Abstract: A method for controlling a process that draws power from an electrical power source operates by obtaining time-related electrical demand data from the electrical power source and adaptively adjusting at least one control parameter in a control algorithm for the process to reduce the cost of the electrical energy consumed. The time-related electrical demand data indicates at least diurnal variation, and optionally seasonal variation, in electrical power demand. The time-related electrical power demand data may also include real-time electrical power demand data from the electrical power source.

Abstract: Systems and methods can control refrigeration within a refrigerated freight container. Thermal sensor nodes can be positioned within the freight container. Temperature measurements can be wirelessly relayed from the sensor nodes to a gateway associated with the freight container. The received temperature measurements can be aggregated and logged at the gateway. Thermal models of the freight container and associated cargo loads can be established in response to the logged temperature measurements and loading plan for the foreign container. The refrigeration system can be controlled in response to processing the thermal models. The refrigeration system can be controlled to optimize compliance parameters associated with the cargo loads.

Abstract: A system includes probe pins each including a probe tip and a plurality of thermocouples arranged such that at least one thermocouple is positioned between a pair of the probe pins. The plurality of thermocouples can be placed adjacent or above a device under test (DUT). The probe tips of the probe pins are placed over a plurality of pads. The plurality of thermocouples are placed adjacent or between the plurality of pads. The at least one thermocouple positioned between the pair of the probe pins can be either a single thermocouple or a thermocouple array.

Abstract: A radiant heating device for producing radiant heat in a passenger compartment of a motor vehicle includes a heating surface for emitting heat radiation, a heating element for providing heating power, a first temperature sensor for detecting a first temperature in a specific spot and for providing a corresponding first temperature indication, and a second temperature sensor for detecting a second temperature on the surface and for providing a corresponding second temperature indication. In order to detect a local over-heating of the heating surface, a difference between the two temperature indications is determined. In the event of a defect, a protective operating mode is then selected.

Abstract: Multi-point thermocouples and assemblies are disclosed for ceramic heating structures. The disclosed embodiments provide multi-point connections in distinct areas to provide good temperature-sensing contacts between metal thermocouples and ceramic bodies while also providing improved flexibility. As such, cracking of ceramic bodies for heating structures is avoided. For one embodiment, assemblies including a multi-point thermocouple and a ceramic body are used in bake plates for processing systems that process microelectronic workpieces. The metal thermocouple has a flat surface used for connections to the ceramic body. Preferably, the thermocouple is relatively thin and provides improved connection sites and flexibility.

Abstract: The invention relates to a sensor unit (2) for determining the core body temperature by means of measured values which can be determined outside the body on a surface, comprising at least one heat flow sensor (20, 20?), and at least one temperature sensor (21, 21?), which can be easily compactly produced and installed and allows optimized determination of the core body temperature.

Abstract: A temperature sensor assembly for measuring a gas temperature in a gas flow stream includes a first substrate having a first surface configured to be connected to a thermally conductive structure in a gas path, a first temperature sensor mounted to the first substrate a first distance from the first surface, and a second temperature sensor mounted to the first substrate a second distance from the first surface. The second distance is less than the first distance. The first and second temperature sensors are arranged along a temperature gradient.

Abstract: A heating cable that is usable in train track applications where railroad switches are subject to icing during cold weather, the heating cable including a coiled resistance heating wire contained in an electrical insulator, which is contained in an inner braided metal sleeve, which is contained in a flexible metal hose, which is contained in an outer braided metal sleeve.

Abstract: An apparatus for in-situ calibration of a photoacoustic sensor includes a measurement device configured to measure an electric signal at an IR emitter of the photoacoustic sensor, wherein the IR emitter generates an electromagnetic spectrum based on the electric signal; and a calibration unit including processing circuitry, configured to compare the electric signal with a comparison value to generate a comparison result used as calibration information. When performing the in-situ calibration, the calibration unit is configured to adjust the electric signal based on the calibration information, or the calibration unit is configured to process an output signal of the photoacoustic sensor based on the calibration information to obtain an adjusted output signal of the photoacoustic sensor.

Abstract: A method of testing for thickness loss in a metal wall is disclosed. The method includes mounting a first and a second ultrasonic transducer to the metal such that the transducers are in ultrasonic communication along a beam line and moving the first and second ultrasonic transducers along a scan line. A series of composites of received signal measurements are obtained by, at multiple locations along the scan line, using the first ultrasonic transducer to transmit ultrasonic signals through the metal wall along the beam line at a plurality of transmission angles and obtaining composites of received signal amplitudes by combining signal amplitudes measured by the second ultrasonic transducer. The series of composites are input into a predetermined relationship to obtain a thickness profile indicative of a proportion of remaining wall thickness. The predetermined relationship is experimentally obtained to characterize a given metal wall of nominal thickness.

Abstract: To provide a temperature sensor unit and a body core thermometer making it possible to produce in low costs. The temperature sensor unit (1) is used to measure a deep part body temperature Ti as a body core temperature of a testee. The temperature sensor unit (1) comprises at a measurement face side facing a body surface of the testee first-fourth temperature sensors (111-114) for measuring the body surface of the testee. Among the first and the second temperature sensors (111, 112), the first thermal resistor (121) is disposed only at the measurement face side of the first temperature sensor (111). Furthermore, the first temperature sensor (111) and the second temperature sensors (112) are disposed proximally such that a temperature Ti at the measurement face side of the first thermal resistor (121) becomes approximately equal to a temperature T2 measured by the second temperature sensor (112).

Abstract: A system for determining and displaying in a graphical user interface one or more of air temperature, pressure, or velocity in an information technology (IT) room including an IT equipment rack comprises a processor configured to receive an input comprising airflow resistance parameters through the rack, an IT equipment airflow parameter, a heat-dissipation parameter, an external pressure, and an external temperature, to run the input through a flow-network solver that solves for airflow velocities through at least one face of the rack and a rack air outflow temperature based on the input, provide an output including the airflow velocities and the rack air outflow temperature, and generate, based on the output, a display in a graphical user interface of the system illustrating one or more of air temperatures, air pressures, or airflow velocities within the IT room.

Abstract: A method for controlling a climate test chamber for conditioning air and a test chamber includes a fuel cell assembly exposed to at least one physical test condition in a test space. The fuel cell assembly includes at least one electrochemical fuel cell having an anode compartment and a cathode compartment each having a feed opening for introducing reactants and a discharge opening for discharging waste products of the fuel cell assembly. The fuel cell assembly is operated in the test space, and a fuel gas and an oxidation gas is fed to the fuel cell assembly as reactants. The test space is supplied with conditioned supply air and exhaust air is discharged from the test space by an air conditioning and ventilation system. An oxygen concentration is determined using a sensor and a controller controls the oxygen concentration.

Abstract: Temperature sensing probes for sensing the temperature of a substrate based on fluorescence are disclosed. The temperature sensing probes include a fiber optic cable having at a cold end an optical interface and at a hot end a temperature sensing element for contacting a substrate. A sheath surrounds at least a portion of the hot end of the fiber optic cable. A retaining member securely and removably engages the sheath with a support member. The sheath forms a vacuum seal around the contact between the temperature sensing element and the substrate.

Abstract: The invention describes a passive heat-flow sensor (1) comprising a contact face (11) for placement on a subject (8) during a temperature monitoring procedure; and a plurality of combined thermistor arrangements, wherein a combined thermistor arrangement comprises an inner thermistor (S1) arranged at an inner face of the sensor (1); an upper thermistor (S2) arranged at the upper surface of the sensor (1) and arranged relative to the inner thermistor (S1) to measure a vertical heat flow outward from the subject (8); and a lateral thermistor (S3) arranged relative to the inner thermistor (S1) to measure a horizontal heat flow along the contact face (11). The invention further describes a method of measuring the temperature of a subject (8) using a heat-flow sensor (1); and a temperature sensing arrangement (10) for monitoring the temperature of a subject (8) using a heat-flow sensor (1).

Abstract: A system and method for detecting and monitoring core body temperature are disclosed. The system includes a patch device and an electronic module coupled to the patch device. The method includes providing a patch device, coupling an electronic module to the patch device to provide a wearable device, and monitoring core body temperature of a user using the wearable device.

Abstract: A wearable patch includes a first portion comprising a first material, a second portion comprising a second material different from the first material, a first temperature sensor disposed proximate a first surface of the patch, and a second temperature sensor disposed proximate an additional surface of the patch.

Abstract: Techniques for displaying baking information regarding an oven are provided herein. For example, one or more embodiments described herein can comprise a system. The system can comprise a memory that can store computer executable components. The system can further comprise a processor, which can be operably coupled to the memory, that can execute the computer executable components stored in the memory. Also, the computer executable components can comprise an imaging component that can generate one or more images based on baking information regarding an oven. Further, the computer executable components can comprise a display component that displays the image.

Abstract: Certain exemplary embodiments relate to entertainment systems and, more particularly, to systems that incorporate digital downloading jukebox features and improved user interfaces. For instance, a smart search may be provided, e.g., where search results vary based on the popularity of songs within the venue, in dependence on songs being promoted, etc. As another example, a tile-based approach to organizing groupings of songs is provided. Groupings may involve self-populating collections of songs that combine centrally-promoted songs, songs in a given genre that are popular across an audiovisual distribution network, and songs that are locally popular and match up with the given genre (e.g., because of shared attributes such as same or similar genre, artist, etc.). Different tile visual presentations also are contemplated, as are different physical jukebox designs. In certain example embodiments, a sealed core unit with the “brains” of the jukebox is insertable into a docking station.

Abstract: A case cooling calibration system for a gas turbine engine includes a rotor casing, and a stage, rotatably mounted within the rotor casing. The rotor-casing includes in-series fluid communication, a duct, a flow control valve, and a manifold. The valve regulates an air flow through the duct to the manifold, which is arranged radially outwardly around the casing radially coplanar with the rotor stage. A temperature sensing apparatus is positioned on the rotor casing, radially outwardly of the rotor stage. A controller regulates the valve in a stepwise manner providing a variable cooling air-flow to the rotor-casing. A processor calculates a correction depending on a comparison between the rotor casing temperature and a predicted rotor-casing temperature for a given engine power condition. An engine controller controls the valve depending on the correction characteristic to maintain a predetermined operational radial clearance between the rotor-stage and the rotor-casing.

Abstract: Temperature value determination of at least one variable frequency drive component is provided. In one form, a method includes providing a variable frequency drive that includes a first component in thermal communication with a second component in thermal communication with a switching device. A temperature value of the second component is determined using a temperature value of the first component, a power loss characteristic of the drive, and a first characteristic of heat transfer between the first and second components. The method further includes sensing a temperature value of the second component and determining a temperature value for the switching device using the power loss characteristic, a second characteristic of heat transfer between the second component and the switching device, and the greater of the sensed and determined temperature values of the second component. Further embodiments, forms, features, and aspects shall become apparent from the description and drawings.

Abstract: A method for controlling a temperature of a battery cell (22, 24) in a battery module (20), the method comprising the steps of: determining an initial temperature of the battery cell (22, 24); measuring a current (I) flowing into or out of the battery cell (22, 24); determining an actual temperature gradient of the battery cell (22, 24) using a thermal battery cell model described by a differential equation, for which input values comprise at least the determined initial temperature and the measured current (I); comparing the determined actual temperature gradient of the battery cell (22, 24) with a pre-defined desired temperature gradient; and automatically adjusting the current (I) flowing into or out of the battery cell (22, 24) according to a result of the comparison.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for controlling a temperature of a processor of a controller. In one embodiment, a method includes: identifying a status of at least one task of a plurality of software tasks performed on a first processor to be a hot task based on the software task's contribution to a temperature of the first processor; and selectively controlling the temperature of the first processor based on the identified status.

Abstract: A heat source position inside a measurement object is identified with high accuracy by improving time resolution. An analysis system according to the present invention is an analysis system that identifies a heat source position inside a measurement object, and includes a condition setting unit that sets a measurement point for one surface of the measurement object, a tester that applies a stimulation signal to the measurement object, a light source that irradiates the measurement point of the measurement object with light, a photo detector that detects light reflected from a predetermined measurement point on the surface of the measurement object according to the irradiation of light and outputs a detection signal, and an analysis unit that derives a distance from the measurement point to the heat source position based on the detection signal and the stimulation signal and identifies the heat source position.

Abstract: Implementations disclosed herein relate to thermal based prioritized computing application scheduling. For example, a processor may determine a prioritized computing application. The processor may schedule the prioritized computing application to transfer execution from a first processing unit to a second processing unit based on a thermal reserve energy associated with the second processing unit.

Abstract: In a temperature measuring device set (1) with at least one thermocouple (2) and a temperature measuring device (3) that can be connected to the thermocouple (2) in order to measure a temperature, according to the invention a measurement sensor (13, 14) for measuring or detecting a magnetic property is arranged on at least one opposing contact element (11, 12) mating with a contact element (9, 10) of the thermocouple (2), in order to automatically provide specific information or a characteristic curve of the connected thermocouple (2) on the basis of an output signal of the measurement sensor (13, 14).

Abstract: A temperature management system includes: temperature detection units which individually detect temperatures of a plurality of electronic devices each changing an amount of heat generation depending on its operational state; a cooling device which cools the electronic devices; and a control unit which controls the cooling device depending on outputs from the temperature detection units. The control unit includes: an idle state determination unit which determines whether or not the electronic devices are in an idle state; a manipulated variable calculation unit which has an integrator and calculates a manipulated variable by using a difference between a target value and a controlled variable; and an accumulation value correction unit which corrects an accumulation value of the integrator with a predetermined value when the idle state determination unit determines that the electronic devices are in the idle state.

Abstract: Monitoring and reporting of the temperature and/or other conditions of perishable and/or temperature sensitive products during transportation and storage is described. A system for wireless temperature monitoring can be carried out at a box level, but can provide information at a finer granularity than box-level. For temperature monitoring, the box (or other container) can be configured with a plurality of temperature sensors provided in an arrangement about the box and connected to a transmitter for communicating the temperature at each location to a monitoring system with a processor and database. A temperature profile and spatial model can be constructed by the processor and stored at the database to generate profiles for defined volumes within the container.

Abstract: A geohydrology monitoring system is disclosed. In one example, the system includes a heating mechanism assembly including an array of heating elements disposed longitudinally within a fluid-containing environment so that portions of the heating mechanism assembly are at different positions lengthwise within the fluid-containing environment. The heating mechanism assembly is configured to impart energy to the fluid-containing environment such that heating provided at some locations varies from heating provided at other locations. The system includes a fiber optic distributed temperature sensor (DTS) disposed in proximity to the heating mechanism assembly and configured to sense temperature at a plurality of positions and at multiple times along the length of the fluid-containing environment. Based on output from the DTS, processing logic generates an output that indicates properties of, and movement of fluid within, the fluid-containing environment.

Abstract: A temperature measurement device includes a temperature measurement part, a calculation part, and a control part for controlling the operation of the temperature measurement part and the calculation part. The temperature measurement part has a substrate having a first surface as a contact surface with a measured body, and a second surface as an environment-lateral surface which is opposite the first surface, a first temperature sensor, a second temperature sensor, and a third temperature sensor, and the first temperature sensor. The second temperature sensor, and the third temperature sensor measure a first temperature, a second temperature, and a third temperature a plurality of times under conditions in which the temperature of the environment varies, and the calculation part calculates a deep temperature in a deep part of the measured body by using the measured temperatures.

Abstract: A portable pervasive device includes a combined visual and thermal display. The user is able to detect texture of displayed objects visually and through touching the combined display. A software application pre-defines color codes and temperature settings for a plurality of textures on a graded scale including smooth, soft, and rough. The object is then shown on the display using the color codes and temperature settings for at least one surface of the object.

Abstract: An actively cooled turbine sensor assembly is designed to withstand post-combustion gas-path conditions of gas turbine engines. The housing forms part of a cooling system and includes an elongated tubular structure that may be inserted into the hot flow path. The distal end portion of the sensor assembly is contoured to minimize heat transfer. The housing also includes leading and trailing plenums for flowing cooling air through the housing and out through the distal end portion. Additional side cavities may also be provided for active cooling of the sensor and reducing possible heat conduction paths to the sensor.

Abstract: Provided is a contact type internal thermometer including: a measurement surface that is brought into contact with a surface to be measured of a measurement object; a first temperature sensor stack including a first measurement surface side temperature sensor arranged on a measurement surface side, and a first back surface side temperature sensor arranged on a back surface side; a second temperature sensor stack including a second measurement surface side temperature sensor arranged on a measurement surface side, and a second back surface side temperature sensor arranged on a back surface side; and a controller configured to calculate an internal temperature of the measurement object based on measurement results of the respective temperature sensors, in which the first back surface side temperature sensor and the second back surface side temperature sensor have different surface areas.

Abstract: Methods and systems for estimating the core temperature of at least one cell in a battery at the termination of a rest period. The method for estimating the core temperature of the cells in a battery includes measuring the surface temperature of the cells, obtaining the estimated core temperature of the cells, obtaining the time required for the surface temperature and the estimated core temperature of the cells to converge, and estimating the core temperature of the cells based on the measured surface temperatures, the obtained estimated core temperature, and the obtained time. The system for estimating the core temperature of the cells in a battery includes at least one sensor configured to receive temperature information and a control system in signal communication with the sensor, wherein the control system comprises a memory device and a controller.

Abstract: Apparatus and method are provided for facilitating simulation of heated airflow exhaust of an electronics subsystem, electronics rack or row of electronics racks. The apparatus includes a thermal simulator, which includes an air-moving device and a fluid-to-air heat exchanger. The air-moving device establishes airflow from an air inlet to air outlet side of the thermal simulator tailored to correlate to heated airflow exhaust of the electronics subsystem, rack or row of racks being simulated. The fluid-to-air heat exchanger heats airflow through the thermal simulator, with temperature of airflow exhausting from the simulator being tailored to correlate to temperature of the heated airflow exhaust of the electronics subsystem, rack or row of racks being simulated. The apparatus further includes a fluid distribution apparatus, which includes a fluid distribution unit disposed separate from the fluid simulator and providing hot fluid to the fluid-to-air heat exchanger of the thermal simulator.

Abstract: A thermal-fluid-simulation analyzing apparatus includes an execution unit that generates an analysis model using analysis conditions to conduct a first thermal fluid simulation analysis based on the generated analysis model, an analysis-condition collecting unit that collects analysis conditions when a predetermined period passes after the first thermal fluid simulation analysis, a condition extracting unit that extracts a boundary condition from the analysis conditions collected by the analysis-condition collecting unit, and a re-execution unit that selects a region corresponding to the boundary condition extracted by the condition extracting unit from regions of the analysis model generated by the execution unit, updates the selected region with the boundary condition, and conducts a second thermal fluid simulation analysis for the updated analysis model.

Abstract: The present application discloses instruments, systems, and methods for measuring temperature. In one example, an instrument or heat sensor probe includes a housing that defines a chamber, which is configured for a fluid to circulate therein, and a body of material disposed over the housing. The body has a first side proximal to the housing and a second side distal from the housing. The probe further includes a heat sensor configured for sensing heat at a position spaced inwardly from the second side of the body.

Abstract: Wafer temperature is measured as a function of time following removal of a heat source to which the wafer is exposed. During the wafer temperature measurements, a gas is supplied at a substantially constant pressure at an interface between the wafer and a chuck upon which the wafer is supported. A chuck thermal characterization parameter value corresponding to the applied gas pressure is determined from the measured wafer temperature as a function of time. Wafer temperatures are measured for a number of applied gas pressures to generate a set of chuck thermal characterization parameter values as a function of gas pressure. A thermal calibration curve for the chuck is generated from the set of measured chuck thermal characterization parameter values and the corresponding gas pressures. The thermal calibration curve for the chuck can be used to tune the gas pressure to obtain a particular wafer temperature during a fabrication process.

Abstract: Apparatus and method are provided for facilitating simulation of heated airflow exhaust of an electronics subsystem, electronics rack or row of electronics racks. The apparatus includes a thermal simulator, which includes an air-moving device and a fluid-to-air heat exchanger. The air-moving device establishes airflow from an air inlet to air outlet side of the thermal simulator tailored to correlate to heated airflow exhaust of the electronics subsystem, rack or row of racks being simulated. The fluid-to-air heat exchanger heats airflow through the thermal simulator, with temperature of airflow exhausting from the simulator being tailored to correlate to temperature of the heated airflow exhaust of the electronics subsystem, rack or row of racks being simulated. The apparatus further includes a fluid distribution apparatus, which includes a fluid distribution unit disposed separate from the fluid simulator and providing hot fluid to the fluid-to-air heat exchanger of the thermal simulator.

Abstract: A compressor inlet pressure estimation apparatus for a refrigeration cycle system is disclosed. An electronic control unit 14 answers YES by judging that the command to start a compressor 2 is issued when an air-conditioning switch is turned on in step S100. After that, the electronic control unit 14 answers NO in the case where a timer count time Tc is shorter than a predetermined time T1 in step S120. At the same time, Tefin_C is set to 15° C. in step S130. The lower one of Tefin_C and Tefin determined in this way is determined as Tefin_d (step S150). After that, Tefin_d is input to the first-order lag function to acquire Tefin_AD(N). Then, the control proceeds to step S170, where the estimated value Ps_es(N) of the refrigerant inlet pressure of the compressor 2 is determined using Tefin_AD(N) and Gr.

Abstract: A variable light transmittance window includes: a substrate configured to transmit light; a thermochromic layer on the substrate; first function thin film layers on opposite surfaces of the thermochromic layer; and second function thin film layers on respective surfaces of the first function thin film layers opposite the thermochromic layer, wherein a difference between refractive indices of the first function thin film layers and the second function thin film layers is greater than a difference between refractive indices of the first function thin film layers and the thermochromic layer.

Abstract: Methods and systems for estimating the core temperature of at least one cell in a battery at the termination of a rest period. The method for estimating the core temperature of the cells in a battery includes measuring the surface temperature of the cells, obtaining the estimated core temperature of the cells, obtaining the time required for the surface temperature and the estimated core temperature of the cells to converge, and estimating the core temperature of the cells based on the measured surface temperatures, the obtained estimated core temperature, and the obtained time. The system for estimating the core temperature of the cells in a battery includes at least one sensor configured to receive temperature information and a control system in signal communication with the sensor, wherein the control system comprises a memory device and a controller.

Abstract: A heat flux measurement device includes at least two thermocouples disposed within a front portion of the device at different axial distances from a front wall of the device. A correlation between the measured heat fluxes from the device over a period of time is used to estimate a fouling thickness on a wall, for example, a water wall of a radiant syngas cooler (RSC).

Abstract: A method and a device for detecting an abnormality of a heat exchanger exchanging heat between a first fluid flow flowing in a conduit and a second fluid flow flowing along a flow path, said conduit and said flow path each having an inlet and an outlet, whereby the method comprises the steps of establishing at least one parameter representative of the temperature conditions of the heat exchanger, establishing a second fluid inlet temperature, establishing a parameter indicative of expected heat exchange between the heat exchanger and the second fluid, processing the heat exchanger temperature, the second fluid temperature and the parameter indicative of expected heat exchange for establishing an estimated second fluid outlet temperature, and employing the estimated second fluid outlet temperature for evaluating the heat exchange between the first and second fluids by comparing the estimated second fluid outlet temperature, or a parameter derived therefrom, with a reference value.

Abstract: Methods and systems for dynamically estimating the core temperature of at least one cell in a battery during an operative period. The method includes receiving by at least one controller the surface temperature, the current, the voltage, the state of charge, and the period of time from the initiation of a rest period to the termination of the rest period, determining an initial value of the lumped internal resistance of the at least one cell, determining subsequent values of the lumped internal resistance recursively in real-time based on the initial value, the current, and the voltage, and determining the core temperature of the at least one cell based on the surface temperature, the current, the obtained time, and the lumped internal resistance.

Abstract: A compressor inlet pressure estimation apparatus for a refrigeration cycle system is disclosed. An electronic control unit 14 uses Tefin_lag(N) as an actual corrected temperature Tefin_AD(N) during a period Tp1 included in the timing t1 to t2. During a period Tp2 included in the timing t1 to t2, Tefin_fwd(N) is used as the actual corrected temperature Tefin_AD(N). Thus, a highly accurate corrected temperature Tefin_AD(N) can be determined over the on period (t1 to t2) of a compressor 2. In addition, Tefin_fwd(N) is used as the actual corrected temperature Tefin_AD(N) during the off period (t2 to 3) of the compressor 2. As a result, a highly accurate corrected temperature Tefin_AD(N) can be determined over the whole period including the on and off periods of the compressor 2. In this way, a highly accurate estimated value Ps_es(N) of the refrigerant inlet pressure of the compressor 2 can be determined.

Abstract: An electronic thermometer includes a temperature sensing means for sensing a temperature of a part to be measured, a prediction means fro predicting an equilibrium temperature by using the temperature being sensed, and a temperature display means having a temperature display unit. The temperature display means switches the display of the temperature display unit from the predicted temperature predicted by the prediction means to the actual measured temperature sensed by the temperature sensing means, based on a variation state of a peak of the temperature sensed by the temperature sensing means. Accordingly, a variation in displayed temperature is reduced, when the display switching is performed from the predicted temperature to the actual measured temperature, and a determination of the display switching from the predicted temperature to the actual measured temperature can be achieved by a simple circuit.

Abstract: A method is provided for facilitating installation of one or more electronics racks within a data center. The method includes: placing a plurality of thermal simulators in the data center in a data center layout to establish a thermally simulated data center, each thermal simulator simulating at least one of airflow intake or heated airflow exhaust of a respective electronics rack of a plurality of electronics racks to be installed in the data center; monitoring temperature within the thermally simulated data center at multiple locations, and verifying the data center layout if measured temperatures are within respective acceptable temperature ranges for the data center when containing the plurality of electronics racks; and establishing the plurality of electronics racks within the data center using the verified data center layout, the establishing including at least one of reconfiguring or replacing each thermal simulator with a respective electronics rack.

Abstract: Apparatus and method are provided for facilitating simulation of heated airflow exhaust of an electronics subsystem, electronics rack or row of electronics racks. The apparatus includes a thermal simulator, which includes an air-moving device and a fluid-to-air heat exchanger. The air-moving device establishes airflow from an air inlet to air outlet side of the thermal simulator tailored to correlate to heated airflow exhaust of the electronics subsystem, rack or row of racks being simulated. The fluid-to-air heat exchanger heats airflow through the thermal simulator, with temperature of airflow exhausting from the simulator being tailored to correlate to temperature of the heated airflow exhaust of the electronics subsystem, rack or row of racks being simulated. The apparatus further includes a fluid distribution apparatus, which includes a fluid distribution unit disposed separate from the fluid simulator and providing hot fluid to the fluid-to-air heat exchanger of the thermal simulator.

Abstract: Wafer temperature is measured as a function of time following removal of a heat source to which the wafer is exposed. During the wafer temperature measurements, a gas is supplied at a substantially constant pressure at an interface between the wafer and a chuck upon which the wafer is supported. A chuck thermal characterization parameter value corresponding to the applied gas pressure is determined from the measured wafer temperature as a function of time. Wafer temperatures are measured for a number of applied gas pressures to generate a set of chuck thermal characterization parameter values as a function of gas pressure. A thermal calibration curve for the chuck is generated from the set of measured chuck thermal characterization parameter values and the corresponding gas pressures. The thermal calibration curve for the chuck can be used to tune the gas pressure to obtain a particular wafer temperature during a fabrication process.