the reserve service communication capacity is allocated for the first service connection for the first user, provisioning the reserve service communication capacity to be available for restoration capacity associated with a second service connection for at least a second user.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes data transmission in a packet transport network (PTN). A multiple stack device facilitates data transmission between a first edge device of a first PTN technology and a second edge device of a second PTN technology. After receiving a first packet of the first PTN technology from the first edge device, the multiple stack device identifies a first connection with the first edge device according to information of the first packet and identifies a second connection with the second edge device from the first connection based on a relationship between the first connection and the second connection. The first packet is de-encapsulated and re-encapsulated into a second packet of the second PTN technology according to the second connection. The second packet is then forwarded to the second edge device via the second connection.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention relate to faulty recovery mechanisms for a three-dimensional (3-D) network on a processor array. One embodiment comprises a multidimensional switch network for a processor array. The switch network comprises multiple switches for routing packets between multiple core circuits of the processor array. The switches are organized into multiple planes. The switch network further comprises a redundant plane including multiple redundant switches. Multiple data paths interconnect the switches. The redundant plane is used to facilitate full operation of the processor array in the event of one or more component failures.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described that provide a distributed restoration signaling protocol for shared mesh restoration with standbys for transparent optical networks.

Abstract: A network element implementing Multiprotocol Label Switching to automatically create an optimal deterministic back-up Label Switch Path (LSP) that is maximally disjointed from a primary LSP to provide a reliable back up to the primary LSP. The network element receives a request for a generation of an LSP, determines that the request for the generation of the LSP is for the back-up LSP, locates each link of the primary LSP in a traffic engineering database, modifies each link of the primary LSP to have a link cost significantly greater than an actual link cost to discourage use of each link of the primary LSP in the back-up LSP, executes a Constrained Shortest Path First algorithm to obtain the back-up LSP, wherein the back-up LSP has a maximum disjointedness from the primary LSP due to a modified cost of each link of the primary LSP, and returns the back-up LSP.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are used for detecting a radio link (RL) failure and a post verification process. A quality of a downlink fractional dedicated physical channel (F-DPCH) is monitored once a transmission on an enhanced dedicated channel (E-DCH) has begun. It is determined whether the quality of the downlink F-DPCH is below a predefined threshold. If the quality is below the predefined threshold, then an occurrence of an RL failure is declared and a transmission over the E-DCH in a cell forward access channel (CELL_FACH) state is terminated. In a case of the post verification failure, E-DCH resources are released.

Abstract: A procedure for designing a virtual private network, and a system, apparatus, and computer program that operate in accordance with the procedure. The procedure includes receiving at least one of network information, a bandwidth objective and a protection objective. A mesh algorithm is executed based on the at least one of the network information, the bandwidth objective and the protection objective, to generate one or more mesh algorithm results.

Abstract: Provided are a multi-lane-based Ethernet lane fault recovery apparatus and method capable of detecting a lane fault separately from a link fault and identifying one or more lanes where the lane fault has occurred. The lane fault recovery apparatus includes a communication unit configured to comprise a plurality of data transmission lanes, distribute data between the plurality of data transmission lanes in response to the receipt of a control command and photoelectrically convert the data; and a connection processing unit configured to detect the occurrence of a fault from the plurality of data transmission lanes, exclude one or more faulty lanes where the fault has occurred from the plurality of data transmission lanes and transmit the data via the rest of the data transmission lanes that are available for use. The connection processing unit may be further configured to transmit data via a switched backup link.

Abstract: A network-recovering router is provided. The router includes a first network port and a second network port. If the router determines that a communication link between the first network port and a remote device is broken, the router generates a modified information packet and transmits the modified information packet to the remote device to inform the remote device of a new communication link via the second network port of the router, effectively preventing any interruption of the data flow. A system and method for network recovery are also provided.

Abstract: Computing working paths and recovery paths in a telecommunications network having nodes capable of supporting different recovery schemes, is based on traffic demands having an indication of a desired recovery service level, for that demand. A path computation is carried out to select a working path through the network for each of the traffic demands and to select which of the different recovery schemes to use according to the service level. The selected working paths and their associated recovery schemes are then set up in the network. By leaving the selection of the recovery scheme to the path computation stage, network resources can be used more efficiently, and operators can specify resiliency in terms of needs rather than in terms of the technology of the network. Thus operators can be insulated from the detailed knowledge of the network.

Abstract: A network layout between network elements and routers using network redundancy to improve reliability of network communication is disclosed. Upon detecting a link failure associated with a primary link between an access switch and a primary router by the access switch via a connectivity verification protocol, the access switch sends a message to the primary router indicating connection defect via the connectivity verification protocol such as IEEE 802.1 ag standard. After enabling protection switching mechanism to activate a secondary link between the access switch and a backup router for network communication, routing data streams are routed between the access switch and the router via the secondary link. In one aspect, the protection switching mechanism is operated in accordance with G.8031 under International Telecommunication Union (“ITU”) standard.

Abstract: A method of providing at least one restoration path for a primary routing path in a network. The method includes receiving a customer connection request to route information. Costs are assigned for the primary routing path, and the primary routing path is computed based upon the primary routing path costs. A backtracking distance over the primary routing path is determined, and costs for at least one restoration path are assigned. The at least one restoration path may then be computed based upon the at least one restoration path costs.

Abstract: A wireless communications system includes a base station, and a communications device configured to communicate with the base station via different wireless communications channels using a modulation standard wherein a received modulation differs from a transmitted modulation (e.g., due to environmental conditions) as measured by a modulation fidelity value. The base station and the communications device are configured to cooperate to determine respective modulation fidelity values associated with a current channel and an alternate channel based upon an estimated modulation fidelity calculated from the received modulation, and to selectively switch between the current channel and the alternate channel based upon the determined modulation fidelity values.

Abstract: A method for dual mode mobile terminal in an MIMO wireless communication system is disclosed. The present invention includes the steps of if an uplink transmission mode is for simultaneous transmission to an LTE base station and a CDMA base station, determining whether a transmission power to the LTE base station is equal to or greater than a threshold value, transmitting a simultaneous transmission mode dedicated scheduling request signal for excluding a risky frequency band from an uplink band to the LTE base station, receiving a scheduling information on the uplink band except the risky frequency band from the LTE base station, transmitting a CS service signal to the CDMA base station, and transmitting a PS service signal to the LTE base station using the scheduling information.

Abstract: In a network in which a plurality of protection paths have been formed for one working path between a first node and a second node, each node determines preference levels corresponding to an order to be preferentially used when performing protection switching on the plurality of protection paths. Next, each node exchanges pieces of information about the preference levels determined for the plurality of protection paths.

Abstract: A method for service protection is disclosed, which is applied to a 1:n switching technique. The method includes the following steps. A source end sends a service to a work transmission entity, the work transmission entity performs performance monitoring through the transmitted service, a sink end receives the service from the work transmission entity; when a Signal Degrade (SD) fault occurs at the work transmission entity, the source end sends the service to the work transmission entity and a protection transmission entity simultaneously, and the sink end selects to receive the service from the protection transmission entity; the protection transmission entity performs the performance monitoring through the transmitted service; when the SD fault occurs at both the work transmission entity and the protection transmission entity, the sink end still receives the service from the protection transmission entity. A system for service protection is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method for handling error recovery at a user equipment, the method comprising: maintaining a first communication channel and a second communication channel between the user equipment and a radio access network; storing a plurality of control messages in one or more buffers for transmission over the first communication channel; detecting if the first communication channel is disabled; initiating a recovery procedure using the second communication channel, wherein the recovery procedure comprises restoring the first communication channel using the second communication channel; sending a further message to one of the one or more buffers for transmission on the restored first communication channel as part of said procedure; and in response to detecting that the first communication channel is disabled, moderating control messages stored in the one or more buffers by one or both of: selecting a subset of un-transmitted control messages from a plurality of un-transmitted control messages in the one or more buffers

Abstract: A networking system comprising a plurality of content routers coupled to each other and to a plurality of providers and configured to route and cache content data, wherein the content routers are further configured to locate and route requested content to a user node coupled to the content routers, wherein the providers are configured to publish content and the content routers are further configured to receive and cache the content data in response to an interest request for content and to flood a content identifier for the content data to a plurality of neighboring content routers within a specified radius, wherein the content identifier enables the plurality of neighboring content routers to determine a nearest location from which to obtain the content data to enable efficient content routing.

Abstract: A first network device creates a protection path to a second network device associated with a first service site, and creates a pseudowire between the first service site and a second service site via the first network device and the second network device. The first network device also detects a failure between the first network device and the first service site, and forwards traffic, provided by the pseudowire between the first service site and the second service site, via the protection path. The second network device uses the traffic on the protection path as a trigger to activate a link between the second network device and the first service site.

Abstract: Signal transmission apparatus, systems, and methods are disclosed. In various embodiments, a signal transmission system includes a transmission network having signal paths configured to communicate signals from an input to an output, a first steering network coupled to the input that communicates with the transmission network, and a second steering network coupled to the output that communicates with the transmission network. A steering control network that receives error signals corresponding to an inoperable signal path and that generates steering signals directed to the first steering network and the second steering network is included, so that the steering signals shift signals to an alternate, operable signal path from the inoperable signal path. Additional apparatus, systems, and methods are disclosed.

Abstract: An approach for providing fault isolation for a service path in an Ethernet-based network is described. A service path within an Ethernet-based network and associated with a plurality of management levels is determined. A plurality of management points that are along the service path and that correspond to the management levels are monitored. An occurrence of a fault at one of the management points associated with the service path is identified based on the monitoring.

Abstract: In accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure, a method is provided for communicating multicast traffic. The method may include in response to receipt of multicast control traffic at a network element to be communicated to a protection switching group, communicating the multicast control traffic to each of a working path and a protection path of the protection switching group. The method may also include in response to receipt of multicast control traffic via either of the working path and the protection path, processing the multicast control traffic as if the multicast control traffic was received via both the working path and the protection path.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a method and system for resource and admission control in an NGN home network. Through setting up an Rh interface between the Policy Decision Function Entity of the NGN service provider and the Home Gateway Enforcement Function Entity in the customer premise network, the Policy Decision Function Entity of the service provider makes the resource and admission control policy for the customer premises network and sends down the policy rules to the customer premises network through the interface. Thus the quality of service of the network that the users use could be ensured well.