Abstract: A drop detection apparatus has a thermosensitive substrate for receiving drops of ink and providing a signal representative of a change in the temperature in the thermosensitive substrate which is caused by the ink drops deposited on the thermosensitive substrate. The thermosensitive substrate is made from a pyroelectric material, such as, for example, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and lead zirconium titanate (PLZT). As a result, a drop detection apparatus has a substantially simplified structure for detecting drops of ink ejected from large numbers of jets. Furthermore, since a drop detection apparatus relies on the temperature difference between the thermosensitive substrate and the drop of ink which is substantially small in size, the drop detection apparatus can be made substantially small in size, therefore suitable for a small sized ink jet apparatus.

Abstract: Rotor temperature in induction motors is estimated without the need for any direct temperature sensors, by using only computer calculations based on data readily available in the motor control center. Thus for any given motor, it is generally possible to predetermine a relationship between rotor temperature and rotor resistance, so that by determining rotor resistance, rotor temperature can be calculated. Rotor resistance, in turn, can be calculated from measured information relating motor slip and motor torque. Any of several methods can be employed for determining torque and slip. Temperature estimation can be obtained by use of equivalent circuit methods, and additional relationships can be obtained from a simplified equivalent circuit.

Abstract: A method is provided for extending the life of a refractory lining of a blast furnace hearth. The refractory hearth has temperature probes embedded in the floor and walls thereof. The method includes periodically measuring temperatures indicated by the probes and determining the campaign maximum and current average temperature readings to locate two solidification isotherm representing the wear line of the refractory and the inner surface of the protective metal layer. The thickness of the protective layer is determined from the distance between the solidification isotherms representing the refractory wear line and the inner surface of the metal skull. From this determination sufficient thickness of the protective layer is maintained during actual operation of the furnace.

Abstract: A method is provided for determining the thickness of a protective layer of solidified metal skull formed on the refractory hearth of a blast furnace. The refractory hearth has temperature probes embedded in the floor and walls thereof. The method includes periodically measuring temperatures indicated by the probes and determining the campaign maximum and current average temperature readings to locate two solidification isotherms representing the wear line of the refractory and the inner surface of the protective metal layer. The thickness of the protective layer is determined from the distance between the solidification isotherms representing the refractory wear line and the inner surface of the metal skull.

Abstract: A method of determining the conditions of heat transfer at the interface of the refractory and a metal shell of the furnace by calculating the interface temperature from thermoprobes in the refractory and then from a thermoprobe in the metal shell and the temperature of cooling water applied to the shell, and comparing these interface temperatures to determine whether a gap has formed between the refractory and shell and whether cooling of the shell is sufficient.

Abstract: The junction temperature of a die inside an electronic component is empirically determined by use of a board simulator that simulates a target board on which the electronic component is to be operated. The board simulator includes a thermoelectric cooler used to electrically control the board simulator's thermal resistivity. The board simulator's thermal resistivity is determined in a first calibration step by measuring the difference in temperatures between two thermocouples mounted on two sides of the board simulator. Then, the board simulator is attached to a test component that includes a heating element and a temperature sensor. In a second calibration step, for a known thermal power generated by the heating element, the junction temperature of the test component is measured for different values of thermal resistivity of the board simulator. Next in a measurement step, the user determines the thermal resistivity of the target board.

Abstract: An electronic apparatus that includes means for determining the temperature stress the equipment has been subjected to is disclosed that includes a multiplexer with a plurality of inputs that read the temperature at various locations on the equipment being monitored. The temperature at each location is measured regularly to determine in which of a number of different-sized temperature bands it lies, thereby providing an indication of the stress to which the equipment is subjected.

Abstract: A matrix of thermal sensors is provided for accurately evaluating the thermal characteristics of an integrated circuit. The integrated circuit is evenly divided into a plurality of sectors in which a thermal comparison to a known thermal mass will be performed. Each sector includes at least one dual cell comprising a local thermal sensor for providing an output corresponding to a local temperature of the integrated circuit in that sector, and a background thermal sensor. The outputs of selective ones of the background thermal sensors are combined to provide a signal corresponding to a background temperature of the integrated circuit. A decoder/enabler arrangement is used to selectively gate the output of a specific local thermal sensor in a sector to a difference circuit where it is compared to the collective output of selected ones of the background sensors to generate a thermal measurement of the sector under test.

Abstract: A method is provided for on-line monitoring of the wear of a refractory lining of a blast furnace and for extending the life of said lining. The method includes determining the wear line of the lining from signals of temperature probes embedded at spaced locations across the thickness of the refractory using a one dimensional heat transfer model to locate a first approximation of a solidification isotherm of hot metal in the furnace, using the one dimensional heat transfer approximation as an initial boundary in a moving boundary calculation of a two dimensional heat transfer model and iterating the two dimensional model to find a final location of the isotherm by minimizing the difference between the measured and predicted temperatures of the thermoprobes.

Abstract: In a temperature probe, in particular for use in the waste-gas diffusor of a gas turbine, a probe tube (1) projecting into the hot-gas region of the waste-gas diffusor is provided with an inner bore running in the direction of the tube axis of the probe tube (1). At the same time, the probe tube (1) is provided over its length with a number of throughflow ducts running transversely relative to the tube axis and in which are located a number of thermocouples (22), the connecting points (23) of which are arranged in the throughflow ducts. The thermocouples (22) are connected to a compensating line (13) in a terminal box (14). Each thermocouple (22) is arranged in a solely heat-movably guided manner in a protective tube (18) which is fixed relative to the inner bore of the probe tube (1).

Abstract: Apparatus maximizing multitubular penetration of a pressure vessel wherein a plurality of tubular sections are series joined to and concentrically aligned with an opening of a pressure vessel, such tubular sections presenting an internal diameter being greater than the I.D. of the effective entrance into said vessel; and a plurality of thermocouple cables passing from outside said apparatus, and into said pressure vessel, said thermocouple cables being fixedly secured to pressure-retaining discs.

Abstract: A mobile or transportable refrigerated container temperature monitoring system which includes digital monitoring and printout devices which provide accuracy and reliability, and means for periodically checking the monitoring means for operability and logging the results. An analog to digital converter is utilzed to convert analog temperature data obtained from thermistor sensors to digital form to provide digital data readout and to drive a digitally responsive printer. Sensing and control devices are provided to prevent printer jamming and compensate for widely varying temperature conditions. Automatically activated testing devices are provided which test and record the functionality of the thermistor temperature sensors by periodically applying a predetermined heat input to the thermistor temperature sensors and recording the responses including responses indicating errors, insuring reliability of the outputted recorded temperature data and pinpointing any improperly functioning sensors.

Abstract: Process and apparatus for transiently measuring surface temperatures and heat flux at the interface of two media, one of which is solid. In a solid wall through which a thermal stream flows, a cut is made which opens into the interface between the wall and the other medium. The cut is parallel to the stream at a point of contact corresponding to the interface. A microthermocouple is arranged in a plane of the cut in the immediate vicinity of the interface. The cut is closely covered by the material of the solid wall or a material with thermal characteristics similar to those of the peripheral material.

Abstract: A temperature probe assembly for reading heat gradients occurring in internal combustion engines or other components. The assembly has a plurality of separate thermocouples each having an inner junction mounted in an associated heat contact ring. These rings are mounted in spaced relationship on a tip of a cylindrical probe member to provide axially spaced and multiple heat pick-up points when the tip is mounted in a test bore in the cylinder head near the combustion chamber. Leads from the thermocouples feed to separate gages remote from the engine. The gages collectively detect temperature gradient by reading electric currents proportional to temperature occurring in the thermocouples during engine testing.

Abstract: A direct temperature sensing tool directly senses and provides feedback of the temperature of its cutting environment. The tool comprises a base body defining at least one cutting edge of the tool. A protective coating surrounds the base body and the cutting edge, the protective coating providing a friction-reducing surface for the tool. A thin film temperature sensing device, such as a thermocouple device, is disposed on the base body at a distance from the cutting edge. The temperature sensing device is encapsulated within the protective coating. An electrical connection is defined through the protective coating in electrical communication with the temperature sensing device. The tool is configurable with a machine tool so that the temperature sensing device is in communication with a conversion device of the machine tool for providing an indication of the temperature sensed by the temperature sensing device.

Abstract: A fixture for measuring the temperature of a chamber at a number of locations includes a body sized for placement within the chamber, and a number of temperature probes mounted on the body in orientations such that, when the body is placed within the chamber, the probes measure the temperature of the chamber at desired locations. The body also includes adjustable guides which engage the walls of the chamber to assist in positioning the body.

Abstract: A method and device (10) for positioning a probe (14), such as a temperature sensor, in a flask (12). A stopper adapted to be secured to an open end of the flask (12) is provided having an opening (32) through which a tube (34) extends. A clamping mechanism (40) is connected to the tube (34) to secure the probe (14) to the stopper. The clamping mechanism (40) comprises a first flange (44), and a second opposing flange (46) spaced slightly apart from the first flange (44). An O-ring (50) positioned around the flanges (44, 46) causes them to flex inward to engage and secure the probe (14) between them.

Abstract: A temperature probe is disclosed for determining the temperature at which residual oils can be vaporized from cold rolled strip without producing free carbon. The probe includes an open ended first tubular member with a burner mounted at one end of the first tubular member for closing the end thereof so that the burner fires its products of combustion through the first tubular member and out the other end thereof. A closed end second tubular member concentrically receives the first tubular member to define an annular heat space therebetween and has an exhaust port in fluid communication with said annular heat space adjacent the burner.

Abstract: A method is provided for measuring subsurface soil or rock temperatures remotely using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). Electrical resistivity measurements are made using electrodes implanted in boreholes driven into the soil and/or at the ground surface. The measurements are repeated as some process changes the temperatures of the soil mass/rock mass. Tomographs of electrical resistivity are calculated based on the measurements using Poisson's equation. Changes in the soil/rock resistivity can be related to changes in soil/rock temperatures when: (1) the electrical conductivity of the fluid trapped in the soil's pore space is low, (2) the soil/rock has a high cation exchange capacity and (3) the temperature changes are sufficiently high. When these three conditions exist the resistivity changes observed in the ERT tomographs can be directly attributed to changes in soil/rock temperatures. This method provides a way of mapping temperature changes in subsurface soils remotely.

Abstract: A plug-type heat flux gauge can simultaneously measure heat flux on two opposite surfaces of thick or very thin convection or impingement cooled metal walls. The gauge is capable of continuously measuring transient and steady heat flux under transient and steady state gauge temperature operating conditions. The length of the gauge extends through the entire thickness of the material. A non-linear temperature gradient through the gauge can be measured by attaching 3-5 thermocouples along the length of the gauge.

Abstract: A thermoelectric array, such as a thermocouple array, includes a pair of dissimilar conductors disposed adjacent to each other at a plurality of locations. A switch is provided which selectively electrically couples and decouples the conductors at each such location, and an effective thermoelectric element is formed at the location where a switch is closed. The switches may be easily controlled to ensure that only the switch at the desired location is closed to form an effective thermoelectric element. Switches may include MOSFET pairs in series or dual-gate MOSFETs, and arrays of such switched thermoelectric elements may be integrated and fabricated on a common semiconductor substrate.

Abstract: According to this invention, in a temperature abnormality detector, an electronic apparatus can be continuously operated without halt, a failure of a sensor can be reliably detected, and power supply is interrupted to protect the electronic apparatus when the temperature of the electronic apparatus really reaches a high temperature. In addition, a highly reliable electronic apparatus which is not halted by erroneous detection can be provided, and repairing of the apparatus can be completed within a short time. Even when the apparatus fails, it can be easily restored.The detector includes a plurality of temperature sensors arranged on an electronic part, a switching circuit for receiving output signals from the temperature sensors, a converting circuit for converting the output signals from the temperature sensors into temperature values, a microprocessor, output circuits of the microprocessor, and a ROM for storing a program for operating the microprocessor.

Abstract: A process for the separation of multicomponent systems containing intermediate boiling substances in separating separating columns with side discharge, the temperatures T.sub.u and T.sub.o above and below the side discharge are measured on the column or inside the column and the temperature difference T.sub.u -T.sub.o is used for controlling the side discharge. The control is carried out by constantly controlling one of the two temperatures T.sub.u or T.sub.o by the output of the evaporator or the discharge from the sump or the reflux or the removal of distillate or the reflux ratio.

Abstract: A heat-treating apparatus which heat-treats a multiple of objects such as a plate or the like, with a batch scheme. A reaction chamber houses the multiple of the objects to be treated. An electrical heater is provided outside of the reaction chamber for heat-treating the multiple of objects to be treated at a predetermined temperature. A temperature detector detects a temperature within the reaction chamber and has main and reserve temperature detectors. A damage detector detects damage to the main and reserve temperature detectors. A controller controls the electrical heater normally in accordance with a detection output from the main temperature detector of the temperature detector. When the damage of the main temperature detector is detected by the damage detector, the controller controls the electrical heater in accordance with a detection output from the reserve temperature detector of the temperature detector.

Abstract: A thermowell for a fixed-bed reactor which has a vertical spine portion, and multiple spider portions spaced along the spine portion. At least one thermocouple and preferable a plurality of thermocouples are located in each arm of the spider portions with thermocouple leads extending upwardly through the spine portion to a monitor outside of the reactor. The thermowell is constructed in the reactor while loading the catalyst by first positioning the spine portion in the reactor, and then fabricating a spider portion at the lowermost level of the spine portion with at least one thermocouple in each arm of the spider portion and thermocouple leads extending through the arms and upwardly through the spine portion. Catalyst is then added to the reactor to cover the spider portion at the lowermost level. At each successive level, repeating the steps of fabricating another spider portion, and of adding catalyst to cover the spider portion.

Abstract: The temperature measuring circuit includes a plurality of temperature sensors, each of which is formed by a temperature-dependent measuring resistance having two current terminals and two voltage tapping terminals arranged in each case between an associated current terminal and the temperature-dependent measuring resistance. The temperature sensors are connected via the current terminals in series and the series circuit is connected via two current conductors to an evaluating circuit which sends a constant current through the measuring resistances connected in series. For measuring the voltage drops caused by the constant current at the individual measuring resistances the voltage tapping terminals of each temperature sensor are connected by voltage conductors to the evaluating circuit. The two voltage tapping terminals of two temperature sensors following each other in the series circuit and assigned to two interconnected current terminals are each connected via a resistance to a common voltage conductor.

Abstract: A sensing system is provided for determining the bed temperature profile of the bed of a stirred, fixed-bed gasifier including a plurality of temperature sensors for sensing the bed temperature at different levels, a transmitter for transmitting data based on the outputs of the sensors to a remote operator's station, and a battery-based power supply. The system includes an isolation amplifier system comprising a plurality of isolation amplifier circuits for amplifying the outputs of the individual sensors.

Abstract: The probe comprises a support in the form of a sheath, a series of internal pipes, retained by spacers and connecting orifices distributed along the sheath to a device for measuring and for receiving the gas samples outside the furnace, and thermocouples arranged at the level of the said orifices. In order to enable the pipes to be replaced without disassembly of the probe, the said orifices are situated in steps provided in the sheath, while the internal pipes, for taking gas samples and heat measurements are all individual, straight and exchangeable elements housed in straight support and protection channels, each traversing the sheath from the outside as far as the respective step.

Abstract: A packed column with temperature sensors to measure the temperature profile longitudinally and transversely of the column without the temperature profile or flow conditions being affected by the measuring arrangement. The temperature measuring leads (10) are introduced into the upper part of a column section (1) through a single tube (12) and, are routed to the desired measuring points (8) through the peripheral zone between the packing (9) and the column wall (2).

Abstract: A temperature monitoring device for measuring the temperature at a surface of a body, composed of: at least one first thermocouple and a second thermocouple; support members supporting the thermocouples for placing the first thermocouple in contact with the body surface and for maintaining the second thermocouple at a defined spacing from the body surface; and a calculating circuit connected to the thermocouples for receiving individual signals each representative of the temperature reading produced by a respective one of the first and second thermocouples and for producing a corrected temperature signal having a value which represents the temperature of the body surface and is a function of the difference between the temperature reading produced by the first thermocouple and a selected fraction of the temperature reading provided by the second thermocouple.

Abstract: A multi-channel remote-temperature-sensing system has a reference temperature assembly for the reference junctions of a plurality of temperature sensors for determining temperatures at remote points. The assembly comprises an array of components each adapted to make thermal contact with a reference junction of a remote-temperature-sensing thermocouple, an absolute reference thermometer situated within the array for measuring an absolute reference temperature, a thermocouple for sensing a temperature difference between the absolute reference thermometer and a component of the array, and data processing means for calculating the temperature of the component of the array from the absolute reference temperature and the temperature difference.

Abstract: The invention is an apparatus for using infrared radiation to distinguish between live and dead poultry eggs. The apparatus comprises a plurality of infrared sensors, means for moving a fixed array of eggs to a predetermined aligned position with respect to the infrared sensors. The apparatus records the infrared radiation emitted by each egg in the array, and calculates a threshold temperature from the individual temperatures for which 70 percent of the eggs measured in the fixed array are cooler. The apparatus includes means for removing dead eggs from the fixed array which are identified as having temperatures more than one degree Fahrenheit cooler than the threshold temperature.

Abstract: A probe for measuring heat includes an elongate rod fitted within a sheath, and a plurality of annular recesses are formed on the surface of the rod in a spaced-apart relationship to form annular chambers that are resistant to heat flow. A longitudinal bore extends axially into the rod and within the cylinders defined by the annular chambers, and an integrated heater and thermocouple pack is dimensioned to fit within the bore. In construction, the integrated pack includes a plurality of wires disposed in electrical insulation within a sheath and a heater cable. These wires include one common wire and a plurality of thermocuple wires. The common wire is constructed of one type of conductive material while the thermocouple wires are each constructed of two types of materials so that at least one thermocouple junction is formed therein. All of the wires extend the length of the integrated pack and are connected together at their ends.

Abstract: A temperature remote-measurement system features a central evaluation unit 10 for all measuring points connected to two conductors 12, 14, forming a main data bus. In the embodiment shown, three addressable bus switches 18-1, 18-2, and 18-3 are connected to the data bus. To each bus switch 18 are connected respective conductors 26, 28. These together form an auxiliary bus, which is either connected to, or disconnected from, the main data bus formed by conductors 12, 14, depending upon the position of breaker 20. To the auxiliary buses formed by conductors 26, 28 are connected sensing units 32-38, which can modulate (as measurement pulses) the current carried by the conductors 26, 28 and which respond to specific voltage pulses (control pulses) generated by the control unit 10 and carried over these conductors.

Abstract: The invention is a method of distinguishing between live and dead poultry eggs. The method comprises monitoring the individual temperatures of the selected group of eggs and then using the monitored individual egg temperatures to determine a comparative egg temperature for the selected group. The difference between each individual egg temperature and the comparative egg temperature of the selected group is determined, and dead eggs are identified on the basis of the difference between their monitored individual temperatures and the comparative egg temperature of the selected group.

Abstract: A multiple point remote temperature sensing system includes a cable having temperature responsive segments as spaced along the length of the cable and being integral therewith. Each of the temperature responsive segments includes a temperature measuring device and a circuit which establishes a unique address for the segment whereby the local ambient temperature at each segment may be interrogated from a remote location.

Abstract: A device for measuring both the phase change temperature of a sample of a molten metal bath and the actual bath temperature by means of a single thermocouple. The device having a chamber defined by a housing such that the housing will be consumed by the molten metal bath after determination of the phase change temperature of the sample within the chamber. After consumption of the housing, the sample remelts into the bath and the thermocouple determines the bath temperature.

Abstract: A probe for measuring heat includes an elongate rod fitted within a sheath, and a plurality of annular recesses are formed on the surface of the rod in a spaced-apart relationship to form annular chambers that are resistant to heat flow. A longitudinal bore extends axially into the rod and within the cylinders defined by the annular chambers, and an integrated heater and thermocouple pack is dimensioned to fit within the bore. In construction, the integrated pack includes a plurality of wires disposed in electrical insulation within a sheath and a heater cable. These wires include one common wire and a plurality of thermocouple wires. The common wire is constructed of one type of conductive material while the thermocouple wires are each constructed of two types of materials so that at least one thermocouple junction is formed therein. All of the wires extend the length of the integrated pack and are connected together at their ends.

Abstract: A grain temperature monitor for use with one or more grain bins, the monitor including one or more temperature sensors, an analog sensor indicator unit, and a non-analog sensor indicator unit. The analog sensor indicator unit provides a signal when one or more of the temperature sensors senses a temperature in the monitored grain that equals or exceeds a predetermined reference temperature. In addition, an operator controllable switch can be manipulated to determine the approximate temperature of the highest sensed temperature. The non-analog sensor indicator unit provides a visual indication as to which of the temperature sensors then currently senses the highest temperature, without regard as to whether such sensed temperature exceeds the predetermined temperature threshold or not.

Abstract: A monitoring system that may be employed with elongate heater units to provide information about a measurable parameter, for example the temperature of a heated substrate. The monitoring system may include many heater units and associated transmitter-receiver assemblies. The heater units as well as the assemblies can all be of the same kind. The many heater units and assemblies can be connected to a common power supply and the monitoring system can correlate the information provided by a particular receiver with a particular heater unit.

Abstract: A rotary kiln has a number of thermocouples respectively sensing the kiln temperature at spaced locations and respectively connected to annular slip rings each in kiln sections. Laterally facing peripheral surfaces of the rings are respectively cooperable with brush contacts connected to a bar and a fork which embraces a ring moveable axially with the rings. Thus, on longitudinal expansion of the kiln the contacts are caused to move with the rings. The electric signal from the thermocouples are fed to a stationary sensor. In a modification the ring sections are electrically isolated and each section is connected to a respective sensor. Position sensors may be used to detect the rotary position of the kiln. The invention can be applied to other sensors.

Abstract: The present invention includes a pair of cantilevered probes. A first fastening means is fastened to a first of the probes and is loosely journaled about the second probe. A second fastening means is fastened to the second probe and is loosely journaled about the first probe. The invention provides improved resistance to the harmful effects of vibration.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting the local temperature variations of an object and the sites of the temperature variations comprises,at least one temperature-sensing element formed of a band-shaped magnetic material having a prescribed Curie temperature;a pulse generator for supplying a pulse signal to at least one end of the temperature-sensing element;a pulse time difference detector for detecting a difference between a point of time at which the pulse signal is received and a point of time at which the reflected pulse signal of the pulse signal from the site of the temperature-sensing element where its characteristic impedance has changed is received; anda temperature variation site detector for determining a site of temperature variation from the detected pulse time difference.

Abstract: A timer for use in determining rate of spread of a forest fire utilizing an uninsulated case with a clock circuit operated by a temperature-operated switch, preferably a solder switch, and a method for determining the rate of spread of a forest fire utilizing said timers and computing the rate of spread of a forest fire from the time differences and the pattern of deployment of said timers on the floor of the forest.

Abstract: A camera contains a row of diodes sensitive to infrared radiation and mounted on a turntable for rotation about the optical axis of the camera. The signals from the diodes provide a temperature profile of a band across the width of a strip of hot rolled steel moving in a direction orthogonal to the optical axis and to the length of the row of diodes. Since the diodes are low accuracy devices, their measurements are compensated by normalizing co-efficients derived by comparison with the signal provided by an optical pyrometer viewing the central part of the steel strip in the region of the optical axis. To enable all diodes to be calibrated, calibration is effected with the turntable rotated 90.degree. to align all the diodes with the central part of the strip as viewed by the pyrometer. The camera may be mounted on one arm of a C-frame having X-ray tubes in an arm and X-ray detectors in the other arm for the purpose of measuring the thickness profile of the strip in known way.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of and an apparatus for measuring surface temperature of especially moving objects, advantageously measuring the temperature of fibrous products, and particularly of wires during production. The essence of the method lies in that two concentric shells not being contiguous with either the object to be measured or with one another are fitted to the object to be measured, temperature is sensed in the two end locations and in the central region of the inner shell, and in the central region of the outer shell, these values are brought to be equal to the value measured in the central region of the inner shell by dissipation or by heat transfer (heating), then temperature is measured in the central region of the inner shell. The essence of the apparatus lies in that it comprises two concentric shells separated from one another, an inner sensing and an outer compensating shell, being provided with heated surfaces, and dissipating elements, respectively.

Abstract: Disclosed is a microwave oven for selectively quickly and safely raising the temperature of a plurality of distinct articles. Basic structural elements are a housing that defines an oven chamber, a door providing access thereto and an energy source for transmitting microwave energy into the chamber. Located within the chamber is a support assembly that defines a plurality of heating stations, each adapted to receive a distinct article to be heated. A temperature sensor is disposed in each of the stations so as to sense the temperture of an article retained therein. Coupled between the microwave source and the temperature sensors is a control circuit that automatically deenergizes the microwave source in response to the sensing of a temperature above a predetermined threshold by any of the individual sensors.

Abstract: A controlled temperature oven provided with a pyrometer having a temperature sensitive resistance, an electrical heating element, a nonlinear heat sensing element within the oven chamber, and a variable power supply electrically connected to the heating element, the variable power supply being controlled in response to the nonlinear heat sensing element, and a switch assembly having a plurality of pairs of single pole double throw switches with a common actuation member for each pair of switches, one switch of each pair being connected in a first cascade of switches and the other switch of each pair being connected in a second cascade of switches, the switches of the first cascade of switches connecting one of a plurality of manually adjustable resistors to the variable power supply to control the output thereof, and the switches of the second cascade of switches connecting one of a plurality of variable resistors to the pyrometer to indicate the temperature selected by the switches of the first cascade of sw

Abstract: An arrangement is disclosed for temperature sensors in an exothermic chemical reactor which comprises a first plurality of temperature sensors distributed at equally spaced locations along the longitudinal axis of the reactor and a second plurality of sensors distributed on a cross-sectional plane at each location. The cross-sectional geometry of the reactor at each location has a plurality of equitempered zones which are symmetrical about the longitudinal axis. The second plurality of temperature sensors is arranged so that at least one temperature sensor is provided in each equitempered zone and some of the sensors are equispaced along a radial line. In this manner, a minimum of temperature sensors is required for establishing full longitudinal and radial temperature profiles for the reactor.

Abstract: An operative temperature sensing system including an air temperature sensor, a globe-type temperature sensor and a circuit for modifying the air temperature signal and the globe temperature signal by predetermined factors whereby the modified signals are combined to generate a signal that is a function of operative temperature.