Abstract: Method and apparatus for monitoring temperature along coil sections in a winding of an electromagnetic machine wherein each coil section comprises a plurality of electrical conductors. One or more hollow core conductors are placed in each coil section during manufacture of the coil sections. Before or after the stator core winding is installed, a distributed sensor probe is threaded through selected hollow core conductors for monitoring the temperature along the coil sections.

Abstract: A system is disclosed for determining the energy transfer across a heat exchanger having an upstream side and a downstream side and mounted within a conduit through which fluid flows, the system including an ultrasonic transmitter for transmitting ultrasonic waves through the conduit on the upstream and downstream sides of the heat exchanger, an ultrasonic receiver for receiving the ultrasonic waves on the upstream and downstream sides of the heat exchanger, the receiver providing signals indicative of the temperature difference between the fluid upstream and downstream of the heat exchanger and the velocity of fluid flow through the conduit and a processor connected to the receiver for determining energy transfer between the heat exchanger and the fluid based upon the signals indicative of the temperature difference and the velocity.

Abstract: It has been observed that attenuation of a transmitted or reflected beam of ultrasound in tissue irradiated with such a beam having a power intensity in the tissue in the non-linear range will change measurably as the tissue temperature changes. Based upon this observation, a method and apparatus for non-invasive thermometry include periodically interrogating the tissue with an ultrasonic beam having a power intensity sufficient such that the power intensity of the beam in the tissue is in the non-linear range. Attenuation coefficients based upon the attenuation of the power intensity of the ultrasonic beam due to the tissue are then periodically determined. Temperature changes in the tissue are determined based upon differences between the determined attenuation coefficients.

Abstract: A method for measuring lattice defects in semiconductor such as a silicon crystal, detects an ultrasonic velocity of an ultrasonic pulse propagating through the semiconductor to which heat is variably applied. An elastic constant of the semiconductor is calculated from the ultrasonic velocity, and a concentration or density of lattice defects of the semiconductor is obtained by converting the elastic constant.

Abstract: A quartz thermometer adapted to measure the ambient temperature through detection of a change in the resonance frequency of a quartz resonator due to change in the temperature, wherein a quartz wafer of 0.02 to 0.2 mm thickness is cut from a region of a quartz within -30.degree. to -70.degree. in terms of rotation angle about the X axis of the quartz thereby to form a quart resonator within a range of between -15.degree. to +15.degree. in terms of angle of rotation about the Z' axis within the plane of the quartz wafer; and wherein thin metallic films are formed on the surfaces of the resonator to serve as exciting electrodes. The resonator and electrodes are produced by photolithography and anisotropic quartz etching processes. The resulting quartz thermometer has a large first order temperature coefficient of frequency.

Abstract: Measurements of the times of flight of sound waves can be used to determine temperature in a gas contained in a long tube which confines sound waves. Sound pulses are transmitted and received by a suitable loud speaker attached to one end of the long tube. A number of stubs or other discontinuities produce the sound reflections whose times of arrival are measured. The time intervals yield average sound speeds in each interval between any two stubs from which temperatures are calculated. Corrections for thermal expansion of the tube are easily made.

Abstract: A first ultrasonic pulse formed by the superposition of a probe pulse on a pump pulse having a frequency lower than the center frequency of the ultrasonic probe pulse where the particle velocity of the pump pulse is in the vicinity of zero in addition to which the particle acceleration of which is at a constant portion, and a second pulse formed by the superposition of the probe pulse center frequency on the peak particle velocity portion of the pump pulse, as well as a probe pulse alone, are transmitted into a specimen before and after it is heated and the reflections of the transmitted signals from two or more reflecting points that are at different depths in the specimen are received. The received signals are subjected to frequency analysis and the spectral shift and the phase shift of the probe pulse and superposed pulses are obtained, and from these values the attenuation of the probe pulse between the differing depths is determined.

Abstract: Prior mounting systems for tuning fork temperature sensors have resulted in unpredictable activity dips within the sensor operating ranges. This problem is eliminated by the mounting and isolation system (32) of the present invention that is adapted to mount temperature sensitive tuning fork (20) to a support structure. The mounting system comprises a mounting member (34) adapted for rigid connection to the support structure, and support means (36) connecting the tuning fork base to the mounting member such that the tuning fork is supported solely by the support means. The support means comprises a low pass mechanical filter that transmits only vibration frequencies that are less than the operating range of frequencies of the tuning fork.

Abstract: A light scattering measuring apparatus utilizes light scattering to analyze physical properties of the surface and interior of an object, and particularly converts the scattered light therefrom into molecular vibrational energy or heat energy and measures the same. The light scattering measuring apparatus is provided with light applying means for applying an intermittent light to an object to be examined, a medium for absorbing scattered light intermittently emitted from the surface of the object by the applied light in accordance with the physical properties of the object to be examined and converting the scatterd light into molecular vibrational energy or heat energy, a detecting device for detecting the information regarding the energy produced by the medium, and a measuring device for measuring the molecular vibrational energy or the heat energy on the basis of a signal produced by the detecting device.

Abstract: The invention relates to an arrangement for remote ultrasonic temperature measurement. The arrangement employs a sensor, which in turn comprises an electromechanical transducer, a sensing element, and a hollow ultrasonic waveguide for coupling the sensing element to the transducer. The transducer is designed to propagate surface waves of a torsional or a radial shear mode upon the internal surface of the waveguide. The walls of the waveguide are made sufficiently thick, such that supporting clamps applied to the exterior of the waveguide have no adverse affect on interior wave propagation. The sensing element may be of either a hollow construction using internal surface wave propagation for protection of the active interior surface of the sensing element or of a solid construction in which the active outer surface of the sensing element may be exposed to the environment.

Abstract: A liquid-filled tube placed next to a generator winding section provides an indication of an abnormal hot spot which may develop along the winding. The tube is filled with a liquid which vaporizes to form a vapor bubble at the hot spot location. Acoustic energy is projected through the liquid in the tube and is normally received at the distal end of the tube. Presence of a vapor bubble blocks the acoustic propagation and forms a reflective surface for the acoustic energy which then is utilized to calculate distance to the vapor bubble. With a known pressure versus temperature relationship, the pressure of the liquid is controlled such that the hot spot temperature may be determined.

Abstract: A novel laser beam deflection system and method for temperature measurement of combustion flames of known composition is described which comprises a thin wire for placement at a predetermined location within the flame; a pulsed laser source for directing a pulsed beam onto the wire for heating the wire and immediately surrounding gases of the flame to produce an acoustic pulse in the flame; a pair of probe laser sources for directing parallel probe beams through the flame in predetermined spaced relationship to each other and to the wire, and a pair of detectors and associated electronics for detecting the respective deflections of the probe beams resulting from interactions with the pulse and measuring the time difference between respective deflections of the probe beams to determine the speed of the acoustic pulse through the flame and the temperature of the flame from the speed determination.

Abstract: Temperature, or temperature noise, is measured by employing an ultrasonic beam which strikes at least one pair of points (10A, 10B) which are a known distance apart and the time interval between the two points is resolved and related to the distance to give a measure of temperature of the medium between the two points. The point pairs may be naturally occurring, such as the diametrically opposed edges of a fuel element channel in a sodium-cooled nuclear reactor, or specifically provided. The beam may be at glancing incidence on a number of point pairs in line and, in this situation, the beam is wider in the direction transverse to its path than it is along its path.

Abstract: The invention relates to an arrangement for ultrasonic temperature measurement. The arrangement combines an ultrasonic temperature sensor and an electronic operating circuit. The ultrasonic temperature sensor comprises an acoustic waveguide, a second acoustic wave propagating resonant element, which is exposed to the thermal conditions under measurement, and whose resonant frequency becomes an indication of the temperature, and decoupling means inserted between the waveguide and the resonant element to facilitate high "Q" operation of the sensor. The arrangement utilizes torsional waves if a solid waveguide is employed, or internal surface waves with axial symmetry if a hollow waveguide is employed. The sensor is excited by a pulsed CW source, whose carrier is retuned to the resonant frequency of the sensor, and measured as the indication of temperature. The electronic operating circuitry achieves improved accuracy in temperature measurement as the "Q" of the sensor increases.

Abstract: In a quartz barometer untilizing the temperature dependence of the resistance of a quartz oscillator at resonance, the present invention is directed to provide a circuit which compensates for the temperature change of the resistance at resonance by connecting a temperature-dependent resistor in series with a quartz oscillator thereby enabling said quartz barometer to measure gas pressure much more accurately.

Abstract: An ultrasonic transducer for emitting and receiving sound pulses is mounted within a fluid whose temperature is to be determined. The transducer is disposed in operative association with a first target which is mounted by a bimetallic coil so that it moves in a known manner with respect to the transducer in response to changes in temperature in the fluid. A stationary target is also provided disposed a fixed, known distance from the transducer, for calibration purposes. The transducer is mounted within a fiberglass tube, as are the movable and stationary targets. The tube may be mounted at the bottom of a liquid (e.g. gasoline) storage tank with the transducer facing upwardly so that both the level of liquid within the tank, and the density of the liquid as related to temperature, can be determined utilizing the transducer and a computer for acting upon the transducer output.

Abstract: A sensor for monitoring the interior of a sodium-cooled fast breeder reactor comprises a pair of symmetrical magnetic cores, a magnetostrictive or piezoelectric vibrator element bonded to one of the cores, a primary coil and a plurality of secondary coils surrounding the magnetic cores, and a container enclosing the above members. The primary coil applied with an exciting alternating current generates an acoustic signal voltage indicative of sound, if any, originated in the interior of the reactor. The magnetic flux produced by the exciting current is influenced by the temperature and flow velocity of sodium flowing around the sensor, and corresponding voltage signals resulting from the changed magnetic flux are induced in the secondary coils.

Abstract: An ultrasonic temperature sensor is based upon the variation in the speed of propagation of a torsional wave in a material whose torsional modulus varies as a function of temperature. A transducer for producing a torsional wave is coupled through an acoustic waveguide to a sensor element which has a torsional modulus which varies with temperature. A discontinuity in the sensor causes a portion of the torsional wave to be reflected while the remainder traverses the sensor and is reflected. The time delay between the first and second pulses is thus a measure of the temperature.

Abstract: A temperature sensor is provided comprising a conductor having a low-melting-point, a fibrous insulating layer adjacent the low-melting-point conductor and separating it from a second conductor. An oscillator applying a pulse signal to the sensor and a receiver receiving the pulse signal through the sensor can detect changes in the signal wave form due to melting or distortion of the low-melting-point conductor. The specific temperature to be sensed can be preset by providing preheating of the sensor, as by Joule heating, by passing a current through the low-melting-point conductor.

Abstract: A vibratory temperature transducer includes a pair of elongate, generally parallel bars coupled together at one end in a type of tuning fork arrangement. The bars each have a thickness of t, a width of w and a length between free and fixed ends of L. The distance between the free end and the point where the bars are coupled together is m. Apparatus is provided to cause the bars to vibrate in torsional opposition, where the frequency of vibration is generally a function of temperature. Apparatus is also provided for determining the frequency of vibration of the bars so that when the bars are subjected to a change in temperature, the temperature can be readily determined by simply determining the magnitude of the frequency change. By careful determination of the dimensions L, m, t and w, spurious modes of oscillation of the transducer, which cause a reduction in the mechanical Q and thus an erroneous reading of temperature, are avoided.

Abstract: A measuring method and apparatus for measuring a non-linear parameter of an acoustic medium or its distribution, and the application of the parameter to the measurement of internal temperature of a sample noninvasively. A continuous wave ultrasonic probing beam is radiated through the sample, and a pumping wave which is an ultrasonic pulse is superposed on the probing beam. A phase change in the probing beam caused by the pumping wave is detected. From this phase change the non-linear parameter (B/A) is obtained. The invention projects two methods. The first method provides the pumping wave in a direction intersecting the probing beam. The second method projects the pumping wave in a direction along the probing beam in counter direction. From the information concerning the variation of measured value of (B/A), the inner temperature of the sample is obtained. The invention makes it possible to measure the non-linear parameter or temperature which was impossible in the prior art.

Abstract: An electronic clinical thermometer has a first oscillator producing a first temperature oscillating output signal, a second oscillator producing a second temperature oscillating output signal whose frequency is dependent on a measured temperature body temperature, a first counter and a second counter and operative to provide a gate signal after a predetermined number count. A first memory temporarily stores the count content of the first counter in response to the gate signal, and a second memory stores the count content of the first memory. A digital magnitude comparator compares the count content of the first and second memories and produces a corresponding comparison signal indicative of whether the count content of the first memory is greater or not greater than the count content of the second memory.

Abstract: An ultrasonic temperature sensor is based upon the variation in the speed of propagation of a torsional wave in a material whose torsional modulus varies as a function of temperature. A transducer for producing a torsional wave is coupled through an accoustic waveguide to a sensor element which has a torsional modulus which varies with temperature. A discontinuity in the sensor causes a portion of the torsional wave to be reflected while the remainder traverses the sensor and is reflected. The time delay between the first and second pulses is thus a measure of the temperature.

Abstract: A temperature sensing transducer has a mechanically vibrating member whose rigidity varies with temperature, changing the resonant frequency. An output signal is generated having a frequency controlled by the vibrating member. The rigidity is caused to vary with temperature by making the vibrating member from a material whose modulus of elasticity is sensitive to temperature changes in the desired measurement range. Also by making the vibrating member of a bimetal shaped as a frusto-conical disk, the rigidity of the disk changes with temperature due to internal strains.

Abstract: A method for determining reactive acoustic power density level and its direction in a fluid using a single sensor is disclosed. In the preferred embodiment, an apparatus for conducting the method, which is termed a thermoacoustic couple, consists of a stack of thin, spaced apart polymeric plates, selected ones of which include multiple bimetallic thermocouple junctions positioned along opposite end edges thereof. The thermocouple junctions are connected in series in the nature of a thermopile, and are arranged so as to be responsive to small temperature differences between the opposite edges of the plates. The magnitude of the temperature difference, as represented by the magnitude of the electrical potential difference generated by the thermopile, is found to be directly related to the level of acoustic power density in the gas.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for measuring force or other parameters and temperature. The apparatus includes an oscillator and a vibratory element, such as a quartz crystal, which is caused to resonate by the oscillator at two frequencies f.sub.1 and f.sub.2 selected from the fundamental frequency and its overtone frequencies of the vibratory element. The vibratory element is selected so that the two frequencies f.sub.1 and f.sub.2 both vary with variation in force (or other parameter) applied to the element and with variation in temperature of the element, and so that the magnitude or scale factor of variation for frequency f.sub.1 is different from that for frequency f.sub.2. The apparatus also includes a detection device for detecting the frequencies f.sub.1 and f.sub.

Abstract: Fluid density measuring apparatus and method for directly measuring fluid density or indirectly measuring pressure, temperature, acceleration, flow velocity, differential pressure and other parameters affecting the apparatus. The apparatus includes a generally rigid hollow housing having openings through which fluid may flow to the interior of the housing, and a vibratory single-ended tuning fork mounted in the housing. The apparatus also includes circuitry for causing the tines of the tuning fork to resonate, for example, 180 degrees out of phase in a transverse direction, with the frequency of the tines varying with variation in the density of the fluid surrounding the tines. Circuitry is also included for determining the frequency at which the tuning fork tines resonate. When the density of the fluid into which the housing is placed changes, the frequency of vibration of the tines of the tuning fork is caused to change to provide a measure of the density change.

Abstract: A noninvasive accurate method for measuring the temperature of tissue beneath the surface of a living body 11. Ultrasonic signals (14) are directed into beads 13 of a material that are inserted into the tissue with a syringe. The reflected signals (15) indicate the acoustic impedance or resonance frequency of the beads 13 which in turn indicates the temperature of the tissue. A range of temperatures around the melting temperature of the material can be measured by this method.

Abstract: The subject invention relates to a method of evaluating the quality of the bond achieved between two members utilizing thermoacoustic microscopy. More particularly, thermoacoustic microscopy is used to detect and/or image the plate-mode resonant signature of bonded members to determine the quality of the bond therebetween. The method is particularly suited for analyzing the integrity of a bond between an integrated circuit die and a substrate. The subject method takes advantage of the fact that the plate-mode signature of a securely bonded die and substrate combination and a poorly bonded combination will be different. Accordingly, by detecting and/or imaging the plate-mode resonant signature of the sample the integrity of the bond can be assessed. Two techniques for carrying out the subject method are disclosed.

Abstract: An improved ultrasonic thermometer of the acoustic pulse-echo type for measuring high temperatures and temperature profiles having a magnetostrictive head surrounded by an acoustic pulse generating and pulse sensing apparatus having a positioned electromagnetic coil, the magnetostrictive head joined to an elongated heat sensing wire having a plurality of discontinuities at the distal end thereof to reflect a portion of the propagated acoustic pulse, the improvement comprising a lock fixedly holding the acoustic pulse generating and pulse sensing electromagnetic coil in alignment after initial adjustment in order to achieve long term stability.

Abstract: Devices and methods are disclosed for remote measurment of temperature (and velocity) profiles in a fluid medium (i.e., the atmosphere and/or oceans). Each device, herein called an echometer, and method are capable of providing remote measurements of temperature through the use of propagated waves (i.e., acoustic or electromagnetic waves) and interferometric principles. By use of Doppler processing, simultaneous measurement can be made of three-dimensional velocities at the same points in space to enable remote measurement of heat fluxes in the atmosphere or ocean.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a cooking utensil such as a microwave oven wherein a food temperature-sensing probe is inserted into a foodstuff for detecting the internal temperature of the food. The food temperature-sensing probe includes a resonance circuit the resonance frequency of which varies depending on the internal temperature. A first signal generator is provided for delivering a series of signals which contain a variety of frequencies inclusive of the signals of the resonance frequency. A second signal generator is employed to provide sweeping signals for the series of signals developed from the first signal generator. A selecting circuit is connected to the second signal generator for selecting a particular value in the sweeping signals relevant to the desired temperature of the foodstuff.

Abstract: A tuning fork flexural quartz resonator is cut out from a Z plate rotated at 25.degree.-165.degree. around the X-axis as the rotary axis. The resonator with an excellent frequency sensitivity of about -100 ppm/.degree.C. is obtained when the cut angle .theta. is 120.degree..

Abstract: A temperature sensor including an oscillator circuit comprising a plate-shaped quartz crystal resonator formed using a cut rotated singly through an angle .theta. about the X axis, .theta. being in the range -29.degree. to -16.degree. or +39.degree. to +45.degree.. Electrodes are provided on the major surfaces of the resonator to make the resonator vibrate in a thickness shear mode at a frequency which varies substantially linearly in a selected temperature range.

Abstract: A temperature sensor is formed by mounting a force-sensitive resonator on a resilient or non-resilient base structure, preferably in an enclosure such that thermally induced expansions or contractions of the base structure apply a stress to the resonator. The resonant frequency of the resonator is measured to provide an indication of the temperature of the base structure and resonator.

Abstract: A temperature sensor is formed by mounting a force-sensitive resonator on a resilient or non-resilient base structure, preferably in an enclosure such that thermally induced expansions or contractions of the base structure apply a stress to the resonator. The resonant frequency of the resonator is measured to provide an indication of the temperature of the base structure and resonator.

Abstract: A quartz thermometer which emits a signal, the frequency of which is a substantially linear function of temperature. The thermometer comprises a quartz resonator provided with electrodes disposed on the margins of the upper and lower main surfaces, parallel to the length direction. The electrodes are supplied with electric current so as to cause the resonator to vibrate torsionally. The length of the resonator is substantially parallel to the X axis of the quartz crystal. An electronic circuit is responsive to the signal emitted by the resonator for producing an output representative of temperature.

Abstract: Correlation thermography permits high resolution passive remote thermal radiation sensing for non-invasive temperature measurement of the interior of a body. At least two directional transducers are coupled to the surface of the body at different locations about the body in such a manner that their directional receiving patterns intersect. These transducers may be acoustic or electromagnetic transducers, but in any case are capable of receiving thermally-generated energy from inside the body and generating corresponding electrical signals. The intersection of the receiving patterns of the transducers defines a common volume which is relatively small, and the signals at each transducer originating from this common volume within the body exhibit a high degree of correlation. A multiplier receives the electrical signals produced by the transducers. A fixed or variable delay is interposed between at least one of the transducers and the multiplier.

Abstract: A quartz crystal plate (L) is used in determining the frequency of a frequency generator, and the frequency determined by said plate is variable as a function of temperature. The quartz plate constitutes the substrate for a surface acoustic wave device, e.g. a resonator or a delay line using comb transducers (1 & 2). The orientation in the quartz crystal of the plane over which the acoustic wave propagates, and the direction of propagation in said plane are defined in terms of a doubly rotated frame of reference as follows: the plate being a double rotation cutting plate defined by yxwl: .phi./.theta., one large surface of which is used for the propagation of a surface wave whose direction of propagation makes an angle .psi. with the second axis of rotation, where the first angle .phi. lies in the range 9.degree.24' to 13.degree.24', the second angle .theta. lies in the range 57.degree.24' to 61.degree.24', and the angle .psi. lies in the range 33.degree. to 37.degree..

Abstract: A microwave oven is provided according to which food is cooked while a temperature sensor is inserted in the food and the heating of the food is interrupted in response to an output signal of the temperature sensor. The temperature sensor comprises a hollow skewer, a bellows which is attached to the skewer and in which is sealed a liquid of high coefficient of thermal expansion, and a sound generating body of a plate spring for generating a sound when the hollow skewer is heated by the food, the liquid is expanded, the bellows is stretched, and the force generated thereby overcomes the biasing force. The microwave oven stops heating and cooking when a sound is generated.

Abstract: A sensing element is adapted to monitor a temperature of a foodstuff placed within an oven cavity of a cooking utensil such as a microwave oven. The sensing element comprises a thermally-responsive element, an antenna, a double choke, and a trimmer condenser. The double choke is bent so as to provide a double compartment for causing choke operations. The double compartment contains a material the dielectric constant of which is higher than the air. A capacity of the trimmer condenser is adjustable. A resonance circuit or an oscillation circuit may be formed with the thermally-responsive element and the trimmer condenser. A metallic member is disposed adjacent to the antenna. The length of the antenna is selected as an integral multiple of about .lambda./2 (.lambda. is the wavelength of the microwaves).

Abstract: The invention relates to a fiber optical device for measuring physical magnitudes such as force, elongation, pressure, acceleration, temperature, etc., comprising a transducer unit and an electronic unit, in which the quantity to be measured is supplied to the transducer unit to affect the resonance frequency of an oscillating body included in the tansducer unit by changing the dimensions, mass, density, modulus of elasticity and/or mechanical stress of the body. A property of the body oscillation, such as frequency, phase position and/or amplitude, is used as a value of the quantity to be measured. The oscillations of the body are detected optically by means of a fiber optical position/movement detector.

Abstract: A wireless temperature-sensing assembly adapted for a cooking apparatus such as a microwave oven, comprises a wireless communication element and a sensing probe. The wireless communication element provides electromagnetic waves over an oven cavity of the cooking apparatus. The sensing probe selects a particular frequency of the electromagnetic waves. The sensing probe contains an oscillator element resonance frequencies of which vary depending on the surrounding temperature. The wireless communication element further receives and detects the particular frequency of the electromagnetic waves defined by the selecting means. In a specific form, the wireless communication element provides the electromagnetic waves the frequencies of which vary from time slot to time slot. The oscillator element may be composed of crystal, ceramic, or the like. The resonance frequencies of the oscillator element change due to variation in its number of proper vibrations dependent on the surrounding temperature.

Abstract: A sonic waveguide arrangement for use in transmitting sonic energy from one point to another along a non-linear path is disclosed herein and utilizes at least two different waveguides. One which is linear or straight in configuration and one which is curved. The first of these two waveguides is of a type which can transmit sonic energy over a relatively long linear or straight line path with relatively low transmission losses and the second is of the type which can transmit sonic energy over a relatively short curved path with relatively low transmission losses.