Abstract: A method for a crawl algorithm includes obtaining a plurality of web pages for a web crawler to crawl. The method also includes determining an available bandwidth for the web crawler. The method includes, for each respective web page of the plurality of web pages, determining a respective crawl value for the respective web page based on the available bandwidth and determining that the respective crawl value of the respective web page satisfies a threshold value. The method includes, in response to determining that the respective crawl value of the respective web page satisfies the threshold value, updating the respective web page in a cache memory.

Abstract: This recording mode changing device is provided with: a means for determining, according to the lighting status of the lamps of a prescribed traffic signal, whether or not it is necessary to change the data recording mode of a prescribed camera; and a means for changing the data recording mode of the prescribed camera in accordance with the determination result.

Abstract: An object of the present disclosure is to provide a transmitting-side relay apparatus, a system, a method, and a program, each adapted to reduce congestions in a network while appropriately using a communication resource for a network-based communication. A transmitting-side relay apparatus according to the present disclosure includes a request rate calculation unit configured to calculate, based on a transmission rate of an input packet, an encoding loss rate at the time of encoding the input packet to generate an encoded packet, and a packet loss rate of the encoded packet in a receiving-side relay apparatus, a request rate of the encoded packet; a permissible rate calculation unit configured to calculate, based on at least one of a delay time indicating a time period from the time of generation of the input packet to the time of reception of the encoded packet.

Abstract: A communication system sets a first priority as a priority of a BGP in a path connecting from a terminal to a terminal through an active system connection unit, sets a second priority lower than the first priority as a priority of a BGP in a path connecting from the terminal to the terminal through the standby system connection unit, and sets a third priority which is lower than the first priority and higher than the second priority as a priority of a BGP in a path connecting the active system connection unit and the standby system connection unit. The communication system discards traffic other than a BGP among traffic from the standby system connection unit to the active system connection unit.

Abstract: Systems and methods for routing trade orders based on exchange latency are disclosed. An example method includes measuring a first latency associated with a first exchange based on a processing time of a first trade order; and routing a second trade order from a trading device to one of the first and a second exchange based on the first latency.

Abstract: The rate of incoming data records in a data stream is dynamically limited based on stream delay. A current delay representing a latency between a beginning of the data stream and a currently processed data record is obtained. A maximum delay representing a maximum tolerated delay is determined. A threshold delay representing a delay value that triggers calculation of a new drop rate is determined. A drop rate is calculated based on the current delay, the maximum delay, and the threshold delay. The drop rate represents a percentage of the incoming data records. A drop strategy is selected. One or more data records are discarded from the incoming data stream based on the drop rate, according to the drop strategy.

Abstract: The present document discloses methods, systems, and devices related to digital wireless communications, and more specifically, to techniques related to utilizing the multi-link channel assessment mechanism and multi-link channel access to reduce the access delay, improve transmission reliability, and increase transmission throughput. In one exemplary aspect, a method for wireless communication includes identifying, by a radio node, a first priority indicator associated with a data packet. The method also includes, responsive to identifying the first priority indicator associated with the data packet, transmitting, by the radio node, the data packet on a first available link detected via a multi-link clear channel assessment, the transmission of the data packet being prioritized to occur before transmission of another data packet that does not include the first priority indicator.

Abstract: A first device receives information indicating changed network conditions for a network supporting a call with a second device at a first audio bit rate, and provides, to the second device, a packet instructing use of a second audio bit rate. The first device starts a timer associated with receiving an indication that the second device is using the second audio bit rate, and receives, from the second device, a response packet at the first audio bit rate. The first device determines that the timer has expired, and provides, to the second device, additional packets instructing use of the second audio bit rate. The first device determines that a threshold quantity of additional packets have been provided to the second device, and re-negotiates the second audio bit rate with the second device. The first device continues the call with the second device at the second audio bit rate.

Abstract: The method of some embodiments selects a set of links to forward packets of a data flow from an application running on a machine connected to an SD-WAN that has multiple exits. The method, based on computed sets of attributes for a first set of links and a second set of links, selects between the first set of links and the second set of links. At least the first set of links has multiple links and at least one attribute of the first set of links is an attribute that is computed by aggregating an attribute of each of the links in the first set of links. The method uses the selected set of links to forward the packets of the data flow of the application to an egress managed forwarding element of the SD-WAN.

Abstract: A message relay apparatus and a message relay method that achieve high message reachability taking communication network situation into consideration are provided. A message relay apparatus 100 interposed between an application 20 and a device 30 includes a device communication state determination functional unit 131 that determines communication availability with the device 30, a network state estimation unit 133 that estimates a network state based on the communication availability, and a message processing unit 110 that determines forwarding availability of an application message based on the network state and buffers the application message when forwarding is not available.

Abstract: An intermediate device (110) of a communication network (100) assigns each of a plurality of received packets (300) to either a Low Latency, Low Loss, Scalable throughput (L4S) queue (370a) or a non-L4S queue (370b). Each queue (370a, 370b) is associated with one packet value size counter for each of the plurality of packet values (320). The intermediate device (110) increments, for each packet (300) and by a size of the packet (300), the packet value size counter associated with the queue (370a, 370b) to which the packet (300) is assigned and calculates, for each queue (370a, 370b), a congestion threshold value based on the packet value size counters associated with the queue (370a, 370b). The intermediate device (110) marks one or more of the packets (300) as having experienced congestion based on the congestion threshold values of the queues (370a, 370b).

Abstract: A method includes: a first terminal device receives first information from a network device, where the first information includes an indication information of a first unicast connection and a reference signal configuration corresponding to the first unicast connection, the reference signal configuration is used by the first terminal device to send a reference signal to a second terminal device; and the first terminal device sends the reference signal to the second terminal device on a sidelink based on the reference signal configuration.

Abstract: Optimizing backups for a data protection system by determining a size of a dataset to be saved in each backup operation and an available bandwidth in each transfer window of transfer windows for data transfers between a source and destination. An order of the backup operations is defined based on first ordering the backups based on decreasing dataset size and second ordering the transfer windows in order of decreasing bandwidth, and matching the backups to the transfer windows in accordance with these orderings. A dynamic window sizing process determines an initial change between the minimum and maximum bandwidth utilization over a period of time and then iteratively split and consolidate the time blocks until optimal utilization over the time period is reached.

Abstract: A method, node, wireless device and installation device are disclosed. In one or more embodiments, a node configured to operate a security virtual local area network (VLAN) and a customer VLAN independent from the security VLAN is provided. The security VLAN is configured to operate using a first network partition different from a second network partition used by the customer VLAN. The node includes processing circuitry configured to receive information from a first device requesting access to the node, determine whether to add a first device to the security VLAN based at least on the received information from the first device meeting a predefined criterion, and configure the first device to access one of the security VLAN and customer VLAN based at least on the determination.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a communication system that prevents a wireless LAN terminal fixedly installed from performing roaming. A communication system (1) includes: a wireless LAN terminal (10) that transmits first information indicating whether or not the wireless LAN terminal is a fixed station fixedly installed; and an access point (20) that selects, when the first information indicates that the wireless LAN terminal is the fixed station, communication rates including a maximum communication rate and a minimum communication rate from among a plurality of communication rates that can be set in communication with the wireless LAN terminal (10) and transmit second information about the selected communication rates to the wireless LAN terminal (10). The wireless LAN terminal (10) attempts communication based on the communication rates included in the second information.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for analyzing traffic received at a network visibility node to determine traffic levels relative to capacity at tools communicatively coupled to the network visibility node and throttling traffic when the traffic levels exceed tool capacity. In an illustrative embodiment, streams received at a network visibility node are analyzed to predict a traffic level) for a given traffic flow. The predicted level of traffic for a given traffic flow is used to decide whether to forward traffic associated with the given traffic flow to a tool port of the network visibility node that is communicatively coupled to an external tool.

Abstract: A digital mirroring method includes creating a digital model for each physical device of a plurality of physical devices located in a physical space. Once a related data of each physical device is obtained, the related data of each physical device is mapped to corresponding digital model.

Abstract: A method is provided for dynamic rate limiting of user requests for a service implemented in a computer system. The method includes defining a standard rate limit as an active rate limit for a first user, receiving one or more requests from the first user defining a rate exceeding the active rate limit, and determining a maximum safe system rate for a system implementing the method. The method may then redefine the active rate limit as the lower of the maximum safe system rate and a previously defined burst rate limit associated with the first user. The system may then execute the one or more requests from the first user at or below the redefined active rate limit.

Abstract: A system and method for prioritizing network traffic in a distributed environment. The system includes: a plurality of logic modules configured to receive policy data from a network device; a control processor associated with each logic module, each control processor configured to determine data associated with a traffic flow and coordinate traffic actions over the plurality of logic modules; a packet processor associated with each control processor and configured to determine a traffic action based on the traffic flow and received policy data; and at least one shaper object configured to enforce the determined traffic action. The method includes: receiving policy data from a network device; determining data associated with a traffic flow at logic modules to coordinate traffic actions of the logic modules; determining a traffic action based on the traffic flow and received policy data; and enforcing the traffic action across at least one shaper object.

Abstract: In a storage area network operating in accordance with a transport-level protocol to interconnect host and target devices, where the transport-level protocol issues congestion notifications when any of the host or target devices becomes congested, a method for reducing congestion includes, on receipt of a request to (a) write data to one of the target devices or (b) read data from one of the target devices for return to one of the host devices, (A) determining whether congestion already exists at (a) the target device to which the write request is directed, or (b) the host device to which data from the read request is to be returned, and (B) when a congestion state already exists, comparing current depth of a queue of write or read requests to a maximum permissible queue depth. When the current depth of the queue exceeds a maximum permissible queue depth, the request is rejected.

Abstract: A method for adapting Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) traffic flows at a provider equipment (PE) node and an apparatus implementing the method are described. The PE node provides backhaul services to endpoint devices communicating with the PE node via respective wireless channels. The method performs: at the PE node, in response to a requirement to cease transmitting on wireless channels supporting current TCP connections with the endpoint devices: (i) transmitting messages to the endpoint devices configured to cause the endpoint devices to continue transmitting currently buffered uplink (UL) data to the PE node via respective UL TCP connections using corresponding last successful TCP congestion window (cwin) sizes; and (ii) transmitting currently buffered downlink (DL) data from the PE node to the endpoint devices via respective DL TCP connections using corresponding last successful TCP cwin sizes.

Abstract: Provided are a computer program product, system, and method for allocating bandwidth to communication paths used by nodes in a network. A request is received from a source node of the nodes to communicate with a destination node. A path is selected between the source node and the destination node. A determination is made of a per path allocated bandwidths for links in the selected path based on a number of common paths that share a link with the selected path. Allocated bandwidth for the selected path is set to a minimum of the per path allocated bandwidths for the links in the selected path. Information on the selected path and the allocated bandwidth is transmitted to the source node to use to communicate with the destination node.

Abstract: In the described examples, a video integrated circuit (IC) chip includes a video input port (VIP) that receives a video stream. The video IC chip also includes a processing unit coupled to a non-transitory memory and is configured to detect the presence of a data stream provided to the VIP, cause the VIP to switch a target partition for the data stream from a given partition in the memory to another partition in the memory and to write the data stream to the other partition in the memory.

Abstract: There is provided an information processing apparatus including a memory and a processor configured to generate and hold connection information necessary for accessing document data to be signed, which is stored in the memory, via a network, transmit approval request information including connection information corresponding to the document data to a terminal device used by an approver, authenticate the approver by collating the connection information transmitted from the terminal device with the held connection information, and then perform connection to the terminal device via the network, cut off the network connection in a case where the approver finishes electronically signing the document data, and discard the connection information corresponding to the document data.

Abstract: Disclosed is a mechanism maintain flow rate limits to flows in a server operating in a single root input/output virtualization (SR-IOV) environment. A transmit pipeline assigns a dedicated transmit queue to a flow. A scheduler allocates a flow transmit bandwidth to the dedicated transmit queue to enforce the flow rate limit. The transmit pipeline assigns the dedicated transmit queue to the flow upon receiving a packet of the flow. A queue identifier (ID) for the dedicated transmit queue is forwarded to a tenant process acting as a source of the flow to support forwarding of packets of the flow to the proper transmit queue. The transmit pipeline maintains security by comparing packet destinations of packets with the destination of the flow associated with the dedicated transmit queue. Packets in the dedicated destination queue with destinations that do not match the flow destination may be dropped.

Abstract: In response to certain events in a network device, visibility packets may be generated. A visibility packet may be or comprise at least a portion of a packet that is in some way associated with the event, such as a packet that was dropped as a result of an event, or that was in a queue at the time of an event related to that queue. A visibility packet may be tagged or otherwise indicated as a visibility packet. The network device may include one or more visibility samplers through which visibility packets are routed on their way to a visibility queue, visibility subsystem, and/or out of the network device. The samplers allow only a limited sample of the visibility packets that they receive to pass through the sampler, essentially acting as a filter to reduce the amount of visibility packets that will be processed.

Abstract: Techniques for in-situ passive performance measurement are described. In one embodiment, a method includes receiving a data packet at a first network element, determining whether measurement information is to be collected for the data packet, providing one or more measurement fields for the data packet based on a determination that measurement information is to be collected for the data packet in which at least one measurement field identifies a measurement type, and forwarding the data packet to a second network element. The method further includes determining, by the second network element, the measurement type for the data packet, and performing one or more actions based on the measurement type.

Abstract: A data processing method and an electronic device are provided. The method includes: obtaining, in a case that a first electronic device makes a video call, a packet loss amount of multimedia data packets of the video call within a predetermined period of time; and clearing a target multimedia data packet if the packet loss amount is greater than or equal to a predetermined threshold, and sending multimedia data packets currently generated by the video call to a server. The target multimedia data packet is: all multimedia data packets corresponding to the video call cached in the first electronic device.

Abstract: This application provides an MDBV determining method, apparatus, and system. The method includes: A first device determines an updated MDBV based on an updated segment packet delay budget, so that an access network device can use the updated MDBV. Therefore, according to an actual requirement of the access network device, a corresponding MDBV is generated for use. This helps ensure communication efficiency of the access network device.

Abstract: This disclosure provides a method for calculating the installation number and installation positions of wireless base stations in accordance with the positions of wireless terminal stations within an installation area. First, when a predetermined number of wireless base stations are temporarily installed within the installation area, a wireless base station accommodating each wireless terminal station in a communication area is determined and the number of wireless base stations accommodating each wireless terminal station is calculated as a “number of conflicts”. Next, wireless base stations successively accommodating starting with an un-accommodated wireless terminal station of a small number of conflicts are successively selected as objects of installation. Then, the installation number and installation positions of the wireless base stations are calculated, with the temporarily installed wireless base stations other than the wireless base stations serving as the objects of installation being excluded.

Abstract: An alert system and method are provided to identify and characterize real-time information transmission anomalies in high-frequency global and local traceroute data. The system includes active network sensors and/or collector devices, which collect traceroute data associated with transmissions to different points in a computer network and provide the traceroute data to a master server. The traceroute data is obtained by the active network sensors by sending probing data packets to numerous computing target devices located locally with respect to the target device and/or globally. The master server determines one or more anomalies from the received traceroute data and characterizes the anomaly in terms of type, severity, location, affected Domain Name System (DNS) server and/or Internet Service Provider (ISP).

Abstract: A system provides for event-driven redirection of IP service flows and receives, by a DHCP server, an add event corresponding to a specified MAC address; provides a new DHCP lease for the specified address; transmits, by the DHCP server and to an Internet gateway, new instructions comprising one or more of a new IP address, subnet mask, and specified DNS servers; and, through DNS services and routing, redirects all network traffic originating from the Internet gateway to a specified destination. Some embodiments receive a remove event corresponding to the specified address; provide a second new DHCP lease for the specified address; transmit to an Internet gateway, second new instructions comprising one or more of a second new IP address, second subnet mask, and second specified DNS servers; and, through DNS services and routing, direct all network traffic originating from the Internet gateway back to unfettered, but monitored, Internet access.

Abstract: A method of throttling data transmissions in a user equipment (UE) includes determining that a current temperature of the UE is greater than a threshold temperature, identifying a set of data transmissions from a plurality of data transmissions occurring at the UE based on a socket priority of each of the plurality of data transmissions, and throttling the identified set of data transmissions for a time duration for which the current temperature is determined to be greater than the threshold temperature.

Abstract: A programmable switch includes ports, and circuitry to receive cache messages for a distributed cache from client devices. The cache messages are queued for sending to memory devices from the ports. Queue occupancy information is generated and sent to a controller that determines, based at least in part on the queue occupancy information, at least one of a cache message transmission rate for a client device, and one or more weights for the queues used by the programmable switch. In another aspect, the programmable switch extracts cache request information from a cache message. The cache request information indicates a cache usage and is sent to the controller, which determines, based at least in part on the extracted cache request information, at least one of a cache message transmission rate for a client device, and one or more weights for queues used in determining an order for sending cache messages.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and computer-readable media are described for auto-configuring a network communication port such as an Ethernet port to which a network device is connected in a manner that eliminates or otherwise dramatically mitigates the manual effort required for port configuration, while at the same time, ensuring that network security is maintained by authenticating the device during the auto-configuration process. Various auto-configuration processes are described that include varying levels of verification processing to ensure that the network device connected to the port to be configured is a device that is authorized to connect to the network. In this manner, the threat of device spoofing is eliminated or otherwise substantially reduced. Auto-configuration of network ports in connection with switching a known network device to a new port or connecting a previously unknown network device to a network port are described.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses in a wireless communication system. A method of operating a user equipment (UE) includes generating an indicator indicating that the UE is capable of supporting adjusted quality of service (QoS), wherein the adjusted QoS corresponds to scaling of QoS parameters associated with an existing QoS indicator. The method also includes generating a capability message comprising the indicator. The method also includes transmitting, to a base station (BS), the capability message including the indicator. The method further includes receiving, from the BS, a message comprising an adjusted QoS value based on the scaling of QoS parameters associated with the existing QoS indicator.

Abstract: A gateway server situated between a radio access network and a core network is disclosed that includes a radio access network packet interface, a load management module for monitoring load of a management server in the core network coupled to the radio access network packet interface, a packet forwarding module for forwarding requests to the management server coupled to the load management module, and a local packet core module coupled to the load management module and the packet forwarding module, the local packet core module being configured to respond to a mobile device, when an overload is detected at the management server, with a management server message requesting that the mobile device try again at a later time.

Abstract: Described apparatuses and methods enable a receiver of requests, such as a memory device, to control the arrival of future requests using a credit-based communication protocol. A transmitter of requests can be authorized to transmit a request across an interconnect responsive to possession of a credit. If the transmitter exhausts its credits, the transmitter waits until a credit is returned before transmitting another request. The receiver can manage credit returns based on how many responses are present in a response queue. The receiver can change a rate at which the credit returns are transmitted by changing a size of an interval of responses that are being transmitted, with one credit being returned per interval. This can slow the rate of credit returns while the response queue is relatively more filled. The rate adjustment can decrease latency by reducing an amount of requests or responses that are pooling in backend components.

Abstract: There is included in one example a switch, including: an ingress port to receive data from a source host; a first egress port to send data to a destination host; a second egress port to send data to the source host; and a congestion notification generator (CNG) including: a congestion detector to compute bandwidth consumption of a flow associated with a packet received on the ingress port and assigned to the first egress port, and determine based on the computed bandwidth consumption that the flow is congested; a flow extractor to extract a flow identifier of the flow from the packet; a throttle calculator to calculate a quantitative flow throttle value for the flow; and a header builder to build a congestion notification packet to instruct the source host to throttle the flow.

Abstract: Systems and methods for routing trade orders based on exchange latency are disclosed. An example method includes measuring a first latency associated with a first exchange based on a processing time of a first trade order; and routing a second trade order from a trading device to one of the first and a second exchange based on the first latency.

Abstract: A parsing apparatus includes a packet-type identification circuit and a parser. The packet-type identification circuit is to receive a packet to be parsed, and to identify a packet type of the packet by extracting a packet-type identifier from a defined field in the packet. The parser is to store one or more parsing templates that specify parsing of one or more respective packet types. When the packet type of the packet corresponds to a parsing template among the stored parsing templates, the parser is to parse the packet in accordance with the stored parsing template. When the packet type of the packet does not correspond to any of the stored parsing templates, the parser is to parse the packet using an alternative parsing scheme.

Abstract: A method for a wireless communication from a first transportation vehicle to a road infrastructure station including determining the position of the first transportation vehicle, determining the distance of the transportation vehicle to the road infrastructure station, calculating a table containing predicted positions in space and/or time for the first transportation vehicle indicating the respective planned transmission characteristics for the future signal transmissions from the first transportation vehicle to the road infrastructure station at the predicted positions, transmitting the table to the surrounding transportation vehicle or to a network management station, evaluating the table in the surrounding transportation vehicle or the network management station, and adjusting the transmissions from the surrounding mobile station so that interference between the planned signal transmissions of the first transportation vehicle and the surrounding mobile station is reduced.

Abstract: A telecommunication and multimedia management apparatus and method that supports voice and other media communications and that enables users to: (i) participate in multiple conversation modes, including live phone calls, conference calls, instant voice messaging or tactical communications; (ii) review the messages of conversations in either a live mode or a time-shifted mode and to seamlessly transition back and forth between the two modes; (iii) participate in multiple conversations either concurrently or simultaneously; (iv) archive the messages of conversations for later review or processing; and (v) persistently store media either created or received on the communication devices of users. The latter feature enables users to generate or review media when either disconnected from the network or network conditions are poor and to optimize the delivery of media over the network based on network conditions and the intention of the users participating in conversations.

Abstract: In computer networks, unicast and multicast are information transmission methods. Multicast is when one sender station or device transfers information to all of the other stations or devices in the computer network. Multicast packets sent from devices in a network can be sent directly to a server that will monitor and record the number of multicast packets being submitted from each device in the network. The server may perform actions to regulate the transmission of multicast packets if one or more devices is transmitting too many multicast packets in the network. Thus, the server will be able to monitor and regulate the performance, security, and traffic flow of data in the network, and prevent any deficiency in the network communication due to an excess amount of multicast packets being transmitted.

Abstract: Various aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication. In some aspects, a device may receive traffic data associated with a coverage area and determine that there is network congestion. If there is network congestion, the device may identify a high-consumption user device. The device may perform a corrective action in connection with a load of the high-consumption user device, such as limit a throughput of the high-consumption user device. The device may perform a corrective action based on a policy obtained from a policy and control function.

Abstract: A telecommunication and multimedia management apparatus and method that supports voice and other media communications and that enables users to: (i) participate in multiple conversation modes, including live phone calls, conference calls, instant voice messaging or tactical communications; (ii) review the messages of conversations in either a live mode or a time-shifted mode and to seamlessly transition back and forth between the two modes; (iii) participate in multiple conversations either concurrently or simultaneously; (iv) archive the messages of conversations for later review or processing; and (v) persistently store media either created or received on the communication devices of users. The latter feature enables users to generate or review media when either disconnected from the network or network conditions are poor and to optimize the delivery of media over the network based on network conditions and the intention of the users participating in conversations.

Abstract: Systems and methods for throttling requests to web services are disclosed. A system is configured to receive, at a host, one or more requests during a first time period. Each request is for a web service hosted on a backend. The host is one of a plurality of hosts of an application programming interface (API) gateway to receive a plurality of requests for the web services. The system is further configured to: process at least a portion of the one or more requests for the one or more web services; count, by a local counter in a local cache of the host, the one or more requests received at the host during the first time period; compare a local count of the local counter to a local bucket size associated with the host; and provide an instruction to update a remote count of a remote counter based on the comparison.

Abstract: A method, apparatus and computer-readable mediums relating to the transmission of data packets in a wireless communication network. The method, performed by a node of a wireless communication network, for selecting a feedback scheme associated with transmission of data packets over one or more radio bearers to one or more wireless devices. The method comprises: upon receiving a data packet for transmission to a wireless device, starting a timer associated with the data packet, the timer being set to expire after a period of time which varies as a function of a latency requirement for the data packet; and, in dependence on a remaining time value for the timer, selecting one of a plurality of feedback schemes for transmission of the data packet.

Abstract: A method controls resource allocation in a data center. The method comprises identifying a first computational task to be transferred from a first set of one or more servers. The method also comprises identifying a second set of one or more servers to which the first computational task may be transferred, by using the respective current computational load of the second set of servers to determine that the second set of servers has sufficient available computational resources to implement the computational task and identifying network links for transferring the computational task and using the respective transmission loads of the identified links to determine that there is sufficient network capacity to transfer the computational task from the first set of servers to the second set of servers. The method then comprises transferring the computational task from the first set of servers to the second set of servers.

Abstract: Some embodiments herein disclose a network node (QQ160) for handling communication in a narrowband internet of things network or a machine type communication network. The network node is configured to transmit an indication to a user equipment, UE, (QQ110) while the UE (QQ110) is in a connected mode or is released from the connected mode, wherein the indication indicates an update of at least a part of a system information, SI, of a service area of the narrowband internet of things network or the machine type communication network.