Abstract: A method implemented in a Fiber Coaxial Unit (FCU) comprising receiving a plurality of Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON) report messages from a plurality of Coaxial Network Units (CNUs) across a coaxial network, receiving an EPON gate message comprising Time Quanta (TQ) information indicating an upstream transmission time grant for the FCU across the optical network, translating the TQ based upstream transmission time grants to OFDM resource block grants in a time domain and in a frequency domain across the coaxial network for each CNU based on the configurable constants, and transmitting an EPON over Coaxial (EPoC) gate message to each CNU, wherein each EPoC gate message comprises a CNU profile indicating the Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) resource block grants for the an associated CNU and a start time.

Abstract: A controller at a distribution point (DP) of a communication system is coupled to a plurality of customer premises (CP) transceivers via drop connections. The controller is configured to schedule upstream and downstream data transmissions across the drop connections such that they do not overlap from one drop connection to another thereby avoiding the effects of crosstalk. A flexible frame structure is used to permit dynamic scheduling changes. Overhead for the flexible frame structure is permitted to overlap on the drop connections, and a reduced bit loading is used to communicate the overhead relative to the bit loading used for data transmissions.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a source device determines a source route from itself to a destination device in a computer network, and forwards a first packet on the source route with the source route included within the first packet. In addition, the source device generates a second packet with the source route included within the second packet, the second packet also including an indication to cause one or more of a plurality of transit devices to forward the second packet to a reachable 1-hop neighbor of a device in the source route two hops away from the respective transit device. The source device may then forward the second packet itself, as do one the one or more transit devices on a diverse path based on the source route, to a particular reachable 1-hop neighbor of a particular device in the source route two hops away from the source (or transit) device.

Abstract: An optimal idle state of a processor is selected using dynamically derived parameters. For example, the idle state is selected from a group of possible idle power states. A current detector is arranged to perform power measurements of the processor and to report a total power consumption of the processor for each time value of a range of discrete values for each possible idle power state. A calibration unit is arranged to communicate with the current detector and the processor, and to automatically activate a calibration sequence that is used to produce data from which idle power state is optimal for the processor for an estimated idle period.

Abstract: Packet data network (PDN) connection requests from a mobile device may be limited by the mobile device. In one implementation, the mobile device may track an amount of successful PDN connection requests issued by the mobile device over a cellular network and maintain a timer value relating to an amount of time over which the successful PDN connection requests have been tracked. The mobile device may determine an allowable number of PDN connection requests and compare the amount of successful PDN connection requests to the allowable number of PDN connection requests. The mobile device may determine, based on the comparison, whether to block a PDN connection request from being issued to the cellular network.

Abstract: A system and method for bridging user devices communicating according to a 3rd Generation (3G) communication protocol to a LTE wireless communication network, thereby enabling user devices that do not have sufficient signal strength for directly coupling to the LTE wireless communication network to nevertheless access such wireless communication systems and methods via a bridging system.

Abstract: A method and system for implementing a pseudo wire control word capability negotiation are disclosed in the present document. The method includes: when modifying a local control word value, a Provider Edge (PE) acquiring a control word value configured or negotiated locally by an opposite terminal provider edge by sending label request message and receiving label mapping message, and according to the local control word value and the acquired control word value, the provider edge determining a control word value negotiated with respect to a pseudo wire. In the present document, the problem of inconsistency between the control word configurations and the expected negotiation results existing in certain specific scenarios is solved, which enhances the negotiation performance. The technical scheme of the present document makes slight modifications on the existing protocol, and it is applicable to a single segment pseudo wire scenario and a multiple segment pseudo wire scenario.

Abstract: The entire FCoE fabric is a single virtual domain, even though there may be multiple FCFs and FDFs. The virtual domain is a different Domain_ID than any of the FCFs. In certain embodiments there are multiple FCFs, of which one is selected as the master or designated FCF. The master FCF performs normal fabric configuration in conjunction with the Fiber Channel fabric. The master FCF assigns the virtual domain FC node IDs and controls development of subdomain IDs. Virtual links are instantiated between the master FCF and other FCFs, between top level FDFs and the FCFs and between the FDFs at each of various levels. FDFs connected to ENodes proxy the master FCF for most FIP operations. FIP FLOGI and FDISC operations are handled by the master FDF, but the FDFs convert the FIP FLOGI requests to VD_FLOGI requests, which include information about the FDF handling the transaction.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for more efficient routing of packets in a network is provided. The apparatus may include dynamic routing of packets or portions of packets which avoids congestion and blocking by making local decisions within the network. The apparatus may further include creating and updating routing tables which map switch outputs to available network output ports. Additionally the header of packets entering the network are processed prior to entry or as part of the entry to the network to produce a processed packet. The processed packets or portions of packets preferably include complete route information or a final destination address that enables rapid routing through the network without further processing of the packet header. One or more aspects of the inventions may be implemented in combination with other aspects of the invention to further improve network efficiency.

Abstract: A system and method for protecting data communications in a system including a load-balancer connected to a cluster of security network components, e.g. firewall node. The load-balancer transfers one or more of the data streams respectively to the security components. The security network components transmit control information to the load-balancer and the control information includes an instruction regarding balancing load of the data streams between said security network components; The load-balancer balances load based on the control information. Preferably, network address translation is performed by the load-balancer based on the control information or network address translation is performed by the security network component and the control information includes information regarding an expected connection based on the network address translation.

Abstract: Some demonstrative embodiments include devices, systems and/or methods of communicating upper-layer protocol information. For example, a wireless communication unit to transmit a management frame, e.g., a Traffic Stream Establishment (TSE) frame, including an Upper-Layer-Identification (UPID) element including a control field indicating a protocol of a layer higher than a Media-Access-Control (MAC) layer.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and system for optimizing the performance of a service according to the load on the service. The invention includes altering the quality of various sub-ordinate services that are a part of the service and in turn achieving systemic service performance levels that satisfy prescribed service level agreements.

Abstract: An example method for topology aware provisioning in a software-defined network environment is provided and includes receiving, at a provider edge device (PE), access network topology information associated with a customer edge device in a network environment, synthesizing the access network topology information and a local router information associated with the PE into a topology message, and publishing the topology message to a central controller in the network environment. The synthesizing can include aggregating the access network topology information and the local router information, modeling the aggregated information in a representation-independent format and encoding the representation-independent formatted aggregated information in standardized machine-parsable format.

Abstract: A communications system includes at least one telecommunications access module coupled to a plurality of communications subscriber line pairs and comprising at least one bonding engine. A module is configured to receive a provisioning request and determine the total number of communications subscriber line pairs available to form a bonding group and select at least one bonding engine for the bonding group. A data processor is configured to determine a maximum packet fragment size for the data packets based on the total number of available subscriber line pairs forming the bonding group. A maximum packet fragment size is adapted to the number of communications line pairs within the bending group and the bonding engine fragments the data packets into the packet fragments. A transmitter receives the packet fragments and transmits the packet fragments over the communications subscriber line pairs forming the bonding group.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and devices are provided for a multiplexed serial media independent interface (110-1, 110-N, 210). One system for handling data includes a physical layer (PHY) circuit (102-1, 102-N, 202-1, 202-N) operating at a first rate including a number of ports (104-1, 104-P), a media access control (MAC) circuit (108, 208-1, 208-N) operating at the first rate including a number of ports, and a multiplexed serial media independent interface (110-1, 110-N, 210) between the MAC circuit (108, 208-1, 208-N) and the PHY circuit (102-1, 102-N, 202-1, 202-N) operating at a second rate, which is greater than the first rate. The interface (110-1, 110-N, 210) includes a number of conductors and is configured to communicate data between the MAC circuit (108, 208-1, 208-N) and the PHY circuit (102-1, 102-N, 202-1, 202-N) via four conductors per up to eight ports (104-1, 104-P) of the PHY circuit (102-1, 102-N, 202-1, 202-N).

Abstract: An optical-coax unit (OCU) includes an optical PHY to receive and transmit optical signals and a coax PHY to receive and transmit coax signals. The OCU also includes a media-independent interface to provide a first continuous bitstream from the optical PHY to the coax PHY and a second continuous bitstream from the coax PHY to the optical PHY. The first continuous bitstream corresponds to received optical signals and transmitted coax signals, and the second continuous bitstream corresponds to received coax signals and transmitted optical signals.

Abstract: A packet transfer processing device includes a common processing unit (2, 3) that performs processing sharable in inbound processing that receives a packet from an access network and transfers the packet to a core network and outbound processing that receives a packet from the core network and transfers the packet to the access network, an input destination switching unit (5) that selects a common processing unit to which the packets received from the access network and the core network are to be input, an output destination switching unit (6) that outputs the packet processed by the common processing unit (2, 3) to a network of a transfer destination, an individual processing switching unit (7) that selects which common processing unit is to be connected to an individual processing unit (10) that performs first individual processing nonsharable by the common processing unit (2, 3) out of the inbound processing, and a control unit (4) that performs control of the input destination switching unit (5), control

Abstract: A method of transmitting an upstream communication packet from a distributed trunk (DT) switch is described. The method comprises receiving a packet from a device connected to a DT port of the DT switch; and transmitting the received packet via a non-DT port of the DT switch if the DT switch is the owner of the device and transmitting the received packet via a DT interconnect (DTI) port of the DT switch if the DT switch is not the owner of the device.

Abstract: A multi-chip module (MCM) may include a substrate, and first and second physical-layer (PHY) chips mounted on the substrate. In some implementations, the first PHY chip includes a multiplexer and a PHY circuit. The multiplexer is configured to receive a multiplexed data stream from a media access control (MAC) device, to demultiplex the multiplexed data stream into first and second data streams, to output the first data stream to the PHY circuit, and to output the second data stream to the second PHY chip. In some implementations, the first PHY includes a router and a PHY circuit. The router is configured to receive a plurality of data packets from a MAC device, to route one or more of the data packets having a first address to the PHY circuit, and to route one or more of the data packets having a second address to the second PHY chip.

Abstract: A multi-network interface device includes a powerline communications interface and at least one other communications interface configured to communicate over a network. The network may comprise mediums including powerlines, telephone lines, and/or coaxial cables. In some embodiments, the powerline communications interface may communicate with a network apparatus, such as a personal computer, via an Ethernet interface. The multi-network interface device may communicate using multiple frequency bands.

Abstract: The present disclosure involves systems, software, and computer implemented methods for tracking files attached to electronic messages. One process includes operations for receiving a message, the message including information to be displayed by a message reading application, the message including a first indication that a file was attached to the earlier message, wherein the first indication is marked to not be displayed with the information by the message reading application; determining that the file is not attached to the message; sending a request for the file to a user identifier, the user identifier being included in the message and associated with the file or the earlier message or both; and receiving the file.

Abstract: A method for receiving packet data at a communication channel and transmitting the packet data over serial links of the communication channel. The packet data is sliced into n-bit data portions which are concatenated with a header prior to transmitting an n-bit portion across one of the serial links of the communication channel. The header may include an invert bit to alter the majority sign of an n-bit portion. Other aspects of the present invention are also described herein.

Abstract: A method is disclosed that is to be executed for supporting operator commands in a link aggregation group at a network device. The method starts with receiving a local operator command for changing aggregation port priority of the link aggregation group, where the local operator command contains operator command attributes including an operator command aggregation port prioritized list. The method continues with determining that the operator command aggregation port prioritized list is different from a remote aggregation port prioritized list used at the remote network device. The network device then transmits a set of operator command attributes associated with the local operator command to the remote network device and performs the local operator command by setting a local aggregation port prioritized list to be consistent with the operator command aggregation port prioritized list for the link aggregation group.

Abstract: Embodiments include a method for operating a network switch that is coupled to a plurality of devices, the method comprising: determining whether the network switch has, for at least a threshold period of time, (i) not received any data packets from the plurality of devices and (ii) not transmitted any data packets to the plurality of devices; in response to determining that the network switch has, for at least the threshold period of time, (i) not received any data packets from the plurality of devices and (ii) not transmitted any data packets to the plurality of devices, entering, by the network switch, a first mode of operation; while the network switch operates in the first mode of operation, monitoring a plurality of signals; and in response to detecting a change in one of the plurality of signals, exiting, by the network switch, the first mode of operation.

Abstract: A data processing apparatus includes multiple processing means that are connected in a ring shape via corresponding communication means respectively. Each communication means includes a reception means for receiving data from a previous communication means, and a transmission means for transmitting data to a next communication means. Connection information is assigned to each of the reception means and the transmission means. The communication means, when receiving a packet that has same connection information as one assigned to its reception means, causes the corresponding processing means to perform data processing on the packet, sets the connection information assigned to its transmission means to the packet, and transmits the packet to the next communication means, and when receiving a packet that has connection information that is not same as one assigned to its reception means, transmits the packet to the next communication means without changing the connection information of the packet.

Abstract: Systems and methods for hierarchical link aggregation are disclosed. A system for hierarchical link aggregation may include a network interface having a plurality of physical ports. A first plurality of the physical ports may be configured as member ports of a first link aggregation group (LAG). A second plurality of the physical ports may be configured as member ports of a second LAG. The first LAG and second LAG may be configured as member logical ports of a third LAG.

Abstract: Relating to a home network system and a home entertainment system, a method and an apparatus for transmitting packets in a home network system and a home entertainment system are disclosed. Additionally, a method for identifying devices to which the packets are to be transmitted and an apparatus for supporting the same are also disclosed herein. According to an embodiment, a method for transmitting a packet in a high definition base transmission (hereinafter referred to as HDBaseT) system includes the steps of receiving data from a source device in a transmission adaptor, converting the received data from the transmission adaptor to a downstream packet, in order to transmit the converted downstream packet to a receiving adaptor through an HDBaseT network, and transmitting the converted downstream packet to the receiving adaptor; At this point, the downstream packet may include a hierarchical identifier for identifying HDBaseT entities to which the downstream packet is to be transmitted.

Abstract: A technique is disclosed to schedule frame transmissions in a wireless local area network. The network includes a plurality of stations configured to communicate on the same frequency channel with a plurality of access points. A central controller examines the transmission characteristics between the various stations and access points and identifies frames that may be simultaneously transmitted by a subset of the access points to their intended stations.

Abstract: The disclosed embodiments include a computer-implemented method for controlling network communications.

Abstract: An alternative approach to coping with the ever increasing demand for faster communications hardware is to design modems that are capable of operating its speeds at a higher data rate than a speed required for a single port of the standard communication rate for that modem. Basically, by utilizing a resource manager, that directs the data in and out of the various portions of the modem in an orderly manner, keeping track of which of the ports is being operated at any given point in time, a standard single port modem can be reconfigured, for example, at an over clocked rate, to manipulate the data input and output of a modem.

Abstract: Bandwidth translation may be provided. First, data may be transceived at a first data port. Next, the data may be transceived at a plurality of second data ports. The bandwidth of a path for the data between the first port and the plurality of second ports may be translated.

Abstract: A system includes a network element. The network element includes multiple egress ports configured as a LAG, an ingress port, and a distributor. The ingress port is configured to receive multiple packets including at least one flood domain. Additionally, the distributor is configured to access a virtual local area network identifier (VID) of each flood domain. Based on the VID and the number of egress ports in the LAG, the distributor is configured to select a representative egress port from the multiple egress ports. The distributor additionally forwards packets of each flood domain to the egress port of the LAG which is selected as the representative egress port for that flood domain.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a system includes a network interface card (NIC) having a plurality of network ports including multiple Peripheral Component Interconnect express (PCIe) ports, a multi-lane PCIe interface adapted for communicating with a server, an Ethernet controller adapted for communicating with a network, and logic adapted for providing overlay network gateway functionality. In another embodiment, a NIC includes a plurality of network ports including multiple PCIe ports, a multi-lane PCIe interface adapted for communicating with a server, an Ethernet controller adapted for communicating with a network, and logic adapted for providing overlay network gateway functionality to traffic that passes through the NIC. In yet another embodiment, a method for providing overlay network gateway functionality in a network includes providing overlay network gateway functionality for network traffic received by a NIC implemented in a server, wherein the NIC provides an interface between a server and a network.

Abstract: A network interface device for connection between a network and a data processing system, the network interface device comprising: an I/O interface for connection to a data processing system; a set of physical data ports for connection to a network; a unified memory comprising a plurality of buffers; a plurality of ingress ports operable to receive data packets for buffering at the unified memory, a first subset of the plurality of ingress ports being configured to receive data packets on a transmit path from said I/O interface, and a second subset of the plurality of ingress ports being configured to receive data packets on a receive path from said set of physical data ports; a memory manager configured to store representations of a plurality of virtual queues held in the unified memory, each virtual queue being a linked logical sequence of buffers of the unified memory; and an ingress interface configured to service the ingress ports in a predetermined order and write data packets received at the ingress po

Abstract: A communications parallel bus receiver interface having N data lines and method of operation. The parallel bus interface employs receiver redundancy at the bus level such that there are N+1 receiver devices. An input switching network is configured to receive and couple N parallel data signals along respective paths to corresponding parallel-configured bit receiver devices, and adapted to couple one received data signal to two adjacent bit receivers. A calibration device calibrates one of the two adjacent bit receivers, and a qualification device qualifies data decisions made during calibration processes performed by the calibration device. The method cycles through each of N+1 receivers to periodically recalibrate each receiver (one at a time) while N inputs are processed continuously and uninterrupted.

Abstract: A communication control device includes a plurality of inputting units to which a packet is inputted a plurality of outputting units to which the packet is outputted a selector that selects an output packet to output from an identical outputting unit among a plurality of conflict packets having the identical outputting unit as a destination, the plurality of conflict packets being selected among a plurality of packets inputted to the plurality of inputting units, based on priority information set in each conflict packet and a processing unit that updates the respective priority information of unselected packets not selected as the output packet by the selector among the plurality of conflict packets based on weighting information in accordance with a packet size.

Abstract: A computing network, including: a plurality of peer computing devices including code, which when executed by a peer computing device causes the executing peer computing device to cooperate with at least one other of the peer computing devices; at least one server including code, which when executed by the at least one server locates at least one of the peer computing devices; and at least one mediator including code, which when executed by the at least on mediator collects charging information from at least some of the peer computing devices; wherein, the peer computing devices, at least one sever and at least one mediator are communicatively coupled via an at least carrier-grade telecommunications network being suitable for enhancing cooperation among the cooperating ones of the peer computing devices relative to best-efforts communications among the cooperating ones of the peer computing devices.

Abstract: A base circuit board (80, 280) has a mid-plane connector (82, 282) for connecting the base circuit board (80, 280) to a mid-plane (26, 226) connected to a server board (32, 232). An ethernet input/output port (84, 284) on the base circuit board (80, 280) facilitates communication across the base circuit board (80, 280) to the server board (32, 232).

Abstract: A data processing system comprising a host computer system and a network interface device for connection to a network, the host computer system and network interface device being coupled together by means of a data bus, and: the network interface device comprising: a controller unit having a first data port for connection to a network, a second data port, and a data bus interface connected to said data bus, the controller unit being operable to perform, in dependence on the network endpoints to which data packets received at the network interface device are directed, switching of data packets between the first and second data ports and the data bus interface; and an accelerator module having a first medium access controller coupled to said second data port of the controller unit and a processor operable to perform one or more functions in hardware on data packets received at the accelerator module, the said first medium access controller being operable to support one or more first network endpoints; the host

Abstract: A dynamically-scriptable router including a packet input port, a packet output port, a dynamically scriptable packet processing engine, and an application interface for loading a packet processing script into the dynamically scriptable packet processing engine.

Abstract: A method, network device and system for remote direct memory access (RDMA) over Converged Ethernet (RoCE) packet sequence acceleration are disclosed. The network device comprises one or more functionality components for communicating with a host system. The host system is configured for implementing a first set of functionalities of a network communication protocol, such as RoCE. The one or more functionality components are also operable to implement a second set of functionalities of the network communication protocol.

Abstract: A switching device comprising one or more processors coupled to a media access control (MAC) interface and a memory structure for switching packets rapidly between one or more source devices and one or more destination devices. Packets are pipelined through a series of first processing segments to perform a plurality of first sub-operations involving the initial processing of packets received from source devices to be buffered in the memory structure. Packets are pipelined through a series of second processing segments to perform a plurality of second sub-operations involved in retrieving packets from the memory structure and preparing packets for transmission. Packets are pipelined through a series of third processing segments to perform a plurality of third sub-operations involved in scheduling transmission of packets to the MAC interface for transmission to one or more destination devices.

Abstract: A Layer 2 network switch is partitionable into a plurality of switch fabrics. The single-chassis switch is partitionable into a plurality of logical switches, each associated with one of the virtual fabrics. The logical switches behave as complete and self-contained switches. A logical switch fabric can span multiple single-chassis switch chassis. Logical switches are connected by inter-switch links that can be either dedicated single-chassis links or logical links. An extended inter-switch link can be used to transport traffic for one or more logical inter-switch links. Physical ports of the chassis are assigned to logical switches and are managed by the logical switch. Legacy switches that are not partitionable into logical switches can serve as transit switches between two logical switches.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for dynamic modification of the schedules in a time-controlled switch for relaying time-controlled messages in a real-time computer system, wherein at least one active schedule and at least one new schedule are stored at a point in time in a switch, wherein, at a specified changeover time in the active interval of a sparse time base, the active schedule is deactivated and a new schedule is activated.

Abstract: A Layer 2 network switch is partitionable into a plurality of switch fabrics. The single-chassis switch is partitionable into a plurality of logical switches, each associated with one of the virtual fabrics. The logical switches behave as complete and self-contained switches. A logical switch fabric can span multiple single-chassis switch chassis. Logical switches are connected by inter-switch links that can be either dedicated single-chassis links or logical links. An extended inter-switch link can be used to transport traffic for one or more logical inter-switch links. Physical ports of the chassis are assigned to logical switches and are managed by the logical switch. Legacy switches that are not partitionable into logical switches can serve as transit switches between two logical switches.

Abstract: An apparatus comprises a number of sub-systems and a control interface operably coupled to sub-systems for routing data therebetween. A strobe generation function is operably coupled to the control interface and configured to generate a plurality of different strobe signals to differentiate between different intended receiving devices. Thus, different strobe signals may be multiplexed onto a single control interface link, based on a pulse width or voltage magnitude characteristics of the respective strobe signals. A strobe decoder function is operably coupled to the control interface and configured to decode a plurality of different strobe signals to differentiate between triggering sub-systems on receiving devices.

Abstract: A system for private networking within a virtual infrastructure is presented. The system includes a virtual machine (VM) in a first host, the VM being associated with a first virtual network interface card (VNIC), a second VM in a second host, the second VM being associated with a second VNIC, the first and second VNICs being members of a fenced group of computers that have exclusive direct access to a private virtual network, wherein VNICs outside the fenced group do not have direct access to packets on the private virtual network, a filter in the first host that encapsulates a packet sent on the private virtual network from the first VNIC, the encapsulation adding to the packet a new header and a fence identifier for the fenced group, and a second filter in the second host that de-encapsulates the packet to extract the new header and the fence identifier.

Abstract: An arbitration technique for determining mappings for a switch is described. During a given arbitration decision cycle, an arbitration mechanism maintains, until expiration, a set of mappings from a subset of the input ports to a subset of the output ports of the switch. This set of mappings was determined during an arbitration decision cycle up to K cycles preceding the given arbitration decision cycle. Because the set of mappings are maintained, it is easier for the arbitration mechanism to determine mappings from a remainder of the input ports to the remainder of the output ports without collisions.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention are directed to monitoring resources of a network processor to detect a condition of exhaustion in one or more of the resources over a predetermined time interval and to provide an indication of the condition. Some embodiments periodically sample various resources of a network processor and from the samples calculate utilization of the network processor's memory bus and core processor, and determine if an interworking FIFO packet queue error has occurred. Such information may help network operators and/or support engineers to quickly zero in on the root cause and take corrective actions for network failures which previously could have been attributed to many different causes and that would have required significant time and effort to troubleshoot.

Abstract: In a programmable logic device with a number of different types of serial interfaces, different power supply filtering schemes are applied to different interfaces. For interfaces operating at the lowest data rates—e.g., 1 Gbps—circuit-board level filtering including one or more decoupling capacitors may be provided. For interfaces operating at somewhat higher data rates—e.g., 3 Gbps—modest on-package filtering also may be provided, which may include power-island decoupling. For interfaces operating at still higher data rates—e.g., 6 Gbps—more substantial on-package filtering, including one or more on-package decoupling capacitors, also may be provided. For interfaces operating at the highest data rates—e.g., 10 Gbps—on-die filtering, which may include one or more on-die filtering or regulating networks, may be provided. The on-die regulators may be programmably bypassable allowing a user to trade off performance for power savings.