Abstract: In one aspect of the disclosure, a circuit includes an AFIFO in a first power domain coupled to a first data bus and configured to store up to N data words corresponding to N respective AFIFO outputs. A multiplexer (MUX) in the first power domain selectively coupled to the N AFIFO outputs may transfer, upon receiving a MUX input, less than N words onto a fixed interface. Read logic in a second power domain may send an asynchronous read pointer to the MUX input and may transfer the words output from the fixed interface to a second data bus. Write logic in the first power domain may send asynchronous write pointers to the AFIFO for tracking data writes thereto and to the read logic to determine values of the read pointer.

Abstract: A method implemented in a User Equipment, UE, for a cellular communication system includes transmitting a Random Access (RA) preamble and receiving a Random Access Response (RAR) from a base station (BS) containing a timing advance value, TA, indicative of a radio signal propagation delay between the UE and the BS and information indicative of an added time delay, TF, between reception of the RA preamble by the BS and transmission of the RAR by the BS.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and devices disclosed herein contemplate client updates to traffic filter tables that control delivery of network traffic from an access point to the client over a multi channel wireless network. The client may update the traffic filter table whenever: (i) an application on the client initiates the request; (ii) an application matching a secondary channel requirement in a look-up table is opened or closed; (iii) data characteristics matching the secondary channel requirement in the look-up table are detected or removed; (iv) data usage of the client meets or exceeds a predetermined threshold; (v) data usage of the client falls below a predetermined threshold; and/or (vi) a specified period of time has passed.

Abstract: Provided is a wireless communication terminal. The wireless communication terminal includes a transceiver configured to transmit/receive a wireless signal and a processor configured to control an operation of the wireless communication terminal. The transceiver receives a MAC frame including information on a plurality of wireless communication terminals that are to receive data from a base wireless communication terminal. The plurality of wireless communication terminals include the wireless communication terminal and receive data from the base wireless communication terminal based on the MAC frame.

Abstract: Examples are disclosed that relate to a disaggregated memory pool. One example provides a memory system comprising a memory controller and memory attached to the memory controller and forming at least a portion of a disaggregated memory pool, the disaggregated memory pool including a plurality of slices that are each dynamically assigned to a respective compute node. The memory system is configured to receive a request to adjust an assignment of the memory pool to a requesting compute node, where the portion of the memory pool includes an unassigned slice that can satisfy the request, assign at least part of the unassigned portion to the requesting compute node, and where the portion of the memory pool does not include an unassigned slice that can satisfy the request, cause a request to be directed to another compute node to free at least one slice to the such compute node.

Abstract: Systems and methods for data acquisition utilizing spare or unused databus capacity are provided. In one example aspect, the system includes a vehicle that includes an engine and a controller. The controller generates a data file indicative of Continuous Engine Operation Data (CEOD). The data file is transmitted over a serial databus to a bus recorder. Particularly, the data file is continuously generated by the controller and stored in a buffer. The available bandwidth of a transmission frame for the serial databus is determined. A portion of the data file is retrieved from the buffer based at least in part on the determined bandwidth. The portion of the data file is divided into relatively small transmission payloads and packed into the available bandwidth of the transmission frame. This process is repeated on a continuous basis and the bus recorder records the data. The data file is then reconstituted and decoded.

Abstract: A communication device that can prevent the transmission of a message from being continuously hindered over a long period of time, a communication system and a message arbitration method are provided. The communication device transmits and receives a message to and from another device connected to a common communication line which comprises a calculation unit that calculates as to a message to be transmitted a margin time before a time when a transmission of the message is completed; a transmission unit that transmits the message to which information related to the margin time calculated by the calculation unit is attached; and an arbitration unit that performs arbitration based on the information attached to the message when simultaneous message transmissions to the communication line occur, and as to multiple of messages simultaneously transmitted to the communication line, the arbitration unit performs arbitration in such a manner as to prioritize a message with a shorter margin time.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described. A user equipment (UE) may receive a trigger signal indicating that a base station has obtained access to a shared radio frequency spectrum band. The UE may transmit, in response to the trigger signal, a trigger response signal configured to reserve a channel of the shared radio frequency spectrum band for a downlink transmission by the base station, where the trigger response signal is transmitted for a time period extending to a scheduled beginning of the downlink transmission. The UE may receive the downlink transmission after an expiration of the time period and based at least in part on the trigger signal.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an apparatus includes a switch core that has a multi-stage switch fabric. A first set of peripheral processing devices coupled to the multi-stage switch fabric by a set of connections that have a protocol. Each peripheral processing device from the first set of peripheral processing devices is a storage node that has virtualized resources. The virtualized resources of the first set of peripheral processing devices collectively define a virtual storage resource interconnected by the switch core. A second set of peripheral processing devices coupled to the multi-stage switch fabric by a set of connections that have the protocol. Each peripheral processing device from the first set of peripheral processing devices is a compute node that has virtualized resources. The virtualized resources of the second set of peripheral processing devices collectively define a virtual compute resource interconnected by the switch core.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a communication method and system for converging a 5th-Generation (5G) communication system for supporting higher data rates beyond a 4th-Generation (4G) system with a technology for Internet of Things (IoT). The present disclosure may be applied to intelligent services based on the 5G communication technology and the IoT-related technology, such as smart home, smart building, smart city, smart car, connected car, health care, digital education, smart retail, security and safety services. The present disclosure provides a random access method, including: acquiring configuration information, transmitting a first message including a preamble and an uplink shared channel according to the configuration information, and receiving a second message including contention resolution information from a base station.

Abstract: Systems and methods for data acquisition utilizing spare or unused databus capacity are provided. In one example aspect, the system includes a vehicle that includes an engine and a controller. The controller generates a data file indicative of Continuous Engine Operation Data (CEOD). The data file is transmitted over a serial databus to a bus recorder. Particularly, the data file is continuously generated by the controller and stored in a buffer. The available bandwidth of a transmission frame for the serial databus is determined. A portion of the data file is retrieved from the buffer based at least in part on the determined bandwidth. The portion of the data file is divided into relatively small transmission payloads and packed into the available bandwidth of the transmission frame. This process is repeated on a continuous basis and the bus recorder records the data. The data file is then reconstituted and decoded.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to properly secure the consistency of data while suppressing a processing load of a controller on a processor. A storage system includes a plurality of controllers and an HCA that can directly access a memory and can communicate with the controllers. The controller includes a CPU, and a memory having a buffer region into which data is temporarily stored and a cache region into which data is cached. In the case where new data according to a write request is stored into the buffer region, the CPU of the controller sequentially transfers the new data to the cache regions using the HCA without passing through the other buffer regions.

Abstract: Storage management techniques involve determining, from a set of users sharing a storage system, a plurality of target users with storage quotas to be updated; obtaining a total increase storage quota to be increased for the storage system; and determining allocation of the total increase storage quota among the plurality of target users according to at least one of a first strategy associated with quota proportions and a second strategy associated with a used storage capacity. The allocation of the increase storage quota is determined automatically according one or more predefined strategies, which can achieve storage quota allocation effectively and automatically, thereby increasing storage efficiency.

Abstract: A communication system comprising: a digital serial bus, and a master device and at least one slave device connected to the bus. The master and the slave(s) are adapted to communicate according to a predefined communication protocol. The master is adapted for transmitting a continuous bitstream in the form of a plurality of frames, such that each frame comprises one or more words. Each word has a constant time duration, with the first word of each frame being a unique word transmitted by the master for indicating the start of a frame. One or more bits each word is transmitted by the master as a dominant bit; a non-dominant bit, for allowing the at least one slave to overwrite. The at least one slave is adapted for overwriting in the continuous bitstream some non-dominant bits to transmit data in a quasi-synchronous manner.

Abstract: This application describes a frame aggregation method. A first forwarding node device receives a first data frame and a second data frame, where the first data frame includes a first MAC header and a first MSDU, the second data frame includes a second MAC header and a second MSDU, and a destination MAC address in the first MAC header is the same as a destination MAC address in the second MAC header; and generates a first aggregated frame, where the first aggregated frame includes an aggregated MAC header and an aggregated MSDU, the aggregated MSDU includes a first sub-MSDU and a second sub-MSDU, the first sub-MSDU includes the first MSDU and a source MAC address of the first data frame, and the second sub-MSDU includes the second MSDU and a source MAC address of the second data frame. A second forwarding node device sends the first aggregated frame.

Abstract: This document describes techniques and devices for a rotation input device for a capacitive sense cord. A cord may be constructed that includes a cable, a plurality of sensing wires, and a rotation input device. The sensing wires are twisted around one another within a cable jacket of the cable throughout an insensitive portion of the cord that is insensitive to touch input. The rotation input device includes the plurality of sensing wires disposed proximate to a surface of the cord and positioned lengthwise along the cord to provide a capacitively sensitive portion of the cord. The plurality of sensing wires are independently sensitive to touch input. Also, the rotation input device is configured to enable rotational input based on a pattern of change in capacitance values corresponding to at least a subset of the plurality of sensing wires in the rotation input device.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method, an apparatus and a system for adjusting a contention window size for performing channel access.

Abstract: A memory system includes a host controller and a cache system. The host controller includes a host queue in which host data including a command outputted from a host are stored. The cache system includes a cache memory having a plurality of sets and a cache controller controlling an operation of the cache memory. The cache controller transmits status information on a certain set to which the host data are to be transmitted among the plurality of sets to the host controller. The host controller receives the status information from the cache controller to determine transmission or non-transmission of the host data stored in the host queue to the cache system.

Abstract: A computing system includes a core system and an uncore system. The core system includes a packet generator unit configured to generate a data packet having a plurality of bytes defining a target packet size, and to output a first byte among the plurality of bytes at a packet delivery start time. The uncore system includes an input/output (I/O) bridge configured to connect an I/O component to the core system, and a packet monitor unit configured to monitor the bytes delivered from the packet generator unit to the I/O component. The packet monitor unit further determines a packet delivery end time after detecting a last byte of the data packet. The computing system determines a latency attributed to the uncore system and the I/O bridge based on the packet delivery start time and the packet delivery end time.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a wireless access system supporting an unlicensed band, various methods for adjusting a contention window size, methods for performing a carrier sensing process in a single engine and a multi-engine, and an apparatus supporting the same.

Abstract: The present disclosure includes apparatuses and methods related to distributed input/output (I/O) virtualization. A number of embodiments include an apparatus comprising a host computing device, a distributed virtualization controller (DVC) disposed on the host computing device, and a virtualized input/output (I/O) device in communication with the DVC.

Abstract: Provided is a wireless communication terminal. The wireless communication terminal includes a transceiver configured to transmit/receive a wireless signal and a processor configured to control an operation of the wireless communication terminal. The transceiver receives a MAC frame including information on a plurality of wireless communication terminals that are to receive data from a base wireless communication terminal. The plurality of wireless communication terminals include the wireless communication terminal and receive data from the base wireless communication terminal based on the MAC frame.

Abstract: Systems and methods for enabling messages to be modified are disclosed. The system can enable messages that have already been sent, and even messages that have already been read, to be edited, recalled, or deleted. The system can identify incoming messages with message identifications (IDs) that are associated with previously sent or received messages, or “stored” messages, and modify the stored messages according to the content of the incoming messages. The system can include new SIP headers including X-EDIT-MessageID, X-RECALL-MessageID, and X-DELETE-MessageID. When an incoming message is received with a message ID associated with a stored message and/or one of the new commands, the receiving user equipment (UE) can replace the contents of the stored message with the contents of the incoming message or recall or delete the stored message.

Abstract: A device includes a first and a second stage round robin arbitrations receiving request signals associated with a first, a second and a third user. At least one request signal for each of the first, the second, and the third user is asserted to access a common resource. The first stage round robin arbitration selects the first, the second, and the third user in a round robin fashion, at a first, a second, and a third iteration. The second stage round robin arbitration receives the user selection and the plurality of request signals and at the first, the second, and the third iteration grants access to the common resource to one request signal associated with the first, the second, and the third user. At each subsequent iteration the first stage round robin arbitration selects a different user and grants access to another request signal until all request signals are processed.

Abstract: An example method for transmitting a random access preamble comprises selecting (502) a random access preamble configuration from a plurality of predetermined random access preamble configurations. The method further includes determining (504) a time interval in which to transmit the random access preamble. The method further comprises transmitting (506) the random access preamble according to the selected random access preamble configuration. Each of the plurality of random access preamble configurations comprises a combination of (a) a single root sequence from a predetermined set of one or more root sequences, (b) a single cyclic shift of a predetermined plurality of cyclic shifts for the root sequence, and (c) a single starting position of two or more predetermined starting positions within time intervals allocated for random access preamble transmission.

Abstract: An arbiter may include a plurality of cells, mapping logic, a fixed priority arbiter, and unmapping logic. Each cell may be associated with a corresponding client and configured to store a priority for the corresponding client. The mapping logic may be connected to the plurality of cells to order requests received from the clients according to the priorities stored in the cells. The fixed priority arbiter may receive the ordered requests and generate a grant for a winning request of the requests. The unmapping logic may use the stored priorities to yield the grant back to the winning client that sent the winning request.

Abstract: A display system includes a network video transmitter with a video input, being placed in a minimalist chassis system, and communicatively connected to a power supply of the minimalist chassis system located in a secure area (SA). A network video receiver with a video output is located in a public area (PA), and communicatively connected to a display device. A network cable connects the network video transmitter to the network video receiver. The network cable transmits the video signal from the network video transmitter to the network video receiver and transmits power between the network video transmitter and the network video receiver, and the network cable has power conductors capable of carrying the power. The power supply is configured to provide power to both the network video transmitter and the network video receiver, and no power supply is required in the PA.

Abstract: This document describes techniques and devices for a rotation input device for a capacitive sense cord. A cord may be constructed that includes a cable, a plurality of sensing wires, and a rotation input device. The sensing wires are twisted around one another within a cable jacket of the cable throughout an insensitive portion of the cord that is insensitive to touch input. The rotation input device includes the plurality of sensing wires disposed proximate to a surface of the cord and positioned lengthwise along the cord to provide a capacitively sensitive portion of the cord. The plurality of sensing wires are independently sensitive to touch input. Also, the rotation input device is configured to enable rotational input based on a pattern of change in capacitance values corresponding to at least a subset of the plurality of sensing wires in the rotation input device.

Abstract: A radio terminal that performs radio communication with a base station, including: a communicator configured to perform radio measurement and monitoring of a paging signal; and a controller configured to control the communicator to receive information related to first duration by Non-Access Stratum (NAS) message from the base station, and not to perform the radio measurement and the monitoring during the first duration but to perform the radio measurement and the monitoring during second duration different from the first duration, wherein the controller is further configured to control the radio measurement and the monitoring by ending the first duration for transmitting uplink data of the radio terminal.

Abstract: In a namespace distributed across storage devices, collisions of objects stored in the namespace can occur. To manage collisions, first, a collision flag is provided in system metadata of the objects, and second, a predetermined naming convention is applied to the pathnames of collided objects within the namespace. A winner object of a collision is stored with the pathname of the actual object (e.g., “/object”) in the namespace, and the loser object is stored with a pathname derived from the actual object (e.g., “/object.collision”) and the collision flag of the loser object is set to mark the loser object within the namespace. Accordingly, winners and losers of collisions in the namespace can be identified by searching system metadata for collision flags which indicate collision losers, and associated winners can be identified based on the pathname of the losers.

Abstract: A computing system includes: a gateway block configured to generate a modified operation for communicating a request operation issued by a host device to access a storage device; and wherein the gateway block includes: a conversion block configured to generate a converted interface for converting an interaction interface included in the request operation to the interaction interface executable by the storage device, and a translation block, coupled to the conversion block, configured to generate a translated representation for translating an object representation included in the request operation to the object representation utilized in the storage device.

Abstract: A system including an optimization module executing on and configured to enable a computer processor to: receive a user application including a set of functions and simulate execution of different configurations of the functions on a multi-core microprocessor chip, where: the multi-core microprocessor chip includes a set of tiles arranged in a grid configuration, where each tile includes a processor core and a corresponding router, where each router is communicatively coupled with at least one other router to form a network-on-chip and implements a deterministic static priority routing policy, and the different configurations include execution of the functions by different groups of tiles. The computer processor is further enabled to monitor network traffic patterns of the execution of the different configurations; rank the different configurations based on the corresponding network traffic patterns; and select an optimal configuration of the different configurations based on the ranking.

Abstract: A method for transmitting a signal by a Device-to-Device (D2D) User Equipment (UE) in a wireless communication system is disclosed. The method includes determining a resource pool for a D2D control signal, determining a resource pool for a D2D communication signal based on the resource pool for a D2D control signal, and transmitting a D2D communication signal using the resource pool for a D2D communication signal. Subframes of the resource pool for a D2D communication signal were reindexed, starting from a first subframe following a last subframe of the resource pool for a D2D control signal.

Abstract: A wireless communication device (alternatively, device) includes a processing circuitry configured to support communications with other wireless communication device(s) and to generate and process signals for such communications. In some examples, the device includes a communication interface and a processing circuitry, among other possible circuitries, components, elements, etc. to support communications with other wireless communication device(s) and to generate and process signals for such communications. A device generates and transmits a request to send (RTS) to group (RTG) frame to other devices. In response to the RTG frame, the device receives clear to send (CTS)(s) from one or more of the other devices and generates and transmits an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) data frame to those one or more of the other devices based thereon. The RTG frame can include different RTSs transmitted via different channels, sub-channels, sub-carriers, etc. to the different other devices.

Abstract: A user equipment (UE) device may communicate according to a new device category satisfying specified QoS (quality of service) requirements while also satisfying specified link budget requirements, and additional optimization requirements. The new device category may identify the UE device as a wearable device. According to some embodiments, LTE category M may be extended to support non-MTC operations performed by wearable devices. For example, the new device category may support UE mobility and may disallow access barring. Additional extensions may be implemented in response to an indication by the UE that the UE is implementing a specific application, such as VoLTE or a near real-time application, such as audio streaming. In some scenarios, the indication may include the UE indicating a specific QCI value. In some scenarios, the indication may include the UE attaching to a specific APN.

Abstract: Systems and methods for multi-channel signal processing by virtue of packet-based time-slicing with single processing core logic. The processing core logic is configured to receive data streams from the multiple communication channels at a data processing unit, and process data fragments of the data streams in a time-sliced manner. The processing core logic can switch from processing a first data fragment of a first data stream to processing a first data fragment of a second data stream at an end of a time slice, wherein the time slice is determined by a fragment boundary associated with the data fragment of the first data stream.

Abstract: A portable communications device, such as a mobile phone, includes a novel tactile alerting mechanism capable of alerting the user of an incoming communication or other event. A gyroscopic mechanism is coupled to a housing of the portable communications device and controlled by a processor. The processor is configured to control a spin velocity of the gyroscopic mechanism based on receiving an alert of an incoming call or message, or detecting a fall. The gyroscopic mechanism may spin up or change a spin state to provide a tactile signal via the housing of the communications device, by imparting stabilizing force to the housing that can be felt by a person wearing the communications device, or to change an orientation of the device while falling.

Abstract: Provided is a wireless communication terminal. The wireless communication terminal includes a transceiver configured to transmit/receive a wireless signal and a processor configured to control an operation of the wireless communication terminal. The transceiver receives a MAC frame including information on a plurality of wireless communication terminals that are to receive data from a base wireless communication terminal. The plurality of wireless communication terminals include the wireless communication terminal and receive data from the base wireless communication terminal based on the MAC frame.

Abstract: Proactively providing corrective measures for storage arrays includes: receiving data from a storage array, the data including one or more events; detecting, in dependence upon a problem signature, one or more events from the data indicative of a particular problem, where the problem signature comprises a specification of a pattern of events indicative of the particular problem experienced by at least one other storage array; determining whether the particular problem violates an operational policy of the storage array, the operational policy specifying at least one requirement for an operational metric of the storage array; and if the particular problem violates the operational policy of the storage array, deploying automatically without user intervention one or more corrective measures to prevent the storage array from experiencing the particular problem.

Abstract: A network device receives a data packet sourced from a root of a tree-based topology and including a data structure identifying transmitted data packets transmitted by the root; in response to determining one or more absent transmitted data packets based on the data structure, the network device starts a deferred transmission timer requiring the network device to wait a first half of a selected minimum contention interval before attempting transmission to a parent at a randomized position within a second half of the selected minimum contention interval, the selected minimum contention interval based on the distance to the root and at least twice that of the parent; the network device selectively transmits a control message to the parent to request the absent transmitted data packets only if, upon reaching the corresponding randomized position of the deferred transmission timer, the network device has not received the absent transmitted data packets.

Abstract: A user equipment (UE) and associated method performs a voice call with a network, including exchanging voice packets, determines an uplink data transmission to be performed concurrently with the voice call and stores the uplink data transmission in a buffer. A base station and associated method performs a voice call with a UE, determines a downlink data transmission for the UE is to be performed concurrently with the voice call and stores the downlink data transmission in a buffer when the UE is a predetermined type. A UE and associated method associates with a first access point (AP), determines first performance characteristics of a connection with the first AP, determines second performance characteristics of a potential connection with a second AP, declares a radio link failure when the second performance characteristics exceed the first performance characteristics to trigger a handover procedure from the first AP to the second AP.

Abstract: The disclosure provides methods and apparatuses for multiple user uplink. One aspect of the disclosure provides a method for wireless communication. The method comprises receiving a trigger frame from an access point indicating a target transmission duration for transmission of a physical layer (PHY) service data unit (PSDU) to the access point. The method also comprises generating an aggregated medium access control (MAC) packet data unit (A-MPDU) frame comprising at least one A-MPDU subframe, the A-MPDU frame having a first length, determining whether an additional A-MPDU subframe having a second length may be added to the A-MPDU frame based at least in part on the first length, the second length, and the target transmission duration, and including one or more padding subframes in the A-MPDU frame based at least in part on a comparison between the first length and the target transmission duration.

Abstract: A memory system may include: a controller suitable for transmitting a command, an address and write data, and receiving read data, the command including a write command, a read command and a masked write command; and a memory device suitable for sequentially performing an internal read operation, an internal modification operation and an internal write operation in response to the masked write command while skipping the internal read operation when the masked write commands for the same address are consecutively inputted after the write command is inputted.

Abstract: Among other things, embodiments of the present disclosure enable real-time communication between a first user and a second user regarding web content, and enable the second user to receive a submission of at least some of the web content from the first user.

Abstract: Pursuant to issuing a confirmation prompt to confirm an intention to perform a data management function in a computing environment, a processor device determines by a decision engine, a complexity strength of the confirmation prompt based upon a complexity algorithm.

Abstract: A channel access protocol method to impart bandwidth fairness while maximizing throughput in a class of contention-based-access (CBA) TDMA networks that has no carrier sense capability, and that experiences biased detection at the receiver (base station) by virtue of physical layer detection algorithms is disclosed.

Abstract: A method for transmitting a signal by a Device-to-Device (D2D) User Equipment (UE) in a wireless communication system is disclosed. The method includes determining a resource pool for a D2D control signal, determining a resource pool for a D2D communication signal based on the resource pool for a D2D control signal, and transmitting a D2D communication signal using the resource pool for a D2D communication signal. Subframes of the resource pool for a D2D communication signal were reindexed, starting from a first subframe following a last subframe of the resource pool for a D2D control signal.

Abstract: Synchronous, differential signaling may be performed over a communications path through a wired connection between a master device and a slave device to provide high-bandwidth and/or low-latency communications. Flexibility may be provided in the signaling protocol by providing for a configurable frame structure. Flexibility may be provided in mapping of data streams to bit slots in a frame, varying a number of downlink and uplink slots, configuring a number of turnarounds and locations of the turnarounds within a frame, configuring location and number of control word bit (CWB) slots in a frame, and/or adjusting a clock frequency of the communications link.

Abstract: A mobile communications system for communicating data to/from mobile communications terminals, the system including: one or more base stations configured to provide a radio interface to communicate data with mobile communications terminals; and one or more mobile communications terminals configured to communicate data with the one or more base stations via the radio interface, and wherein a mobile communication terminal is arranged to use an uplink random access channel to transmit random access messages to the one or more base stations. A first mobile communications terminal is configured to communicate user data via the uplink random access channel by transmitting one or more of the random access messages at a selected timing within the uplink random access channel, the timing being selected by the first mobile communications terminal to represent at least part of the user data.

Abstract: A communication system includes a transmission path and multiple nodes. At least one of the multiple nodes includes a second communication portion and a control portion in addition to a first communication portion. When the control portion performs a high speed communication, the control portion shifts the first communication portion included in each of the remaining multiple nodes to a sleep mode. The second communication portion performs a differential communication at a higher speed than the first communication portion using a differential signal. In the differential signal, a maximum of a potential difference between the pair of communication lines is equal to or less than a recessive threshold value, and a minimum of the potential difference between the pair of communication lines is a negative voltage value that has a polarity opposite to the recessive threshold value of the first communication portion.