Abstract: Session data for sessions associated with user equipment in portions of a macrocellular coverage area is accessed and a hierarchical data structure including a plurality of levels is generated. Each entry in a higher level of the plurality of levels encompasses a predetermined number of entries in the next lower level and stores aggregated session data for sessions associated with the encompassed entries. Entries in the hierarchical data structure can be selected to represent a hotspot that overlays the macrocellular coverage area. Session data stored in the selected entries can be aggregated.

Abstract: The disclosed system and method receives, from a media device, a query fingerprint that includes an ordered sequence of frames of content being consumed, and matches the query fingerprint with frame fingerprints by determining a distance between respective frame fingerprints and corresponding ones of the ordered sequence of frames. The matching may be performed by populating a binary tree structure with respective distances, chronologically across leaf nodes of the binary tree structure, and then noting a value of the root node. If below a maximum threshold, then there is a match. The system and method may detect a channel change at the media device by traversing a right or a left sub-tree of the binary tree structure, and locating a low value (or a zero) at the first or second nodes of the sub-tree. This channel change may be useful in targeting media to content being streamed to the media device.

Abstract: A method for determining required routes through an Ether based network associated with VLANs by determining a set of spanning trees. The set of spanning trees is determined to provide a number of routes for consideration. Each spanning tree comprising a plurality of links, sorts the VLANs into an order based on one or more VLAN criteria for the network topology, and maps the sorted VLANs onto the set of spanning trees in an order to optimise one or more characteristics relating to the combination of spanning tree and VLAN to determine an optimised VLAN tree mapping for each set of spanning trees for each route. A best primary tree for each route is selected. Possible failures for each link in the best primary tree for each route are analyzed to derive for a backup tree optimised to determine one or more best backup trees in the event of a possible failure.

Abstract: A method in a network utilizing a distributed connection-oriented control plane includes signaling a first path for a first connection from a first source node; storing call information for the first connection at any intermediate nodes in the first path; signaling a second path for a second connection from a second source node; checking at any intermediate nodes in the second path if there is absolute route diversity between the first connection and the second connection responsive to a requirement therein; and responsive to detecting a diversity violation at an intermediate node of the any intermediate nodes in the second path, signaling a crankback to the second source node with the call information for the first connection included therein; and recomputing the second path exclusive of the first path based on the call information responsive to receiving the crankback. A network and node are also described.

Abstract: Methods, devices and a system for transmitting an SRS and a UE are provided. A network node transmits an SRS configuration information set to a UE, wherein the SRS configuration information set includes first configuration information indicating the configuration of a first SRS and second configuration information indicating the configuration of a second SRS, wherein the first SRS is transmitted on a cellular uplink and used for performing uplink channel measurement during cellular communication; and the second SRS is transmitted on a D2D link and used for performing channel measurement of the D2D link during D2D communication. The solution addresses the problem of the configuration and the transmission of a reference signal existing in the conventional art when D2D communication is introduced into a cellular system, realizes the compatibility of D2D communication with cellular communication and avoids the noticeable increase in UE design and realization complexity.

Abstract: A virtualization manager executing on a processing device adds a host to a list of hosts associated with the virtualization manager. The virtualization manager identifies a list of external VMs running on the host that are not managed by the virtualization manager. The virtualization manager obtains detailed information for each of the external VMs running on the host from an agent running on the host. The virtualization manager then manages the external VMs running on the host using the detailed information.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method includes splitting a plurality of physical ports distributed across multiple distributed line cards (DLCs) into a plurality of virtual switches, wherein each virtual switch comprises ports of one or more DLC, creating a virtual control domain (VCD) associated with each virtual switch, and autonomously controlling the virtual switches, wherein each DLC is in electrical communication with at least one switch fabric coupler (SFC), and wherein the plurality of physical ports appear to external devices as being part of a single cell switched domain. Other systems and methods are described according to more embodiments.

Abstract: A method for providing Link Aggregation Control between a plurality of systems adapted for Link Aggregation is provided. The plurality of systems includes a primary system, a first secondary system, and a second secondary system. The primary system comprises first primary ports being linked to first ports of the first secondary system by first links. Further, the primary system comprises second primary ports being linked to second ports of the second secondary system by second links. The method comprises forming a link aggregation group, wherein the link aggregation group includes at least one first link and at least one second link. A preferred system among the secondary systems having links within the link aggregation group is selected and further, the method comprises setting the status of the primary ports according to the selection of the preferred system.

Abstract: Methods, systems and computer readable media for quality of service aware hybrid multicast networks are described. A method can include receiving a request for content from a first receiver and initiating a quality of service aware hybrid tree construction by sending a multicast service level specification message to a first overlay tree manager. The method can also include dividing the tree at the overlay tree manager and communicating with other overlay tree managers in the network. The method can further include computing, at each overlay tree manager, a shortest path tree using a constrained algorithm and sending, from each overlay tree manager, a message to each IP manager in the network requesting that the IP managers construct an IP multicast tree and install the tree on one or more corresponding routers. The method can also include enforcing multicast routes and quality of service on the one or more routers.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a system includes at least one distributed line card (DLC) in electrical communication with at least one switch fabric coupler (SFC) and a meta-controller in electrical communication with the at least one DLC, the meta-controller including a processor for executing logic, logic configured for creating more than one virtual switch and a corresponding virtual control domain (VCD) associated with each virtual switch, wherein each virtual switch includes a plurality of physical ports of one or more of the at least one DLC, and logic configured for autonomously controlling the virtual switches, wherein the system appears to a device external of the system as a single cell switched domain. Other systems are described according to more embodiments.

Abstract: Node, computer software and method for selecting a resource that is available at multiple caches connected in a communication network. The method includes receiving from a user a request for the resource; identifying one or more caches of the multiple caches that store the resource; determining a total cost associated with a path between the user and each cache of the one or more caches storing the resource, the total cost including a static cost that reflects a topology of the communication network and a dynamic cost which is indicative of changing conditions of the communication network; and selecting one cache from the one or more caches that store the resource based on a lowest total cost of the one cache.

Abstract: A radio communication base station allocates the same radio resource as a radio resource used for communication between the radio communication base station and a radio communication terminal in other radio communication base station to be a radio resource used in the other radio communication base station for communication between the other radio communication base station and the radio communication terminal. The radio communication base station includes a control unit that performs control to allocate a radio resource used for communication between a radio communication terminal moving at at least a predetermined speed and the other radio communication base station on a priority basis in accordance with content of service in the communication.

Abstract: Service discovery for services on a wireless network is presented. It is determined (e.g., from a received Layer 2 message) that an offering apparatus h made a service available to entities joined to a wireless network. Then in a message, that is available to entities not joined to the network, is placed information about the services and also at least one of location information about the offering apparatus and link metric information about a network path to the offering apparatus. A discovering apparatus reads one or more transmitted messages (from different apparatuses in the same network in different networks), sees the service it wants is available through both, compares the different locations and/or the different link metrics, and based on the comparing chooses which network to join, or with which apparatus on the single network to create a peer link.

Abstract: A clustering-based method of estimating a network metric between a first node and a second node includes determining source clusters of nodes and destination clusters of nodes for each node. Cluster heads are selected for each cluster. Measurements of the network metric between each node and each cluster head for the source clusters and destination clusters are performed, and the network metric for a pair of nodes is estimated based on the measurements for the pair of nodes.

Abstract: A method for transmitting messages in a redundantly operable communication network which includes a first subnetwork with a tree topology and a second subnetwork, wherein messages are transmitted in the first subnetwork in accordance with a spanning tree protocol.

Abstract: In accordance with one example embodiment, there is provided a system configured for virtual local area network (VLAN) blocking on a virtual port channel (vPC) member link to handle discrepant virtual network instance (VNI) to VLAN mappings. In other embodiments, the system can be configured for providing Virtual Switch Interface Discovery Protocol (VDP) and virtual switch enhancements to accommodate discrepant VNI to VLAN mappings. In another example embodiment, an apparatus is provided that includes a processor, and a memory coupled to the processor, where the apparatus is configured such that if a server is connected through a virtual port channel, a VDP is used to notify the server of different VNI to VLAN mappings. In another embodiment, the apparatus can extend a VDP Filter Info Field to carry a set of VLANs mapped to a VNI, keyed by leaf MAC addresses that serve as bridge identifiers.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention provides a wireless network controller. The wireless network controller includes a data structure, a tunnel management scheme, an encapsulation mechanism, and a forwarding mechanism. The data structure stores a TRILL RBridge identifier associated with a remote wireless network controller. The tunnel management mechanism maintains a tunnel with a local access point, and the encapsulation mechanism encapsulates a packet received from the tunnel with a TRILL header which includes the RBridge identifier of the remote wireless network controller. The forwarding mechanism forwards the encapsulated packet.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an apparatus includes a buffer memory, at least one ingress port, at least one egress port, at least one processor, and logic integrated with and/or executable by the at least one processor, the logic being configured to communicate with a software-defined network (SDN) controller, store one or more look-up tables in a first portion of the buffer memory, receive a packet using an ingress port, and determine an egress port for the packet. In another embodiment, a method for switching packets in a SDN includes storing one or more took-up tables in a first portion of a buffer memory of a SDN-capable switching device, receiving a packet using an ingress port of the switching device, and determining an egress port for the packet.

Abstract: A server, includes a virtual machine identifier assigning section to assign an identifier of a virtual machine operating on the server; and a network interface to transmit a packet including a Layer 2 header information which includes the identifier of the virtual machine and a first packet field for a VLAN-Tag, wherein the network interface transmits the packet to a packet encapsulate section which encapsulates a second packet field including the Layer 2 header information with a virtual network identifier representing a virtual network to which the virtual machine belongs.

Abstract: A method for structuring an electric utility grid having traditional and renewable sources of electric power uses a weather forecasting system to determine, for a time interval, whether there are paths between all generating units and all consuming units satisfying certain constraints. The method includes computing a probable output for each of the generating units, both traditional and renewable, and computing a probable load for each of said consuming units for the time interval using both historical and weather forecast data. The method also includes determining the maximum load capacity of each segment in the utility grid for the time interval, the segments being the power lines making up the grid, and assigning the maximum load capacity of each segment to be a constraint therefor for the time interval and computing whether there are paths from each of the generating units to each of the consuming units for which the maximum load capacities will not be exceeded.

Abstract: A server, including a virtual machine identifier assigning section to assign an identifier of a virtual machine operating on the server; and a network interface to transmit a packet including a Layer 2 header information which includes the identifier of the virtual machine, wherein the network interface transmits the packet to a packet encapsulate section which encapsulates a packet field including the Layer 2 header information with a virtual network identifier, wherein the virtual network identifier represents a virtual tenant network corresponding to the virtual machine in multiple tenants network.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of reducing traffic in various network structures. The method of reducing the traffic includes: receiving a first frame copy by means of a next node; receiving a second frame copy by means of the next node; and discarding one received later among the first frame copy and the second frame copy by means of the next node.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention relate to synchronizing multicast groups of a virtual machine during migration of the virtual machine. A first list and a second list, indicating multicast groups corresponding to the first port and second port respectively, are obtained in response to detection of migration of the virtual machine from a first port to a second port of a same switch. The second list is updated so that the second list contains the multicast groups in the first list. An undesired multicast group is aged. Multicast groups of a virtual machine may be synchronized in the process of migration of the virtual machine, thereby reducing or removing the time during which the virtual machine multicast service is disrupted.

Abstract: A method performed at an electronic device with one or more processors and memory includes obtaining a public record including a plurality of commit nodes, where a respective commit node of the plurality of commit nodes includes: (i) a set of blobs corresponding to a collection of data; (ii) at least one cryptographic hash of one of the set of blobs; and (iii) at least one additional cryptographic hash of a parent node. The method includes: caching the public record; and obtaining, at a time after the obtaining, information corresponding to a new commit node, where the new commit node: includes a cryptographic hash of a parent node; and is associated with an updated collection of data. The method includes validating the new commit node; and in accordance with a determination that the new commit node is valid, updates the cached public record to include the new commit node.

Abstract: A system, node and method for location aware mass information distribution to peers. The method includes overlaying a distributed hash table (DHT) network over an existing physical communication network to which the peers are connected, wherein the DHT network is a peer to peer (P2P) network; providing at least one application layer multicast (ALM) protocol over the overlayed DHT network to form an ALM tree topology for the peers, wherein the ALM tree topology is based on location information of the peers; using the ALM tree topology for establishing logical connections within a group, between a leader of the group and peers of the group; and using the overlayed DHT network for establishing connections, between the leader and the peers, to be followed by a message to be distributed to the peers.

Abstract: The present invention considers an apparatus for prevention of tampering, unauthorized use, and unauthorized extraction of information from at least one secure system including at least one information device arranged to process information, at least one integrated encryption segment arranged to encrypt the information using at least one encryption process enabled by a set of encryption key information incorporated in at least one secure information storage of the at least one information device, at least one destruction driver arranged to initiate and support at least one controllable energy release in a proximity of the at least one secure information storage of the at least one information device incorporating the set of encryption key information, such that at least fraction of the set of encryption key information has been obliterated during the controllable energy discharge.

Abstract: Systems, methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture to provide root re-selection in a spanning tree protocol are disclosed. An example method includes transmitting, from a current root device on a playback network, a query message to a router on the playback network. The example method includes evaluating a response received from at least one intermediate device between the current root and the router, the at least one intermediate device relaying the query message from the root to the router and transmitting a response back to the current root device indicating a root path cost associated with that intermediate device. The example method includes determining, based on the received root path cost(s), an updated designation of a new root device for the playback network. The example method includes, if the new root device is different from the current root device, exchanging bridge priority between the current root and the new root.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention relate to synchronizing multicast groups of a virtual machine during migration of the virtual machine. A first list and a second list, indicating multicast groups corresponding to the first port and second port respectively, are obtained in response to detection of migration of the virtual machine from a first port to a second port of a same switch. The second list is updated so that the second list contains the multicast groups in the first list. An undesired multicast group is aged. Multicast groups of a virtual machine may be synchronized in the process of migration of the virtual machine, thereby reducing or removing the time during which the virtual machine multicast service is disrupted.

Abstract: Aspects of the present invention provide systems and methods using precise timing relationships between nodes in computer networks to generate mappings depicting the physical arrangement or ordering of nodes in the computer networks. The technical effect is by tracking the timing delays between nodes as observed by an individual node, and collecting such information together for subsequent processing, nodes may receive and/or construct an entire physical network topology using an algorithm accordingly.

Abstract: A stackable device having a plurality of data ports, wherein each of the data ports is capable of operating as a regular data port or a stacking port. A first set of one or more of the data ports is specified as a first flexible stacking port, and a second set of one or more of the data ports is specified as a second flexible stacking port. Each flexible stacking port can be individually configured to operate as an actual stacking port, if required by the configuration of an associated stack. If a flexible stacking port is not configured to operate as an actual stacking port, then the data port(s) included in the flexible stacking port are available to operate as regular data port(s).

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method for providing virtual link aggregation (vLAG) in a transparent interconnection of lots of links (TRILL)-enabled network, includes creating a virtual routing bridge logically connected to a first physical routing bridge and a second physical routing bridge to form a vLAG group at an edge of the TRILL-enabled network; determining a first distribution tree linking the first physical routing bridge to every other routing bridge in the TRILL-enabled network in a non-repeating fashion, ending with the second physical routing bridge; determining a second distribution tree linking the second physical routing bridge to every other routing bridge in the TRILL-enabled network in a non-repeating fashion, ending with the first physical routing bridge; receiving a multicast packet at the virtual routing bridge from one of the physical routing bridges; and distributing the multicast packet according to either the first or the second distribution tree thereby preventing looping.

Abstract: A method and system for resource management is provided. The method includes generating a physical server pool. Resources of the physical server pool and additional resources of additional physical server are monitored and monitored data is retrieved during the monitoring. A utilization rate of the additional physical server pools is determined to be less than a threshold value. In response a group of physical servers is migrated to a free server pool. The physical server pool is determined to need an additional server and each physical server pool is rated based on a calculated chance for required usage. A first physical server is allocated to the physical server pool.

Abstract: According to embodiments of the invention, a first ring node is arranged to protect against loops in an Ethernet ring by performing Ethernet ring protection (ERP) according to an Ethernet ring protection protocol (ERP) standard. The first ring node is located directly adjacent to at least one second ring node in the Ethernet ring which is not configured to perform ERP according to the same ERP protocol standard. The first ring node is configured to, upon detection of a link failure or recovery event in the Ethernet ring resulting in a flush operation of the filtering database (FDB) in the first ring node in accordance with the ERP protocol standard, send a message to the at least one second ring node which is operable to cause said at least one second ring node to perform a flush operation of its filtering database (FDB). Embodiments of the invention also include an Ethernet ring, a broadband communications network and methods for use in the first ring node and in the Ethernet ring.

Abstract: A full bisection bandwidth network, having a plurality of nodes and a plurality of paths among the nodes, is divided into a plurality of Virtual Local Area Networks (“VLANs”) by assigning paths to the VLANs such that each VLAN satisfies a spanning tree protocol and all paths are active in at least one VLAN.

Abstract: A network of switches that forwards network packets between end hosts may be controlled by a controller. The controller may maintain information that identifies subsets of the end hosts that are associated with respective broadcast domains. The controller may configure the switches in the network to identify broadcast network packets and to forward the broadcast network packets to the controller. The controller may identify which broadcast domain is associated with a received broadcast network packet based on information such as source information retrieved from the broadcast network packet. The controller may identify switches that are coupled to the end hosts of a broadcast domain associated with the received broadcast network packet. The controller may forward the broadcast network packet to the identified switches through network control paths and may direct the identified switches to forward the broadcast network packet to end hosts of the associated broadcast domain.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a method for performing reconciliation sync includes a first network device configured as an active inter-chassis redundancy (ICR) device in response to detecting a switchover request while performing a bulk sync transitioning to serving as the standby ICR device and performing a reconciliation sync while serving as the standby ICR device, the reconciliation sync comprises starting a transmission of session records that failed to be transmitted during the bulk sync to the second network device. According to one embodiment, a method for performing reconciliation sync includes a first network device configured as a standby ICR device receiving a plurality of session records from a second network device of the ICR system. The method further includes updating a global version number based on record version numbers of the received plurality of session records, and maintaining local session records based on the received plurality of session records.

Abstract: Techniques for improving the security and availability of cryptographic key systems are described herein. A graph representation of a network of cryptographic key servers is created with vertices representing the servers and edges representing connections between pairs of servers. As cryptographic key events are received, the graph is used to locate the appropriate servers upon which to perform the operations associated with the events. In the event that the network requires repairing, the graph is first repaired obeying any constraints on the graph and then the network is updated to reflect alterations to the graph.

Abstract: Systems and methods of the present disclosure facilitate updating the translation provided by one or more name servers from symbolic names to network addresses. In some embodiments, the system includes one or more remote devices, a management server, a configuration module, a detection module, and/or an update module. The management server may be configured to monitor and manage the remote device, which may be provided with network addresses by one or more address provisioning servers. Responsive to the detection module detecting a change in the network address of a remote device, the update module may update one or more name servers using an update program that includes templates for a control file, authentication information, and/or a template obtained from the management server. The detection and update modules can execute on remote devices or on the address provisioning server, and can be installed and configured automatically by the management server.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for discovering network topologies. The method may include (1) receiving, on a host system within a network, a switch-protocol message that includes a switch identifier, a port identifier, and/or a root path cost, (2) identifying a set of switches within the network based on the switch-protocol message, (3) determining how the set of switches are connected based on the switch-protocol message, and (4) mapping a topology of the network based on determining how the set of switches are connected. Various other methods, systems, and computer-readable media are also disclosed.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a particular node in a computer network receives an indication of a number of child nodes of one or more potential parent nodes to the particular node in a primary directed acyclic graph (DAG). From this, the particular node selects a particular potential parent node with the highest number of child nodes as a secondary DAG parent for the particular node, and joins the secondary DAG at the selected secondary DAG parent (e.g., for multicast and/or broadcast message distribution). This may recursively continue, such that nodes gravitate toward parents with more children, potentially allowing parents with fewer children to relinquish their parental responsibilities.

Abstract: Data transfer with high throughput is enabled between servers. With respect to a candidate of a network operation unit applied at least one to each site of a plurality of sites forming a network, a combination of the network operation units each one of which is to be used by each site is determined such that all the sites become reachable based on a connection relationship applied to each pair of the candidates of the network operation units between different sites.

Abstract: Certain examples accommodate multicast and unicast frame forwarding via wired and/or wireless port connections. An example method includes identifying a message including a frame of data to be directed to a group of playback devices via a network protocol. The example method includes overriding the network protocol for the group of playback devices to transmit a unicast message via direct routing to each member of the group of playback devices that is a “neighbor” of the first playback device.

Abstract: A general wireless mesh network of communication devices with packet message transmission, especially for telemetry and automation, includes at least a single control communication device and a set of slave communication devices. The control communication device searches in the network and assigns a virtual routing number to each slave communication device. The virtual routing number reflects a distance of the slave communication device from the control communication device, expressed by the number of routings, and is stored in the slave communication device. The slave communication device, for further routing of packets in the mesh network, uses time slots assigned according to the difference between said virtual routing number and the virtual routing number of the sender of a received packet. Packet routing is based on successive flooding of the virtual routing structure and time division multiplexing.

Abstract: A system and method are provided for of a Multicast system by a controller in a software defined network. The method may include, receiving a request for a multicast stream from a first switch of the software defined network. The request may have originated from a requestor using an Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP). The method may further include, adding the request to a table, wherein the table is designated to have requests from IGMP using requestors for multicast streams. The method may further include, determining whether the request for the multicast stream matches with a multicast data transmission from a sender received by the controller. The method may further include, initiating a connection of the multicast between the requestor and the sender if the request matches the multicast data transmission.

Abstract: A communication device for an industrial communication network which can be operated in a redundant manner comprises a first and a second transmitting and receiving unit that transmit data packets in a bumpy or bumpless manner inside the industrial communication network and are selectively changeable over to a bumpy or bumpless transmission mode. An evaluation unit is connected to the first and/or second transmitting and receiving unit(s) and detects data packets to be transmitted in the bumpy or bumpless manner inside the industrial communication network. Redundancy handling and filter units for received redundant data packets are deactivated when a data packet to be transmitted in the bumpy manner is detected. A memory unit is assigned to the first and/or second transmitting and receiving unit(s) and buffers at least one data packet to be transmitted in the bumpy manner during a predefined period of time in the bumpy transmission mode.

Abstract: A protocol identifies and configures rings in a network topology automatically in order to simplify and quicken the actions that need to be performed in response to addition, deletion and shuffle of network nodes in that topology. Such rings do not need to be identified and configured manually. The protocol involves two separate sequentially performed phases. In the first phase, the protocol can automatically identify all rings that are present within a Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) topology. In the second phase, the protocol can automatically configure each node of each such ring in conformity with the Ethernet Ring Protection (ERP) protocol. After this ERP configuration has been performed, the failure of a link within the network will not require every network node to re-learn paths through the network; instead, the nodes that are required to re-learn such paths can be limited to those within the particular ring that contained the failed link.

Abstract: Various systems and methods for determining and/or using paths through switches of distributed computing system. For example, one method involves accessing switch information by accessing switches using a first network protocol, where the switch information includes parameters of the switches. One or more nodes are configured to access storage devices using the switches, and the node is configured to perform the access using a second network protocol. The method also involves determining one or more paths through the switches, where path is configured to couple the node to the storage devices. The method also involves calculating a path score for at least one path, where the path score can indicate health of the path.

Abstract: A method for loop detection and a network device applying such method are provided. The method includes: receiving, by a port, a loop detection frame; detecting, by a loop detection unit, whether the loop detection frame is transmitted via a port of the network device; analyzing, by a frame analyzer unit, the loop detection frame when the loop detection frame is transmitted via the port, and determining whether there is any loop in the network device; and shutting down the port of the network device or not perform any action, by a port switching unit when the frame analyzer unit determines that there is a loop in the network device, wherein the loop detection frame is a loop detection protocol data unit (LDPDU) frame.

Abstract: A method is provided in one example embodiment and includes establishing at least one fixed topology distribution tree in a network, where the fixed topology distribution tree comprises one root node and a plurality of leaf nodes connected to the root node; maintaining at the root node an indication of multicast group interests advertised by the leaf nodes; and pruning traffic at the root node based on the advertised multicast group interests of the leaf nodes. In one embodiment, the root node is a spine switch and each of the leaf nodes is a leaf switch and each of the leaf nodes is connected to the root node by a single hop.

Abstract: The two types of virtual local area networks (VLANs) may be defined: p-bits-Inferred-scheduling class VLAN (p-VLAN); and VLAN-10-Only-Inferred-scheduling class VLANs (v-VLAN). As such, upon receipt of an Ethernet frame, the type of VLAN associated with the Ethernet frame may be determined. The type of VLAN provides the receiving node with an indication of a method of determining a scheduling class. A p-VLAN supports multiple scheduling classes. For a p-VLAN, the scheduling class and drop precedence for the received Ethernet frame may be determined based on a “service map” that describes the relationship between the p-bits and forwarding treatment. A v-VLAN supports a single scheduling class. As such, the scheduling class for a received Ethernet frame may be determined based on the VLAN-10 of the received Ethernet frame. The described VLAN QoS information may be configured or signaled across the network.