Abstract: Systems and methods for packet payload mapping for robust transmission of data are described. For example, methods may include receiving, using a network interface, packets that each respectively include a primary frame and one or more preceding frames from the sequence of frames of data that are separated from the primary frame in the sequence of frames by a respective multiple of a stride parameter; storing the frames of the packets in a buffer with entries that each hold the primary frame and the one or more preceding frames of a packet; reading a first frame from the buffer as the primary frame from one of the entries; determining that a packet with a primary frame that is a next frame in the sequence has been lost; and, responsive to the determination, reading the next frame from the buffer as a preceding frame from one of the entries.

Abstract: A method of reducing the bandwidth usage of a network comprises intercepting traffic between a TCP server and a TCP client using TCP protocols that use client acknowledgements; identifying client acknowledgements from the TCP protocols; identifying the sequence number of a last received client acknowledgements from the intercepted traffic; identifying the sequence number of a last sent client acknowledgement from the intercepted traffic; calculating an unacknowledged byte value based on the difference between the last received client acknowledgement sequence number and the last sent client acknowledgement sequence number; comparing the calculated unacknowledged byte value with a predetermined threshold value, to determine whether the calculated unacknowledged byte value is at least as great as the predetermined threshold value; and transmitting the identified client acknowledgements into the network when the compared unacknowledged byte value is at least as great as the predetermined threshold value.

Abstract: Presented embodiments facilitate efficient and effective flexible implementation of different types of testing procedures in a test system. In one embodiment, a tester system diagnostic method includes forwarding test signals to a loopback component; receiving the test signals from the loopback component; and analyzing the test signals to diagnose whether or not the test system is experiencing problems associated with electrostatic discharges, including analysis of eye scan configuration data corresponding to characteristics of the test signals. In one exemplary implementation, analyzing the eye scan configuration data, including analyzing symmetry of a graphical representation (e.g., eye pattern, eye diagram, etc.) of the eye scan configuration data with respect to a horizontal graphical representation axis.

Abstract: In various embodiments, the techniques and supporting systems implement a recursive routing mechanism in hierarchical topological addressed environments to analyze and determine the presence of packet-forwarding errors within an IP network comprising a plurality of network-connected devices. This includes receiving, at a software defined network device, an indication of a potential packet-forwarding error between a first and second device of the plurality of network-connected devices and injecting, by the software defined network device, a test packet at an ingress to the first device. The test packet includes an initial ingress interface location identifying the first device, an alternate ingress interface location identifying the software defined network device and an egress interface location identifying the second device. A determination may then be made as to whether the test packet is received at the second device, thus indicating the existence or lack of routing errors.

Abstract: Methods and devices for aggregating hardware loopback streams of a plurality of display devices in communication with a computer device may include a plurality of hardware loopback streams with rendered audio data from the plurality of display devices in communication with the computer device. The methods and devices may include combining the rendered audio data from the plurality of hardware loopback streams into a loopback buffer to create aggregated loopback audio data. The methods and devices may include providing the loopback buffer with the aggregated loopback audio data to one or more applications executing on the computer device.

Abstract: An echo estimation system includes a transceiver circuitry and a processor circuitry. The processor circuitry is coupled to the transceiver circuitry. The processor circuitry is configured to calculate linear echo power and non-linear echo power based on a signal under test in the transceiver circuitry. The linear echo power and the non-linear echo power are utilized to determine a quality of the transceiver circuitry or utilized to determine component parameters of the transceiver circuitry.

Abstract: The disclosed systems and methods for detecting mirror crosstalk between frequency bands equally above and below the center frequency of a Digital Subcarrier Multiplexing system include: a transmitter configured to insert zero-power symbols on half the frequency bands below center frequency, and insert other zero-power symbols, partially overlapping in time with the first zero-power symbols, on the other half of the frequency bands above center frequency. A receiver zeroes out ASE and other noises during the overlapping portion of all the zero-power symbols, then uses the power detected during the remaining portion of each zero-power symbol in each frequency band to accurately evaluate the mirror crosstalk from the corresponding frequency band on the opposite side of center frequency.

Abstract: The methods and apparatus allow one user to test cable continuity using a wire-configurable directional connector. The methods and apparatus may transmit a first and second voltage pulse through a first and second wire of a cable under test, respectively, having a wire-configurable directional connector attached. Both voltage pulses travel through the wire-configurable directional connector. The first voltage pulse selectively leaves at least one of the second wire and a third wire of the cable under test and the second voltage pulse selectively leaves the third wire. The methods and apparatus may store a pre-determined pattern of a returning voltage pulse specific to the cable under test, and determine a state of the first, second, and third wires in response to receiving the first and second voltage pulses.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and devices can include a first die comprising a first arbitration and multiplexing logic, a first protocol stack associated with a first interconnect protocol, and a second protocol stack associated with a second interconnect protocol. A second die comprising a second arbitration and multiplexing logic. A multilane link connects the first die to the second die. The second arbitration and multiplexing logic can send a request to the first arbitration and multiplexing logic to change a first virtual link state associated with the first protocol stack. The first arbitration and multiplexing logic can receive, from across the multilane link, the request from the first die indicating a request to change the first virtual link state; determine that the first interconnect protocol is ready to change a physical link state; and change the first virtual link state according to the received request while maintaining a second virtual link state.

Abstract: A software defined networking (SDN) controller or routers in a network determine unicast paths from an ingress router to egress routers from the network based on quality-of-service (QoS) metrics for links between routers of the network. A subset of the unicast paths is associated with a multicast flow based on one or more QoS criteria for the multicast flow. A router pushes a label stack onto a packet of the multicast flow. The label stack includes labels that identify the subset of the unicast paths. The packet including the label stack is multicast through the network to the egress routers. Routers that receive the multicast packet selectively modify the label stack in the packet based on the labels that identify the subset of the unicast paths. The routers selectively forward the packet based on the labels.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for broadcasting a signal. A multiplexer combines a first signal from a first signal source and a second signal from a second signal source as a time divisional multiplexed signal and provides a timing signal, distinct from the time division multiplexed signal, that indicates, for a given time, from which of the first and the second signal source a corresponding portion of the time divisional multiplexed signal originated. A signal conditioning component receives each of the time divisional multiplexed signal and the timing signal and alters the time division multiplexed signal in a manner that prepares the signal for broadcast. The signal conditioning component dynamically alters its behavior according to the timing signal. An antenna transmits the time division multiplexed signal.

Abstract: A system of communicating data over a high availability industrial control system is disclosed. The industrial control system includes a first data producer, a second data producer in communicative connection with the first data producer, a first data consumer, and a second data consumer in communicative connection with the first data consumer. The system further includes the first producer communicating the data over multiple connection paths from the first producer to the first consumer and the second consumer through intermediate modules, and the second producer communicating the data over multiple connection paths from the second producer to the first consumer and the second consumer through intermediate modules. Also disclosed is a method of communicating data over the high availability industrial control system.

Abstract: A PCIe controller and a loopback path using the PCIe controller. The PCIe controller includes: a transport layer transmission module, a transport layer reception module, a memory access module, and a memory, wherein the transport layer transmission module includes a first loopback control module, the transport layer reception module includes a second loopback control module, and the first loopback control module is coupled to the second loopback control module; the memory access module is coupled to the transport layer transmission module and the transport layer reception module, and the memory access module is also coupled to the memory.

Abstract: A transmitting apparatus includes: a first processor circuit; a second processor circuit; a modulation circuit; and a switch circuit, wherein the first processor circuit is configured to execute a generating process that includes mapping each of a plurality of bit strings to a symbol in predetermined order for each number of bits according to a multivalued degree of a multilevel modulation method, and generating a symbol information piece according to the symbol, wherein the modulation circuit is configured to modulate light in accordance with the symbol information piece based on the multilevel modulation method; wherein the second processor circuit is configured to execute a detecting process that includes detecting each of inputs of a plurality of data signals, wherein the switch circuit is configured to select the plurality of bit strings based on a detection result of inputs of the plurality of data signals.

Abstract: A method for performance measurement in packet switched communication networks includes generating a flow of artificial packets having predefined packets lengths, which is then aggregated to the packet flow to be measured by an aggregator. The artificial packets are configured to follow the packet flow to be measured, starting from the point where aggregation is performed. Two measurement points are then provided after the aggregator, which identify the artificial packets based on their packet lengths and provide respective raw performance measurements indicative of the actual positions of the artificial packets in the aggregated packet flow. The raw performance measurements are then used for providing the performance measurements. Since the artificial packets are identified based on their packet lengths, no inspection of the packets' content is needed for identification purposes. The artificial packets may therefore be identified even if their content is uninspectable.

Abstract: In order to enable to reduce a communication load while maintaining estimation accuracy of available bandwidth estimation being high, a transmission method includes: transmitting estimation packets, a packet size of each of which successively increases, to an available bandwidth estimation device at equal intervals, and, when receiving a signal indicating that a reception interval between the estimation packets at the available bandwidth estimation device starts to increase, stopping the transmission of the estimation packets.

Abstract: An interconnection system including a first gating unit and a second gating unit is provided. The first gating unit includes two terminals, with one terminal connecting to a first CPU directly, where the two terminals are indirectly connected when the first gating unit is in a first state. The second gating unit includes two terminals, with one terminal connecting to a second CPU, where the two terminals are connected when the second gating unit is in the first state. Another terminal of the first gating unit is connected to another terminal of the second gating unit. If both the first gating unit and the second gating unit are in the first state, the first CPU is connected to the second CPU.

Abstract: Methods and systems for discovery of a set of nodes in a network. The method includes selecting a node amongst nodes in a group of nodes to be processed, implementing a discovery procedure for the selected node, including broadcasting a neighbor discovery request from a node currently selected on a shared transmission medium of the network, receiving at the node currently selected replies sent by neighbor nodes on the shared transmission medium and adding the neighbor nodes to the group of nodes to be processed and repeating the steps of selecting and instructing for other nodes in the group of nodes to be processed, until all nodes of the set are discovered. Implementing a link probing procedure after the discovery procedure, including sending one or more link probing messages for a measure of link quality and receiving replies comprising data related to the measure of link quality.

Abstract: Presented herein are methodologies for managing servers in a datacenter or cloud service environment. A method includes sending, from a first baseboard management controller (BMC), to other BMCs in a network, a first message indicating a desire to establish a master-slave relationship; receiving a response from a second BMC from among the other BMCs, the response indicating an ability to function as a master in the master-slave relationship; sending, from the first BMC, a second message to the second BMC confirming establishment of the master-slave relationship between the second BMC and the first BMC; sending, from the first BMC to the second BMC, a request for configuration information; and in response to the request for configuration information, receiving, from the second BMC, configuration profile data representative of a configuration of a server, which is controlled by the second BMC.

Abstract: A communication circuit, a communication system, and a self-diagnosis method of the communication circuit, which facilitate specifying a failed part which causes a communication failure when a communication failure occurs in a communication system, are provided. A serial signal for self-diagnosis is supplied to a first conversion unit, a pulse signal for self-diagnosis corresponding to the serial signal for self-diagnosis output from the first conversion unit is input to a second conversion unit instead of a pulse signal received by a pulse signal reception unit, and the serial signal corresponding to the pulse signal for self-diagnosis output from the second conversion unit is transmitted to the outside via a serial signal transmission unit.

Abstract: An electronic circuit including: a driver for outputting a driven first signal by driving a first signal among signals received in parallel; a selector circuit for selecting one of the first signal and a second signal among the signals received in parallel; and a compensator circuit for generating a first compensation signal for compensating the driven first signal, in response to the first signal or the second signal selected by the selector circuit, wherein, when the selector circuit selects the first signal, the compensator circuit generates the first compensation signal to compensate for an inter-symbol interference of the driven first signal, and wherein, when the selector circuit selects the second signal, the compensator circuit generates the first compensation signal to compensate for a crosstalk noise of the driven first signal caused by a driven second signal driven from the second signal.

Abstract: The embodiments herein relate to a method and a network switch device for preventing the occurrence of loops in a network topology comprising a plurality of network switch devices, each switch device is assigned a unique SW-ID. The method comprises exchanging each SW-ID between all switch devices; and building, for each switch device, a routing table. The method further comprises when receiving, at a first switch device, a data frame from a second switch device that includes an SS-ID, assigned to the second switch device, and the data frame is received at a port of the first switch device, if, according to the routing table of the first switch device, the assigned SW-ID for this port is different from the SS-ID included in the data frame, discarding the data frame, otherwise, processing forward the data frame.

Abstract: A method is provided that is performed by a network element in a network. The network element receives a packet. The network element inserts into a header of the packet, packet replication information indicating whether and to which egress interface the network element performs a replication operation on the packet, wherein the header is an In-Situ Operations, Administration and Management (IOAM) header. The network element sends the packet, with the packet replication information included in the IOAM header, in the network.

Abstract: A system and a method for receiving data packets at the inputs of two data handlers. Each data handler compares address data in the individual data packet with a first and a second list of addresses and forward packets to each other, so that data packets with one of the first addresses are fed to one data handler and packets with one of the second addresses are fed to the other data handler. The data handlers output the data packets received so that one data handler outputs all packets with addresses of the first addresses and the other data handler outputs all packets with addresses of the second addresses.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for implementing delay measurement. The method includes: determining, by a measurement apparatus, a delay T0 generated when a first packet is transmitted at a first priority over a first loopback path that includes a first sub-path and a second sub-path; determining a delay T1 generated when a second packet is transmitted over a second loopback path that includes the first sub-path, the second sub-path, a third sub-path, and a fourth sub-path, where the second packet is transmitted at the first priority over the first sub-path and the second sub-path and is transmitted at a second priority over the third sub-path and the fourth sub-path; and determining a delay according to T0 and T1. Therefore a delay can be measured only by implementing a measurement function in the measurement apparatus, thereby resolving a problem of complex implementation.

Abstract: Identifying network loops is disclosed including determining a first data packet having a time to live (TTL) that at least meets a first condition, the first data packet having a destination internet protocol (IP) address; within a time period after the determining of the first data packet, identifying a plurality of second data packets that are to be transmitted to the destination IP address; and determining whether a network loop exists for the destination IP address based on TTLs of the plurality of second data packets.

Abstract: Embodiments for communicating packets with a first port of a network element without the first port being communicatively coupled to another device (e.g., testing equipment) are described. In one embodiment, a packet is generated by testing equipment that is communicatively coupled to a second port of the network element. The packet includes a tag that uniquely identifies the first port. The network element communicates the packet from the second port to the first port based on the tag. The network element also removes the tag from the packet. The removal can occur before the packet is received at the first port or after the packet is received at an ingress module of the first port. In response to the removal of the tag, the network element enters the first port into a loopback mode that is internal to the first port.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and devices can include a first die comprising a first arbitration and multiplexing logic, a first protocol stack associated with a first interconnect protocol, and a second protocol stack associated with a second interconnect protocol. A second die comprising a second arbitration and multiplexing logic. A multilane link connects the first die to the second die. The second arbitration and multiplexing logic can send a request to the first arbitration and multiplexing logic to change a first virtual link state associated with the first protocol stack. The first arbitration and multiplexing logic can receive, from across the multilane link, the request from the first die indicating a request to change the first virtual link state; determine that the first interconnect protocol is ready to change a physical link state; and change the first virtual link state according to the received request while maintaining a second virtual link state.

Abstract: Techniques for transmitting test traffic on a communication link are disclosed. A computer system includes at least two nodes, interconnected by a particular communication link. A test engine associated with one of the two nodes identifies a level of data traffic being transmitted on the particular communication link. Based on the level of data traffic, the test engine selects a level of test traffic to be transmitted on the particular communication link. The node associated with the test engine transmits the selected level of test traffic on the particular communication link. The test traffic is transmitted concurrently with the data traffic on the particular communication link. The node receiving the test feedback transmits test feedback. Based on the test feedback, the test engine generates test results for the particular communication link. The test engine determines and/or executes a corrective action based on the test results.

Abstract: Embodiments provide a system and method for network tracking. By using packet capture applications having a flow identifier and a time stamper, one or more raw packets from one or more packet flows intercepted from a network can be tagged with a unique identifier and timestamp that can later be used to aggregate packet flows that have been analyzed by one or more capture applications. The unique identifier can relate to the network interface of the particular capture application and can also have an increasing value, where the increase in value can be monotonic. Later capture applications, while capable of generating secondary timestamps, can disregard those secondary timestamps for the primary timestamp of the first capture application in order to remove complications arising from latency issues.

Abstract: A method of reducing the bandwidth usage of a network comprises intercepting traffic between a TCP server and a TCP client using TCP protocols that use client acknowledgements; identifying client acknowledgements from the TCP protocols; identifying the sequence number of a last received client acknowledgements from the intercepted traffic; identifying the sequence number of a last sent client acknowledgement from the intercepted traffic; calculating an unacknowledged byte value based on the difference between the last received client acknowledgement sequence number and the last sent client acknowledgement sequence number; comparing the calculated unacknowledged byte value with a predetermined threshold value, to determine whether the calculated unacknowledged byte value is at least as great as the predetermined threshold value; and transmitting the identified client acknowledgements into the network when the compared unacknowledged byte value is at least as great as the predetermined threshold value.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and computer-readable media for generating counterexamples for equivalence failures between models of network intents. A listing of conflict rules corresponding to an equivalence failure between at least first and seconds model of networks intents describing the operation and communication of network devices in a network is obtained. A logical exclusive disjunction between first conflict rules from the first model and corresponding second conflict rules from the second model is calculated. One or more counterexamples corresponding to the equivalence failure are generated based at least in part on the logical exclusive disjunction, such that a given counterexample comprises network and packet conditions that cause the first conflict rules to trigger a first action and cause the second conflict rules to trigger a second action that is different from the first action. Hot fields that are more likely to be associated with the equivalence failure are identified in the counterexample.

Abstract: A method, a device, and a non-transitory storage medium are described in which a network slice deployment service is described. The network slice deployment service includes storing network resource and capability information that indicates available network resources in a network. Network level requirement information pertaining to a request for network service from a user is generated. The network level requirement information is used to select available network resources based on the network resource capability information. The network slice deployment service calculates network resource utilization associated with available network resources so that optimal usage of network resources can be selected and end-to-end network slice deployment layout information can be generated and used to provision a network slice deployment layout that supports the request for network service.

Abstract: A method is provided for connecting an input/output interface of a tester equipped for control unit development to a model of a technical system present in the tester using an already-existing basic test model of a control unit. The input/output interface is designed for connecting a hardware implementation of the control unit or for connecting a technical system to be controlled, and the model to be connected to the input/output interface is a test model of the technical system to be controlled or a test model of the control unit. The already-existing basic test model of the control unit is accessed, and at least one communication requirement is extracted from the basic test model of the control unit.

Abstract: Methods, systems and devices for OTAP (Over the Air Provisioning) of WirelessHART (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer) devices. A unique system level setting can be provided for enabling over the air provisioning of WirelessHART devices in a WirelessHART network having one or more field device access points. Each field device access point can be configured to be enabled/disabled to advertise in a specific WirelessHART network ID in association with a target WirelessHART network ID with respect to the WirelessHART network. A join key is provided in association with a new WirelessHART network ID to which at least one field device access point among the plurality of field device access points needs to be advertised along with a time limit, thereby enabling provisioning of the WirelessHART devices to a target wireless network, wherein the target WirelessHART network ID and the join key are written with respect to a new WirelessHART device. The new WirelessHART device can be then restarted.

Abstract: Methods and systems for discovery of a set of nodes in a network. The method comprises selecting a node amongst nodes in a group of nodes to be processed; and instructing to implement a discovery procedure for the selected node. The procedure comprises broadcasting a neighbor discovery request from a node currently selected on a shared transmission medium of the network; and receiving at the node currently selected replies sent by neighbor nodes on the shared transmission medium and adding the neighbor nodes to the group of nodes to be processed; and repeating the steps of selecting and instructing for other nodes in the group of nodes to be processed, until all nodes of the set are discovered.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed herein for determining that a diagnostic mode is enabled for a port of a switch, the port being part of a VLAN, and responsively designating a port of the plurality of ports as a loopback port, where a packet transmitted on the loopback port is forwarded according to an entry of a forwarding database. The disclosure further describes generating a layer 2 multicast index comprising an entry for the port and an entry for the loopback port, programming the forwarding database with an entry for a destination address of the switch pointing to the layer 2 multicast index, generating a diagnostic packet, and transmitting the diagnostic packet on the loopback port. Additionally, the disclosure describes determining that the diagnostic packet is received by any port of the plurality of ports, and responsively determining a network problem exists and causing a diagnostic protocol to be executed.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method comprising: receiving, by a first controller device in a first OpenFlow domain, a packet from an originating endpoint in the first OpenFlow domain destined for a destination endpoint in a second OpenFlow domain that is separate from the first OpenFlow domain; outputting, by the first controller device, a broadcast message identifying the destination endpoint to a plurality of respective controller devices associated with separate OpenFlow domains; receiving, by the first controller device, a response to the broadcast message from the destination endpoint via a second controller device associated with the second OpenFlow domain; updating, by the first controller device, a local flow table identifying a flow for transmitting the packet to the destination endpoint based on information included in the response; and transmitting, by the first controller device, the packet towards the destination endpoint based on updating the local flow table.

Abstract: A transmission method for communication by a transmission apparatus of a wireless communication system performing wireless communication in a beamforming scheme is disclosed. The method may include assigning identifiers to all transmission beam directions in which transmission is possible and transmitting a reference signal with a beam identifier assigned in each direction, when identifier information of a beam direction, which allows reception from a reception apparatus, and error detection information are received, examining the error detection information to examine whether an error exists, and transmitting a response signal to the reception apparatus according to whether the examined error exists, and transmitting and receiving data on the basis of the received beam information when the error does not exist, as a result of the examination of the error detection information.

Abstract: Certain aspects of the present disclosure relate to beamforming training using a multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) transmission scheme. Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide an apparatus that generally includes a processing system configured to generate a frame associated with beamforming training, the frame comprising an indication of whether the beamforming training is to be performed using a multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) transmission scheme. The apparatus may also include an interface configured to output the frame for transmission.

Abstract: A method of operating a communications network is disclosed. In order to manage a network, it is first necessary to establish the state the network is in. This is difficult in practice because the network operational data stored and transmitted in the network takes a myriad of forms owing to the variety of suppliers and types of network equipment. There is a need to distil that network operational data down to aggregate network operational data which can be taken to provide an indication of the state of the network which is of a manageable size, and to which network management apparatus can react by sending control commands to the network. The problem of generating aggregate network operational data is difficult because of the heterogeneity of network operational data items.

Abstract: A method of and system for increasing the reliability of signal detection, that includes receiving at least one audio recording comprising at least one sound marking signal and performing waveform analysis on the sound marking signal to determine whether the sound marking signal is fragmented into a plurality of signal portions. If the sound marking signal is fragmented into a plurality of signal portions, the method further includes confirming that portions of the fragmented sound marking signal possess characteristics of a sinusoidal signal.

Abstract: In wireless communications, an access point may send a first frame and a second frame to multiple stations. In one aspect, the first frame may be a frame for initiating a sounding protocol. The first frame may include subband-related information. In response to the first and second frames, one or more stations may generate beamforming feedback information based on content of the second frame according to the subband-related information of the first frame. The beamforming feedback information may include average signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), where an SNR may be for a space-time stream averaged over data subcarriers in a subband. The stations may send a third frame(s) that includes the beamforming feedback information to the access point. The access point may generate, and transmit to the stations, a beamforming matrix based on the third frame(s). Other methods, apparatus, and computer-readable media are also disclosed.

Abstract: A communication system includes: a transmission unit configured to transmit each of a plurality of measurement packets at a predetermined transmission interval; a reception unit configured to receive the plurality of measurement packets which have passed through a predetermined network for a predetermined number of times; and an available bandwidth estimation unit configured to calculate a cumulative value of a queuing delay by using reception time information indicating temporal information about reception of the measurement packets and transmission time information indicating temporal information about transmission of the measurement packets, and estimate an available bandwidth of the network by using the calculated cumulative value of the queuing delay.

Abstract: A mobile monitoring device for continual remote monitoring of a condition is provided. The device includes a sensor module for producing sensor module data including inertial navigation data. A first transceiver component receives network manager data including inertial navigation data from a local network manager and may transmit sensor module data to the network manager for remote monitoring by a server. An associator component establishes an association with the local network manager if inertial navigation data of the sensor module and local network manager approximate each other and dissolves the association of the inertial navigation data of the sensor module and local network manager does not approximate each other. An inertial navigation component incrementally estimates a geographical location of the monitoring device using the previously received geographical location data and subsequent sensor module inertial navigation data.

Abstract: The present invention is to process a request of an application layer in an electronic device, and a method for operating the electronic device comprises transmitting a request signal through a first interface, and, when a response signal corresponding to the request signal is not received before a timer expires, retransmitting another request signal through a second interface. The request signal and the another request signal correspond to a single request signal generated in the electronic device. Also, the present invention includes other embodiments than the described embodiments.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a pass-through module that includes connector pins to connect with at least one active portion of a motherboard connector and to separately connect with at least one inactive portion of the motherboard connector. A routing function on the pass-through module redirects a set of bidirectional lanes from the connector pins connected to the active portion of the motherboard connector to the connector pins connected to the inactive portion of the motherboard connector to enable a connection of the set of bidirectional lanes to at least one other motherboard resource connected to the inactive portion of the motherboard connector.

Abstract: A data access method for a memory storage device is provided. The memory storage device includes a rewritable non-volatile memory module and a buffer memory. The method includes: receiving at least one operation command including at least one read command; and counting an amount of accumulative data of the at least one read command, and if the amount of accumulative data reaches a data threshold, writing the data in the buffer memory into the rewritable non-volatile memory module.

Abstract: A method of establishing a service operations administration and maintenance (OAM) session between an originator and a reflector in a communication network includes continuously monitoring, by the reflector, any test packets transmitted by the originator. The originator transmits to the reflector, at a time indicated by a first timestamp, a test packet. The reflector receives the test packet at a time indicated by a second timestamp and generates a unique flow identifier that identifies the reflector. The reflector transmits the test packet to the originator. The reflector assigns a sequence number to the test packet. The originator receives the test packet at a time indicated by a fourth timestamp. The reflector stores the unique flow identifier at least for the duration of the OAM session.

Abstract: The disclosed computer-implemented method for verifying the functionality of network paths may include (1) constructing, at a source node within a network, a test packet that uniquely identifies a network path whose functionality is unverified, (2) sending the test packet to a target node within the network via the network path in an attempt to verify the functionality of the network path, (3) receiving, back from the target node, the test packet sent to the target node via the network path, and then (4) verifying, at the source node, the functionality of the network path based at least in part on the test packet received back from the target node. Various other methods, systems, and computer-readable media are also disclosed.