Abstract: A memory stores a message map associating requests with human-machine interface (HMI) notifications. A vehicle receives a request from a secondary-connected device, and sends an HMI notification to a primary-connected device, constructed based on the message map and the request, to simulate user input to the vehicle to cause the primary-connected device to perform the request. A secondary-connected device connected to a vehicle computing platform receives a command, constructs a request message describing the command; and sends the request message to the computing platform, to cause the computing platform to send a HMI notification to a primary-connected device to simulate user input to the vehicle requesting the primary-connected device to perform the command.

Abstract: A method embodiment includes implementing, by a base station (BS), a grant-free uplink transmission scheme. The grant-free uplink transmission scheme defines a first contention transmission unit (CTU) access region in a time-frequency domain, defines a plurality of CTUs, defines a default CTU mapping scheme by mapping at least some of the plurality of CTUs to the first CTU access region, and defines a default user equipment (UE) mapping scheme by defining rules for mapping a plurality of UEs to the plurality of CTUs.

Abstract: An information transmission apparatus 2 makes transmission objective data redundant using a predetermined method, divides the redundant data into N (N?2) data elements, the transmission objective data being reproducible on the basis of any arbitrary combination of m (m<N) or more data elements, and sequentially transmits short-range communication signals respectively including the N data elements obtained by the division. A terminal apparatus 3 which receives the data elements tries to reproduce the data using the received data elements, and transmits short-range communication signals including the received data elements.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are provided that include counting devices for broadcast data services. The devices can be counted based on registrations received from the devices. This registration count can additionally or alternatively be used to determine whether further counting is desired. In addition, base stations can transmit counting requests to the devices using a paging message or other message such that idle mode devices can receive the counting requests. The idle mode devices can respond to the requests or send autonomous counting report by switching to an active mode for the purpose of responding or another purpose.

Abstract: A communication system is adapted to provide access to application information on an application server utilizing a specific one of multiple radio access types. Access is provided via an access network using an access bearer. The capability of the specifically requested access bearer is sent to the application server to tailor the application information content according to the capability of the specific access bearer. The information content is then transmitted to the requesting device.

Abstract: A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may disassemble enhanced high speed medium access control (MAC-ehs) protocol data units (PDUs) to provide reordering PDUs. A reordering PDU may include a MAC-ehs service data unit (SDU) or a segment of the MAC-ehs SDU. The WTRU may reassemble the MAC-ehs SDU from segments of the MAC-ehs SDU disassembled from a reordering PDU. The WTRU may route the reassembled MAC-ehs SDU to a logical channel of a plurality of logical channels.

Abstract: The invention relates to a control channel signal for use in a mobile communication system providing at least two different scheduling modes. Further the invention relates to a scheduling unit for generating the control channel signal and a base station comprising the scheduling unit. The invention also relates to the operation of a mobile station and a base station for implementing a scheduling mode using the control channel signal. In order to facilitate the use of different scheduling schemes for user data transmission while avoiding an additional flag for indicating the scheduling mode in the control signaling, the invention proposes the use of code points in existing control channel signal fields. Further, the invention proposes a specific scheduling mode for use in combination with the proposed control channel signal. According to this scheduling mode control channel information is only provided for retransmissions, while initial transmissions are decoded using blind detection.

Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure provide a computer-implemented method and system for the assignment of roadside assistance service providers such as tow trucks to distressed vehicles/drivers requiring roadside assistance. The methods and systems may include a roadside assistance service provider system with a collection module, an assignment module, and a feedback module. The collection module collects roadside assistance service provider information and historical statistics from real-world information and stores the information in a database that may then be analyzed using particular rules and formulas. The assignment module assigns particular roadside assistance service providers to particular distressed vehicles/drivers based on one or more characteristics.

Abstract: A broadcast signal transmitter is disclosed. A broadcast signal transmitter according to an embodiment of the present invention comprises an input formatting module configured to perform baseband formatting and to output at least one PLP (Physical Layer Pipe) data; a BICM (Bit Interleaved Coded Modulation) module configured to perform an error correction process on the PLP data; a framing and interleaving module configured to interleave the PLP data and to generate a signal frame; and a waveform generating module configured to generate a broadcast signal by inserting a preamble into the signal frame and performing OFDM modulation.

Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure provide a computer-implemented method and system for the assignment of roadside assistance service providers such as tow trucks to distressed vehicles/drivers requiring roadside assistance. The methods and systems may include a roadside assistance service provider system with a collection module, an assignment module, and a feedback module. The collection module collects roadside assistance service provider information and historical statistics from real-world information and stores the information in a database that may then be analyzed using particular rules and formulas. The assignment module assigns particular roadside assistance service providers to particular distressed vehicles/drivers based on one or more characteristics.

Abstract: In a heterogeneous cell deployment a mobile terminal may need to receive control data transmissions from a macro node at the same time as a pico node is transmitting user data for the mobile terminal, using the same frequency or set of frequencies. This can result in a problematic interference situation. According to several embodiments of the present invention, at least one of two general approaches is used to mitigate the interference situation described above. In a first approach, the pico node's transmission power is reduced in some time intervals, thereby reducing the interference to a level where reception from the macro node is possible. In a second approach, which may be combined with the first approach in some cases, the data transmitted from the macro node is provided by the pico node, either alone or in combination with the macro node.

Abstract: The invention discloses a method for a cellular communications system, in which traffic is sent in frames, each frame comprising a first number of subframes, with a second number of said subframes being available for at least either uplink or downlink traffic. At least one of said second number of subframes is made to comprise at least three parts, as follows: One part which is utilized for uplink traffic, One part which is utilized for downlink traffic, One part which is utilized as a guard period, with said guard period part being scheduled between the uplink and the downlink parts. The duration of at least two of said three parts may be varied to fit the current system need.

Abstract: A computer implemented hybrid method determines a modeled aggregate interference power distribution at a receiver resulting from multiple radio frequency (RF) interferers. The method determines a respective interference power distribution for each interferer. The method also determines, among the interference power distributions, (i) first interference power distributions that meet a Central Limit Theorem (CLT) criterion, and (ii) second interference power distributions that do not meet the CLT criterion. The method combines the first interference power distributions using the CLT to produce the normal combined interference power distribution, and convolves the second interference power distributions with each other and the normal combined interference power distribution to produce the aggregate interference power distribution.

Abstract: Provided are a method of allocating resources in a wireless local area network (WLAN) system and the WLAN system including an access point (AP) to allocate a resource for communication between a relay and a station associated with the relay, the relay to allocate a restricted access window (RAW) or a slot for communication with a station based on the allocated resource, and the station to communicate with the relay based on the allocated RAW or the allocated slot.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for providing an access network element in a communication network system with information are disclosed, the information enabling the access network element to perform service based processing on data belonging to an application session.

Abstract: A method is provided for performing a random access procedure by a Node-B with a specific user equipment (UE) within a cell in which a plurality of UEs are located together. The Node-B transmits a random access procedure configuration including a basic sequence index related with a random access channel and zero correlation zone (ZCZ) configuration. The Node-B receives a random access preamble corresponding to the random access procedure configuration from the UE over the random access channel. A length of a cyclic part and a length of a sequence part of the random access preamble are differently given based on the random access procedure configuration. The random access preamble is generated from Constant Amplitude Zero Auto-Correlation (CAZAC) sequences based on the basic sequence index by applying a length of a cyclic shift according to the ZCZ configuration.

Abstract: A data communication method includes determining by a first terminal apparatus that is included among plural terminal apparatuses capable of direct communication with one another, whether a communication volume of data received from a second terminal apparatus that is included among the terminal apparatuses exceeds a processable communication volume; and transmitting by the first terminal apparatus to the second terminal apparatus, a portion of the data of a given communication volume, when the communication volume of the data exceeds the processable communication volume.

Abstract: A method for efficiently scheduling virtual resource blocks to physical resource blocks is disclosed. In a wireless mobile communication system, for distributed mapping of consecutively allocated virtual resource blocks to physical resource blocks, when nulls are inserted into a block interleaver used for the mapping, they are uniformly distributed to ND divided groups of the block interleaver, which are equal in number to the number (ND) of physical resource blocks to which one virtual resource block is mapped.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a device in a network receives an indication of an appropriation and defense time slot for a set of time slots in a channel hopping schedule. The device appropriates ownership of the set of time slots using an appropriation window of the appropriation and defense time slot. The device receives an appropriation request from a second device during the appropriation window. In response to receiving the appropriation request, the device sends a defense notification during a defense window of the appropriation and defense time slot.

Abstract: A first network device including a medium access control module and a physical layer module. The medium access control module is configured to generate a frame to include a first header, a second header and a payload. The first header indicates a start of the frame for a second network device. The second header indicates a length of the payload for the second network device. The payload comprises a third header and data. Other than the payload, a format of the frame complies with IEEE 802.15.4. The physical layer module is configured to: receive the frame; repetition code the third header or repetition code the data; generate a signal including (i) the first header, (ii) the second header, and (iii) the repetition coded third header or the repetition coded data; modulate the signal; and transmit the modulated signal to the second network device.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method and apparatus for communicating data packets in a cloud cell. In one embodiment, a network node from which data packets are received is identified by the BS. If the data packets are received from a data gateway, a network node to which the data packets to be sent is identified. If the data packets are to be sent to a slave BS, partial processing, is performed on the data packets by the master BS. Furthermore, partially processed data packets are transmitted to the slave BS so that the slave BS performs complete processing on the partially processed data packets and transmits the completely processed data packets to the MS. If the data packets are to be sent to the MS, then complete processing of the data packets is performed by the BS and transmitted to the MS.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to techniques for providing an Internet protocol (IP) address to a client device communicatively coupled to a network. The technique can include: sending, by the client and over the network, a request for an IP address; receiving, by a router, the request; forwarding, by the router, the request to a universal helper server; receiving, by the universal helper server, the request; determining, by the universal helper server, an IP address of a DHCP server; forwarding, by the universal helper server, the request to the DHCP server; providing to the router, by the DHCP server, a client IP address; and sending, from the router to the client, the client IP address, such that the client is configured with the client IP address such that the client can receive point to point messages.

Abstract: A method, wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU), and base station for access network interworking. Temporary identity mapping rules are defined for use during access network reselection. Mapping rules for tracking area identity, routing area identity, temporary mobile subscriber identity (TMSI), packet TMSI, and S-TMSI identity are used when reselecting UTRAN, E-UTRAN, and GERAN access networks. Depending upon access network support, a WTRU may indicate a type of identity (TMSI, P-TMSI, or S-TMSI) that is included in an access network reselection request.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a wireless access system and, more particularly, methods and apparatuses for designing a 256 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellation point and transmitting a modulation symbol using the same in order to support a 256QAM scheme. The method for transmitting a modulation symbol using a 256 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) scheme at a transmitter in a wireless access system includes modulating octuplet bits into one modulation symbol using the 256QAM scheme, mapping the modulation symbol to one of 256QAM constellation points and transmitting the mapped modulation symbol.

Abstract: The invention relates to a control channel signal for use in a mobile communication system providing at least two different scheduling modes. Further the invention relates to a scheduling unit for generating the control channel signal and a base station comprising the scheduling unit. The invention also relates to the operation of a mobile station and a base station for implementing a scheduling mode using the control channel signal. In order to facilitate the use of different scheduling schemes for user data transmission while avoiding an additional flag for indicating the scheduling mode in the control signaling, the invention proposes the use of code points in existing control channel signal fields. Further, the invention proposes a specific scheduling mode for use in combination with the proposed control channel signal. According to this scheduling mode control channel information is only provided for retransmissions, while initial transmissions are decoded using blind detection.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for multiplexing data for multiple wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs) for high speed downlink channels are disclosed. A WTRU may receive a joint high speed shared control channel (HS-SCCH) including a common part and WTRU-specific parts. The common part includes common control information for WTRUs multiplexed in one transmission time interval (TTI), and each of the WTRU-specific parts includes WTRU-specific control information for a corresponding WTRU. The WTRU receives a high speed physical downlink shared channel (HS-PDSCH) based on decoding on the joint HS-SCCH. The HS-SCCH may include a group WTRU identity shared by a group of WTRUs.

Abstract: An apparatus, such as user equipment, includes a first radio for wireless communication over a first carrier in an unlicensed frequency band according to a first radio access technology and a second radio for wireless communication over a second carrier in the unlicensed frequency band according to a second radio access technology. The apparatus also includes a device connection manager to deactivate the first carrier in response to detecting an access point that operates according to the second radio access technology in the unlicensed frequency band.

Abstract: A network device and wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) using an enhanced high speed medium access control (MAC-ehs) are disclosed. A network device may provide a MAC-ehs reordering protocol data unit (PDU) with a segment of a service data unit (SDU). A MAC-ehs PDU is generated including the MAC-ehs reordering PDU. The MAC-ehs PDU is sent via a high speed downlink shared channel (HS-DSCH). The WTRU disassembles MAC-ehs PDUs to provide reordering PDUs that each may include a segment of a MAC-ehs SDU. The WTRU may reassemble a MAC-ehs SDU with the segment of the MAC-ehs SDU from at least one of the reordering PDUs.

Abstract: To avoid occurrence of communication conflict at the transmission time of re-transmission data without losing real-time performance of data transmission with respect to data missing during communication, thereby enabling excellent data transmission a reception controller allocates time slots for transmission of second data (re-transmission) transmitted from transmitters on the basis of a re-transmission request message according to a reception condition of first data (latest data) and the reception controller transmits an acknowledgement message (ACK) for the first data with a slot time being embedded in an acknowledgement message for every reception-success transmitter.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and computer readable media can be operable to facilitate the remote modulation of pre-transformed data. In embodiments, a CMTS can provide pre-transformed data in the frequency domain to a transmitter or receiver. Multiple network components can be bypassed when pre-transformed data is delivered directly to a transmitter or receiver, thus improving the amount of network capacity and available network resources. In embodiments, pre-transformed data can be transformed and modulated at a receiver.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method in a radio equipment unit for downlink radio communication with a UE of a radio network. The radio equipment unit provides radio communication with UE in at least one cell, and is connected to a radio equipment control unit controlling the radio communication. The method comprises receiving (610) from the radio equipment control unit: baseband processed user related data and information indicating a frequency radio resource allocated for a transmission to the UE. The method also comprises generating (620) cell defining signals for the cell of the UE, and transmitting (630) the generated cell defining signals added to the baseband processed user related data to the UE, using the indicated frequency radio resource. The present invention also relates to a corresponding method in the radio equipment control unit and to the units themselves.

Abstract: A method may include receiving, by a user equipment incapable of transmitting and receiving simultaneously, a schedule to transmit data on an uplink, detecting, by the user equipment, whether there is data to be transmitted on the uplink, and receiving, by the user equipment, during a time corresponding to the schedule, data associated with a downlink, when it is determined that there is no data to be transmitted.

Abstract: The invention relates to a control channel signal for use in a mobile communication system providing at least two different scheduling modes. Further the invention relates to a scheduling unit for generating the control channel signal and a base station comprising the scheduling unit. The invention also relates to the operation of a mobile station and a base station for implementing a scheduling mode using the control channel signal proposed by the invention. In order to facilitate the use of different scheduling schemes for user data transmission while avoiding an additional flag for indicating the scheduling mode in the control signaling, the invention proposes the use of code points in existing control channel signal fields. Further, the invention proposes a specific scheduling mode for use in combination with the proposed new control channel signal according to the invention.

Abstract: A communication system includes transmission apparatuses and a reception apparatus. Each transmission apparatus includes a data input processing unit to which data is input, a first controller that performs a control process for transmitting the data, and a first wireless communication processing unit that transmits the data to the reception apparatus according to the control process performed by the first controller. The first controller performs a control process for causing another transmission apparatus to transmit data input to the other transmission apparatus to the reception apparatus. The reception apparatus includes a second wireless communication processing unit that receives data from one of the transmission apparatuses, a second controller that performs a control process for outputting the received data, and a data output processing unit that outputs the received data according to the control process performed by the second controller.

Abstract: The invention relates to a communication system and method wherein a user equipment contains, or is provided with, a list of items of service-related information. The list of service-related information represents a list of service provider names, services and/or service types or the like. When intending to establish or modify a session or connection or use a service, the user equipment selects, in one of the embodiments, an item from the list and performs a DNS query to resolve the name of the selected item to an IP address which then is used for set-up. The list may be provided by an DHCP server or in a PDP context message. The list may comprise one or more service provider default names, in particular for visited and home networks.

Abstract: The present invention describes a wireless network, in particular for automation, realtime and/or industrial applications, having at least two access network nodes and at least one radio station for wireless communication with at least one of the at least two access network nodes, wherein each of the at least two access network nodes uses a data channel selected from a set of available selectable data channels for wireless communication with a radio station assigned to it in each case, wherein a control communication channel which is distinct from the selectable data channels is provided in addition, and each of the at least two access network nodes is embodied for wirelessly sending information messages over the control communication channel and the at least one radio station is embodied for receiving the control communication channel.

Abstract: A method includes sending, from a base unit, provisioning information to a communication device. The provisioning information causes the communication device to establish a wireless communication connection with a wireless access point. The method includes identifying one or more other communication devices causing interference with the wireless communication connection. The method includes sending information to the communication device. The information includes instructions to disable the one or more other communication devices.

Abstract: Systems and methodologies are described that facilitate avoidance of duplicative resource allocation and/or erroneous service charges via unambiguously indicating an entity responsible for quality of service (QoS) initiation. In one example, an indication is provided to a mobile device to indicate a preference for network-initiated QoS or a preference for device-initiated QoS. QoS for a data flow can be established in accordance with the indication. For instance, the mobile device initiates QoS when the indication specifies a preference for device-initiated QoS while a network establishes QoS when the indication specifies a preference for network-initiated QoS.

Abstract: A method and apparatus reduces the likelihood of packet loss when an OFDMA transceiver and synchronous frame-based transceiver are operating on the same device. More specifically, a method protects reception of Bluetooth signals (such as reception of slave device signals) from co-existence interference caused by co-located OFDMA transceiver transmissions. The method receives a transmission-enable (TXE) signal indicating that the OFDMA transceiver is transmitting, determines an estimated transmission-enable (TXE?) signal indicating when the OFDMA transceiver is expected to be transmitting in the future, and sends the TXE? signal to the Bluetooth transmitter to shut down Bluetooth transmissions when a transmission is expected to be sent from the OFDMA transceiver.

Abstract: A cooperative multi-user multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) system coordinates spatially distributed transceiver stations for communicating with wireless client devices. The system comprises a network interface communicatively coupled to the transceiver stations via a backhaul network, which may comprise a wireless local area network. A MIMO processor pre-codes NR original data streams to generate NT subspace-coded data streams, wherein each subspace-coded data stream comprises a linear combination of at least some of the original data streams. NT may denote a number of transmitting antennas, and NR may denote a number of receiving antennas. A network controller conveys the subspace-coded data streams to the transceiver stations via the backhaul network and coordinates the simultaneous transmission of the subspace-coded data streams over wireless links to the wireless client devices.

Abstract: Method, apparatus, and computer program product example embodiments enable devices to disconnect a communication connection. In an example embodiment, a method includes measuring, by an apparatus, a power level of one or more wireless communication messages received from a selected wireless device over a wireless communication connection, after an interval following an establishment of the wireless communication connection; and disconnecting, by the apparatus, the wireless communication connection with the selected wireless device, if the one or more wireless communication messages received over the wireless communication connection, has a measured power level greater than a threshold value.

Abstract: Disclosed, in example embodiment herein, is an apparatus comprising an interface and channel selection logic coupled to the interface. The channel selection logic is operable to receive data representative of neighboring wireless devices to a wireless device occupying a channel for a plurality of channels via the interface. The channel selection logic is responsive to receiving the data representative of neighboring wireless devices occupying the plurality of channels to generate a graph for each of the plurality of channels, wherein vertices of the graph represent the wireless device and neighboring wireless devices occupying the channel and edges of the graph represent wireless devices with overlapping coverage areas. The channel selection logic selects the channel for the wireless device whose graph has the smallest radius.

Abstract: Maintaining uplink hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) compatibility with extended radio frames includes partitioning subframe groups over an extended radio frame having a length of time greater than a time defined for a single radio frame. User equipment (UE) suspends PUSCH (physical uplink shared channel) retransmission in the extended radio frame, in accordance with hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) timing of a subframe group assigned to the UE.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an LTE wireless communication method for transceiving wireless device data. In one embodiment, this is accomplished by a plurality of base transceiver station (BTS) linked by a network over which the base transceiver stations communicate, wherein the network includes at least one leaf BTS and at least two hub BTS, and wherein hub BTS include a first hub BTS and a second hub BTS, checking periodically for control signal by all the BTS, wherein the control signals are periodically exchanged by all the BTS through wireless channel, transparently, down-linking user traffic towards a user equipment append to the leaf BTS from the first hub BTS to the leaf BTS in the first communication area using a first frequency band and up-linking the user traffic from the user equipment append to the leaf BTS using wireless channel between second hub BTS and leaf BTS.

Abstract: A communications method and a mobile terminal that constructs a communications system which transmits data by using an OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) method as a downlink access method, and also transmits data by using an SC-FDMA (Single Career Frequency Division Multiple Access) method as an uplink access method. The mobile terminal includes a processor that determines a candidate set including CCEs (Control Channel Elements), each of which is one of regions to which one frequency bandwidth is divided, for delivery of an L1/L2 control signal which is control information transmitted and received between a base station and the mobile terminal. In addition, the processor, which is at the mobile terminal, determines the candidate set based on the frequency bandwidth.

Abstract: A method and system are provided to perform channelization in a wireless communication network, wherein the wireless communication network including at least one base station that is communicatively coupled to at least one mobile terminal. A bandwidth of the wireless communication network is divided into a plurality of zones at the base station. Resource blocks are provided at the base station to receive data symbols transmitted in the wireless communication network. A plurality of resource blocks are combined at the base station to form a physical basic channel unit which are allocated to one of the plurality of zones at the base station. A permutation is performed on the physical basic channel unit to form a logical basic channel unit. A channel is provided to communicatively couple the base station and the mobile terminal so that the mobile terminal may send an access grant message and a user identification to the base station to transmit data in the logical basic channel unit.

Abstract: Methods and systems for communicating in a multi-carrier communication system are disclosed. Radio resources may be organized in at least three hierarchical levels. The hierarchical levels may comprise macroblocks, blocks, and radio resource elements. A macroblock may contain a plurality of blocks and a block may contain a plurality of radio resource elements. The radio resource elements may further correspond to subcarriers in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol. An index in a control message may specify a modulation and/or coding scheme (MCS) pattern indicting a MCS for each block within a macroblock. In an embodiment, fewer bits are used by the index to specify a MCS pattern that is used statistically more frequently, and more bits are used by the index to specify a MCS pattern that is used statistically less frequently. Signals may be transmitted over the plurality of macroblocks.

Abstract: Systems and methodologies are described that facilitate frequency hopping in a single carrier FDMA wireless environment by dynamically altering user offsets with time to obtain interference diversity. A channel tree can be utilized with nodes that are assigned values. User devices can be assigned to such nodes, a path between an assigned node and a root node in the channel tree can be evaluated, and a table lookup can be performed to determine an identity of a subcarrier set to assign to the user device assigned to a given node, as well as a number of subcarriers to be assigned to the user device. Additionally, node values can be dynamically varied during a communication event to alter path values and thus alter subcarrier set assignments.

Abstract: A communication system is provided for implementing a wireless packet broadcast or multicast service. The system includes at least one Radio Access Network (RAN) for communicating with a first UE over a first wireless interface and a General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Support Node (SGSN) for communicating with the RAN over a second wireless packet interface. A gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) is provided for communicating with the SGSN over a third wireless packet interface and for communicating with external packet-switched networks. A UE Broadcast/Multicast (UEBM) session manager is also provided, which is configured to provision a wireless packet broadcast or multicast service initiated by the first UE.

Abstract: A super frame structure supporting a mesh network, and a beacon scheduling method. The super frame structure and the beacon scheduling method may support a mesh topology in a beacon enabled mode, may have an algorithm that is simple and easily realized via beacon scheduling using a distribution method, and may easily adapt to changes in a network environment.