Abstract: Methods and network equipment in a core network for intercepting protected communication between core network (CN) network functions (NFs). A method performed by network equipment in a core network may include establishing a first connection with a first NF for which the network equipment serves as a proxy and establishing, on behalf of the first NF, a second connection that is towards a second NF and that is secure. The method may also include selectively forwarding communication between the first and second NFs over the first and second connections, including transmitting and/or receiving the communication on behalf of the first NF over the second connection. The method may further include intercepting the communication that the network equipment selectively forwards between the first and second NFs.

Abstract: A transmitter can manage when a transmit queue is permitted to transmit and an amount of data permitted to be transmitted. After a transmit queue is permitted to transmit, the transmit queue can be placed in a sleep state if the transmit queue has exceeded its permitted data transmission quota. The wake time of the transmit queue can be scheduled based on a token accumulation rate for the transmit queue. The token accumulation rate can be increased if the transmit queue has other data to transmit after the data transmission. The token accumulation rate can be decreased if the transmit does not have other data to transmit.

Abstract: At a network-connected device, congestion at an egress queue can be detected. A potential source of congestion can be identified based on characteristics of a packet that caused the egress queue to become congested. The source of congestion can be a congestion group of transmitters. A group congestion message can be sent to the group of transmitters. The message can identify the packet that caused the egress queue to become congested. Transmitters can respond to the message by reducing their peak transmission rate.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for processing a low-latency service flow, where the method includes that a first forwarding device obtains a low latency identifier corresponding to a first service flow, and obtains a second data packet based on the first data packet and the low latency identifier after determining that a received first data packet belongs to the first service flow, where the second data packet includes the first data packet and the low latency identifier, the low latency identifier instructing a forwarding device that receives the first service flow to forward the first service flow in a low-latency forwarding mode, and the low-latency forwarding mode is a mode in which fast forwarding of the first service flow is implemented under dynamic control, and the first forwarding device sends the second data packet to a second forwarding device in the low-latency forwarding mode.

Abstract: A Time-To-Live budget can be determined for network packets and used to understand an impact of network expansion on dropped packets. Additionally, the TTL budget can be used to determine how network expansion impacts services provided in the data center. In one embodiment, agents executing on data center routers are used to transmit packet header data including a TTL budget to a collector server computer. The collector server computer can discern signal (production flows) from noise (traceroutes and probing traffic) to detect packets that are at risk of being dropped or have been dropped due to TTL expiration. Alerts can be generated for packet flows with dangerously low remaining TTL budget or no remaining budget, which are at high risk of expiring due to operational events resulting in traffic temporarily traversing slightly longer paths. A dashboard can be provided with historic TTL budget data and trends.

Abstract: Example implementations may relate to determining a strategy for a drop process associated with a light detection and ranging (LIDAR) device. In particular, the LIDAR device could emit light pulses and detect return light pulses, and could generate a set of data points representative of the detected return light pulses. The drop process could involve a computing system discarding data point(s) of the set and/or preventing emission of light pulse(s) by the LIDAR device. Accordingly, the computing system could detect a trigger to engage in the drop process, and may responsively (i) use information associated with the environment around the vehicle, operation of the vehicle, and/or operation of the LIDAR device as a basis to determine the strategy for the drop process, and (ii) engage in the drop process in accordance with the determined strategy.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure include a content delivery network (CDN) for delivering content associated with a plurality of different types of applications/devices. Using a CDN flow application, a plurality of network flow parameters are generated for content delivery unique to different types of applications or devices. The network flow parameters include customized data transmission rates. The network flow parameters include predetermined settings for transmission control protocol (TCP) connections between the CDN and devices using a TCP flow control mechanism. Upon receiving a content request, the CDN fulfills the content request based upon first network flow parameters. The network flow parameters may be adjusted for each of the plurality of different types of applications/devices. The network flow parameters may be generated based upon requests or based upon the performance of each of the plurality of applications/devices.

Abstract: Multiphase signal generation circuitry receives input signals that are out-of-phase with one another by a quadrature delay (e.g., 90°), and generates output signals that are out-of-phase with one another by half of the quadrature delay. A first input signal may be provided to a first delay circuitry, which is then input to a first phase interpolator. The first delay circuitry is also input to second delay circuitry, which also generates an output that is input to the first phase interpolator. The first phase interpolator outputs a first output signal. The second delay circuitry is input to third delay circuitry, which in turn is input to a second phase interpolator with a second input signal that is out-of-phase with the first input signal by the quadrature delay. The second phase interpolator outputs a second output signal that is out-of-phase with the first output signal by the half of the quadrature delay.

Abstract: Concepts and technologies directed to agile transport for background traffic in cellular networks are disclosed herein. In various aspects, a system can include a processor and memory storing instructions that, upon execution, cause performance of operations. The operations can include determining a capacity of a communication path that communicatively couples a user equipment to a radio access network cell site. The operations can include identifying, from the radio access network cell site, a queue that is constructed for the user equipment. The operations can include assembling a plurality of probe burst packet sets from a background traffic flow. The operations can include probing the communication path for spare capacity using the plurality of probe burst packet sets and delivering the background traffic flow to the user equipment using the spare capacity while the communication path is not busy.

Abstract: A resource allocation method includes: obtaining, by a first network device, target resource reservation information based on a plurality of transmitted packets, where all of the packets carry a same virtual network identifier, and the virtual network identifier is used to indicate that the packets are transmitted through a same virtual network; and allocating a resource to the virtual network based on the target resource reservation information.

Abstract: This disclosure provides a method and an apparatus for implementing a composed VPN. The method includes: obtaining a business type and a customer site that are input by a user; determining an access point corresponding to the customer site; determining one or more segment VPNs according to the business type and the access point corresponding to the customer site; obtaining a composed VPN according to the one or more segment VPNs; and outputting an access point list and a segment VPN list of the composed VPN to the user. In the solutions provided in this application, a user can learn a correlation between businesses in different domains related to a composed VPN, and can readily estimate a range affected by a business change of the composed VPN.

Abstract: A network malicious behavior detection method, including: checking each piece of network packet to determine whether a protocol payload contained therein matches an element in a predetermined protocol payload set, marking each piece of the network packet as a suspicious network packet if the check result is true, and transferring each piece of the network packet to a target device if the check result is false; and performing a malicious behavior checking process on at least one piece of the suspicious network packet, blocking the transfer of at least one piece of the suspicious network packet to the target device if the check result is true, and enabling the transfer of at least one piece of the suspicious network packet to the target device if the check result is false.

Abstract: Disclosed is a system for analyzing and optimizing conference experiences. The system may identify parameters associated with a conference between a set of User Equipment (“UEs”) used by different conference participants to access the conference. The system may compare the identified parameters to sets of parameters associated with a classification model. The system may identify, based on the comparing and the model output, a particular classification for the conference, and may calculate an impact of each conference parameter on the particular classification based on a particular parameter combination included in the model for the particular classification. The system may determine that a subset of the conference parameters has a larger impact on the particular classification than other conference parameters, may select one or more actions that are associated with the particular classification and the subset of parameters, and may perform the one or more actions.

Abstract: The disclosure includes a method of performing congestion control by a server device in a network. The method includes setting an effective window equal to a congestion window; sending traffic including the effective window to a client device; receiving an acknowledgment (ACK) from the client device; incrementing the congestion window if the ACK is not a duplicate; and updating the effective window based at least partly on the incremented congestion window.

Abstract: A method for alleviating flow congestion at forwarding elements is provided. The method receives traffic related data from a plurality of forwarding elements of a network, and based on the traffic related data, determines congestion at a first forwarding element of the plurality of forwarding elements caused by at least one flow passing through the first forwarding element at a first rate. The method calculates, based on a burst size of the at least one flow, a second rate for the at least one flow such that when the at least one flow passes through the first forwarding element at the second rate the congestion at the first forwarding element is alleviated. The method rate limits the at least one flow by passing the at least one flow through a flow rate manager at the calculated second rate before transmitting the at least one flow to the first forwarding element.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to systems and methods for transport resource allocation using a centralized control policy, the methods including the steps of receiving node characteristics associated with a plurality of nodes; receiving a centralized policy configuration associated with at least one control policy to be applied based on a set of match conditions; identifying a one or more nodes from the plurality of nodes that satisfy, or that are associated with one or more tunnels that satisfy, the set of match conditions; and applying the at least one control policy to the one or more nodes that satisfy, or to the one or more tunnels that satisfy, the set of match conditions, wherein the at least one control policy is configured to override at least one locally-configured bidirectional forwarding detection (BFD) timer; and/or set a maximum number of tunnels for provisioning at the identified one or more nodes.

Abstract: A system includes a printed circuit board (PCB) on which is disposed memory components and a processor disposed on the PCB and coupled between the memory components and a host memory controller. The processor comprises a memory channel network (MCN) memory controller to handle memory requests associated with the memory components; a local buffer; and a core coupled to the MCN memory controller and the local buffer. The core executes an operating system (OS) running a network software layer and a distributed computing framework; and an MCN driver to: receive a network packet from the network software layer; store the network packet in the local buffer; and assert a transmit polling field of the local buffer to signal to the host memory controller that the network packet is available for transmission to a host computing device.

Abstract: An approach for establishing a priority ranking for endpoints in a network. This can be useful when triaging endpoints after an endpoint becomes compromised. Ensuring that the most critical and vulnerable endpoints are triaged first can help maintain network stability and mitigate damage to endpoints in the network after an endpoint is compromised. The present technology involves determining a criticality ranking and a secondary value for a first endpoint in a datacenter. The criticality ranking and secondary value can be combined to form priority ranking for the first endpoint which can then be compared to a priority ranking for a second endpoint to determine if the first endpoint or the second endpoint should be triaged first.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium for communicating between an operational asset and a backend network that include the actions of receiving first data from an operational asset through a first communication interface that is configured to communicate with an operational asset, and where the first data is formatted according to a first data format that is specific to the operational asset. Processing the first data according to an asset template to generate second data, where the second data includes the first data and being formatted according to a second data format that is specific to the backend network. Causing the second data to be transmitted to the backend network by a second communication interface that is configured to communicate with a backend network.

Abstract: A method implemented to provide a virtual network to tenants requiring bandwidth in a cloud computing environment is disclosed. The method starts with receiving a request for a task at a network device, the request including a first parameter indicating VMs required, a second parameter indicating bandwidths the required VMs need, a third parameter indicating a duration of the task, and a fourth parameter indicating a deadline of the task. The network device then selects a starting time and a bandwidth allocation of the task, where the bandwidth allocation is shrank to be smaller than the second parameter indicating, and where the selection aims at minimizing a measurement of cloud resource utilization considering consumptions of both VMs and bandwidth. Then the network device allocates VMs for the request at the starting time with the bandwidth allocated at a particular location in the cloud computing environment.

Abstract: A computer-implemented system and method identifies a network flow direction. The method includes observing, by a network flow monitor, a plurality of data packets as each data packet travels past a connection point. The method further includes identifying, from the plurality of data packets, a flow session, wherein the flow session comprises a source port, a source device, a destination device, a destination port, and a communication protocol. The method also includes, gathering, from the plurality of data packets, directional metadata. The method includes, comparing the source port and the destination port against a list of common destination ports. The method further includes determining, based on the plurality of data packets, a flow direction of the flow session. The method includes storing the flow session in a database.

Abstract: Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, monitoring communication traffic in a communication network including a plurality of cell sites and a plurality of collector circuits over a time period, storing information about the communication traffic and information about available network resources in a database and predicting where additional capacity will be needed in the communication network at a future time, wherein the predicting is based on the information about the communication traffic. The subject disclosure may further include improving assignment of additional capacity in the communication network between the plurality of cell sites and the plurality of collector circuits based on the information about available network resources and communicating with network switches to assign the additional capacity within the communication network and initiate communication in the communication network. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are disclosed for Uplink operation in LTE unlicensed spectrum (LTE-U). A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may receive licensed assisted access (LAA) configuration information, e.g., for a first cell from a second cell. The first cell may be associated with operation in an unlicensed band, and the second cell may be associated with operation in a licensed band. The WTRU may determine whether a first subframe is a sounding reference signal (SRS) subframe for the first cell. If the first subframe is an SRS subframe for the first cell, the WTRU may determine SRS resources for the first subframe and determine whether the WTRU is triggered to transmit an SRS transmission in the first subframe. If it is determined the WTRU is triggered to transmit the SRS transmission in the first subframe, the WTRU may transmit the SRS transmission on the SRS resources for the first subframe.

Abstract: A system includes first, second, and third processors. The first processor is configured to detect congestion in a packet flow formed of a plurality of packets of a same type received from a first device in a network via a first network connection. The packets in the packet flow being destined for a second device in the network. The second processor is configured to send, when congestion notification packet generation is enabled for the packet flow, a congestion notification packet to the first device via the first network connection. The congestion notification packet identifies the packet flow for which congestion is detected. The third processor is configured to forward the plurality of packets in the packet flow to the second device via a second the network connection.

Abstract: This disclosure describes a traffic control method and a related apparatus. When receiving a publish packet sent by a client, a serving end queries a window value of a flow control window of the client, and compares the window value with a preset window threshold. The serving end rejects the publish packet when the window value is equal to the window threshold, or when the window value is greater than the window threshold, decreases the window value by a preset value, and processes the publish packet. Thus, the problem that the serving end cannot process, in time, a message sent by the client because the client sends the message too fast when the message is transmitted between the client and the serving end, can be avoided so that communication can be normally performed.

Abstract: A network gateway is provided for routing data flows across a plurality of network connections, the network gateway including a plurality of network interfaces for transmitting data over the plurality of network connections, the plurality of network interfaces including a first network interface; at least one processor configured for: transmitting a sequential burst of packets across the first network interface; based on timestamps recorded when packets in the sequential burst of packets are received at a receiving node, and the size of the packets, generating a bandwidth of the first network interface; and routing a data flow of sequential packets across the plurality of network connections based on the generated bandwidth of the first network interface.

Abstract: A wireless transmitting system acquires transmission data, sequentially transmits, by broadcast, a plurality of frames contained in the acquired transmission data, that are modulated by any of a plurality of modulation and coding schemes (MCSs) including a first MCS and a second MCS, and controls to transmit a first frame that is modulated by the first MCS based on the acquired transmission data and then to transmit a second frame that is modulated by the second MCS based on the acquired transmission data.

Abstract: A method, system and computer program product for efficiently utilizing connections in connection pools. A period of time an application running on a virtual machine needs a greater number of connections to an external resource than allocated in its pool of connections is identified. The connection pool for this application as well as the connection pools for the other applications containing connections to the same external resource are merged to form a logical pool of connections to be shared by those applications during the identified period of time. Alternatively, in an application server cluster environment, the connection pools utilized by the application servers to access the external resource may be reconfigured based on the weight assigned to each member (or application server) of the cluster which is based on the member's load size. In these manners, the resource connections in these pools of connections will be more efficiently utilized.

Abstract: Methods and systems are described for determining an image resource allocation for displaying content within a display area. An image or data capture device associated with a display device may capture an image of a space associated with the user or capture data related to other objects in the space. The viewing distance between the user and the display area (e.g., the display device) may be monitored and processed to determine and/or adjust the image resource allocation for content displayed within the display area. User movement, including eye movement, may also be monitored and processed to determine and/or adjust the image resource allocation for content displayed within the display area.

Abstract: Techniques for determining packet path visibility, packet drops, and latency measurements associated with data flows of a networked computing environment are disclosed herein. The techniques may include receiving flow data associated with a data flow of a networked computing environment and determining a packet path associated with the data flow. The packet path may indicate that a first leaf switch is configured to send packets to a service chain device and that a second leaf switch is configured to receive the packets from the service chain device. The techniques may also include receiving timestamp data indicating a first time when the first leaf switch sent a packet to the service chain device and a second time when the second leaf switch received the packet from the service chain device. Based at least in part on the timestamp data, a latency associated with the service chain device may be calculated.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and computer readable storage mediums are disclosed for scalable data collection and aggregation of statistics for logical objects of an application centric network. An analytics agent running on a logical object of an application centric network is elected as one of a Designated Stats device (DSD) or a Member Stats device (MSD). If the analytics agent is defined as a DSD, the analytics agent receives data reported from a downstream MSD communicated over the analytics plane and aggregates data from the MSD belonging to the same access control list rule. If the analytics agent is defined as an MSD, the analytics agent selects a DSD and reports the statistics to that DSD over the analytics plane.

Abstract: There is described an apparatus for a base station in a radio access network. The apparatus is configured to detect a change in a radio network congestion status associated with a cell or cell sector of the base station that is being used to serve a mobile device, the change being a change to a given one of a plurality of possible radio congestion levels. The apparatus starts a packet modification process to modify one or more packets in each of one or more uplink data flows from the mobile device to a core network of the radio access network, the one or more packets in each of the one or more uplink data flows being modified by the packet modification process to signal, to a server in the core network, the change in congestion status to the given one of the plurality of possible radio congestion levels.

Abstract: A unidirectional transfer protocol allows data to be transmitted from a non-secure network into a secure network. A non-secure gateway may receive data and/or information, intended for the secure network, from one or more devices. The gateway may fragment the data and/or information into smaller chunks and transmit the chunks to a secure gateway via a unidirectional communication channel. The secure gateway may verify the chunks using one or more rules and reassemble the chunks when the data is validated. The reassembled data may be sent across a secure network enclave. The unidirectional transfer protocol may provide a hardware-agnostic solution for transmitting data over a unidirectional communication channel.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for improving throughput and reliability in a wireless network. In one embodiment, the apparatus and methods provide mechanisms for wireless user device buffer management that mitigate buffer overflow within the device due to overscheduling, such as from different networks with which the device is connected simultaneously. In one variant, a 3GPP-based signaling architecture from wireless device to the multiple networks is provided to enable user device-controlled management buffer overflow. In another variant, potentially buffer-demanding (e.g., HARQ) process management and prioritization rules are defined to avoid buffer overflow. In other variant, buffer size computation is provided considering the number of networks to which the wireless user device can connect.

Abstract: A method and system are described for automatically determining network utilization bounds in order to meet per-link packet loss rate targets through the network. A loss-verses-utilization model is continuously re-generated as part of a feedback loop to update link utilization targets. A target loss rate can be used to generate a link utilization target value using the model. The link utilization target value can be used in a variety of network update models, such as traffic engineering, capacity planning and risk management. Updates can be applied to individual network links, network devices as a whole, or groups of devices (based on type or position in the network).

Abstract: This disclosure is directed to embodiments of systems and methods for performing compression of data in a queue. A device intermediary between a client and a server may determine that a length of time to move existing data maintained in a queue from the queue exceeds a predefined threshold. The device may identify, responsive to the determination, a first quantity of the existing data to undergo compression, and a second quantity of the existing data according to a compression ratio of the compression. The device may reserve, according to the second quantity, a first portion of the queue that maintained the first quantity of the existing data, to place compressed data obtained from applying the compression on the first quantity of the existing. The device may place incoming data into the queue beyond the reserved first portion of the queue.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a networking device reroutes traffic in a network from a first path to a second path, based on a prediction that the first path will not satisfy a service level agreement associated with the traffic. The networking device enters a fast monitoring state during which the networking device performs fast probing of the first path and of the second path onto which the traffic was rerouted. The networking device makes, based on the fast probing, a determination as to whether the first path would have violated the service level agreement and whether the second path violates the service level agreement. The networking device enacts a routing decision for the traffic by applying a routing policy to the determination.

Abstract: A receiver receives a data packet with a header and a payload. The payload includes at least one full service data unit, one or two service data unit fragments, or at least one full service data unit and at least one service data unit fragment, where a service data unit fragment is only located (i) at the beginning of the payload or at the end of the payload or (ii) at the beginning of the payload and at the end of the payload. The header includes a single field consisting of a first bit and a second bit, even when a number of full service data units and service data unit fragments in the payload is more than two, the single field indicating whether (i) the payload begins with a fragment of a service data unit and (ii) the payload ends with a service data unit fragment. Digital signal processing circuitry processes the header to determine processing for the payload.

Abstract: Some embodiments include assessing multimedia service in a particular environment, determining in real-time whether an extender device would improve the multimedia service in the particular environment, and communicating a recommendation via a graphical user interface (GUI). The assessing is based on physical layer and application layer measurements of the multimedia service in the particular environment. Some embodiments utilize an application on a mobile communications device that may be used in conjunction with a multimedia device to determine placement of an extender device among multimedia devices associated with a same multimedia service customer account for a desired performance and hence, a desired customer experience.

Abstract: A system that implements a data storage service may store data on behalf of storage service clients. The system may maintain data in multiple replicas of various partitions that are stored on respective computing nodes in the system. The system may employ a single master failover protocol, usable when a replica attempts to become the master replica for a replica group of which it is a member. Attempting to become the master replica may include acquiring a lock associated with the replica group, and gathering state information from the other replicas in the group. The state information may indicate whether another replica supports the attempt (in which case it is included in a failover quorum) or stores more recent data or metadata than the replica attempting to become the master (in which case synchronization may be required). If the failover quorum includes enough replicas, the replica may become the master.

Abstract: A switch device installed in a vehicle is provided with: a switch unit configured to relay communication data between a plurality of function units installed in the vehicle; a storage unit configured to hold the communication data to be relayed; and a control unit configured to determine a state of the storage unit, and adjust, for each of applications, a throughput of the communication data to be transmitted from the function units, based on a result of the determination.

Abstract: A method, performed by a receiver, for controlling congestion, including receiving packets from a transmitter, determining a maximum transmission rate of the received packets; determining a minimum packet delay of the received packets; determining characteristics of a congestion window of next packets to be received from the transmitter based on the maximum transmission rate and the minimum packet delay; and transmitting information on the determined characteristics of the congestion window to the transmitter.

Abstract: An electronic apparatus, method, and algorithm achieve synchronization between video data executed on a video sink device and audio data executed on one or more Bluetooth audio sink devices. The electronic apparatus, method, and algorithm obtain calibration information for the one or more Bluetooth devices, determine a delay for outputting the video and audio data to the video sink device using the calibration information, control the Bluetooth transceiver to output the audio data to the one or more Bluetooth devices, and control the output circuit to output the video and audio data to the video sink device in accordance with the determined delay.

Abstract: A processing system including at least one processor may obtain traffic measurements for end-to-end paths in a telecommunication network, calculate traffic estimates for the end-to-end paths in future time periods based on the traffic measurements in accordance with at least one machine learning model, calculate traffic estimates for primary paths in the telecommunication network based upon the traffic estimates for the end-to-end paths, compute a backup path configuration for a primary path of the telecommunication network for the future time periods based upon the traffic estimates for the primary paths in the future time periods, detect a change in the backup path configuration for the primary path in a future time period based upon the computing, and adjust a backup path in accordance with the backup path configuration when the change in the backup path configuration is detected.

Abstract: A computing system for monitoring, validating, and illustrating data transfer between computing devices in an enterprise computing system receives packet header information from network sensing modules. The computing system validates the records of the collected packet header information and discards erroneous records. The computing system corrects invalidly recorded information in the records. The computing system identifies records corresponding to unidirectional and bidirectional data transfer, generating a single data transfer record for a unidirectional data transfer and a pair of data transfer records for a bidirectional data transfer. The computing system stores the data transfer records in a standard data structure accessible at a user interface. The computing system generates a graphical directionality map for display at the user interface based on the input data transfer records to depict the data transfer relationships between computing devices.

Abstract: A system is presented for load balancing across media server instances. In an embodiment, media is broken out into a multi-tenanted service allowing the media to be scaled independently of the number of organizations supported on a cloud-based collaboration platform. Scaling may occur in a scaling-out or a scaling-in operation. States for a media service may comprise in-service, quiescing, quiesced, failed, etc. The states may be used to monitor sessions associated with an instance and determine which media instances to terminate during a scaling-in operation. In an embodiment, new instances may be added to a collection of media instances in response to an increased workload in a scaling-out operation.

Abstract: Reception information of frames received at a redundant port may be stored to a data structure in group of data structures such that reception information of all frames in a sequence are not stored to the same data structure and the reception information can be quickly accessed for duplicate detection. The data structure includes reception information for a portion of consecutive frames in a sequence of frames transmitted by a specific transmitter node. A communications layer address of the transmitter node and information capable of identifying a portion of consecutive frames in a sequence of frames are derived from a received frame. The reception information for the received frame in the data structure is read on the basis of derived information capable of identifying the received frame within the portion of consecutive frames.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for determining a source of an unauthorized copy of speech signals in a conference call session. A conference bridge receives a speech signal during a conference call session with a plurality of end user devices attending. The conference bridge provides one or more dynamic, end user specific watermarks corresponding to the one or more end user devices. Each watermark is adjusted based on characteristics of the speech signal to make the watermark imperceptible to a human being. The speech signal is then embedded with the adjusted watermark in real time to generate a modified speech signal.

Abstract: A signaling-link retimer concatenates discontiguous leading and trailing portions of a precoded and scrambled symbol stream, shunting the trailing portion of the stream ahead of unneeded stream content to dynamically reduce the number of symbols queued between retimer input and output and thus reduce retimer transit latency.

Abstract: An interrupt handler unit (130) generates a timer interrupt at an interrupt time, and executes an interrupt preparation process. A wait time period measurement unit (142) a measures a time period from completion of the interrupt preparation process to generation of a start request (201) as a wait time period. A time calculation unit (441) calculates a subtraction time period based on the wait time period measured by the wait time period measurement unit (142), and calculates a preparation time period that is the sum of a time period obtained by subtracting the subtraction time period from the wait time period and a processing time period of the interrupt preparation process. The time calculation unit (441) stores a time obtained by shifting back the preparation time period from the time of a next start request (201), as a next interrupt time, in a time storage unit (442).