Abstract: An apparatus and a method for transmitting/receiving data generate main service data of broadcasting data, generate additional data of the broadcasting data, transform the additional data into a parallel type, generate pseudo-random noise sequences as a spreading code of the additional data, select polarities of the pseudo-random noise sequences using any one additional data bits in the additional data in the transformed parallel type, map the remaining additional data bits excluding the one additional data bit from the additional data in the transformed parallel type to a single sequence, multiply a single sequence to which the remaining additional data bits are mapped by pseudo-noise sequences of which the polarities are selected, control mean power of the additional data multiplied by the sequences, couple the additional data of which the mean power is controlled with the main service data, and then, transmit the broadcasting data.

Abstract: Phase errors are reduced in an RFDAC. The RFDAC includes: a multi-phase radio-frequency signal generator that generates multiple radio-frequency signal pairs each having a phase difference of ?; a vector selector that combines each of the multiple radio-frequency signals which has passed through at least one path; a test signal generator that generates a test signal; a multiplexer that selects either the test signal or the baseband signal; a vector controller that controls the vector selector so as to select a path for each of the multiple radio-frequency signal pairs; a detector that detects output signals outputted from the vector selector; a calibrator that, based on the output signals, calculates a calibration coefficient of a phase error between the radio-frequency signals of each of the multiple radio-frequency signal pairs, and calibrates the multiple radio-frequency signals or the baseband signal.

Abstract: Provided are a modulation method and a demodulation method for satellite communication using a widespread signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the method including: adding a dummy frame to a broadcasting/communication signal frame for signal transmission of a digital video broadcasting-satellite second generation (DVB-S2) modulator; verifying a spreading factor; adding the same physical layer header to the broadcasting/communication signal frame to which the dummy frame is added, repeatedly the number of times corresponding to the verified spreading factor; and repeating the same data, for example, PL frame data as the physical layer header.

Abstract: Interference-reducing circuits include a feed-forward circuit for subtracting all or part of a desired transmitter-signal component from a signal coupled from the power amplifier's output path. The error signal from this feed-forward circuit contains a replica of distortion in the power amplifier output. A cancellation loop adjusts the phase and/or amplitude of this error signal and combines this adjusted error signal with an interference-carrying signal, removing some of the undesired distortion. A spread-spectrum pilot signal is used in one or both loops, to provide a reference signal that can be monitored by an adjustment circuit, which measures the magnitude and/or phase of a spread-spectrum signal that is injected into the interference-carrying signal and, based on that measurement, adjusts the amplitude, phase, and/or delay of the cancellation signal that is added to the interference-carrying signal. This yields a reduced-interference signal in which undesired distortion is reduced.

Abstract: A method for allocating resources of physical hybrid ARQ indicator channels is disclosed, comprising: a transmitting end dividing evenly all resources of Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channels (PHICHs) to be allocated into a plurality of configured PHICH groups, and then mapping them to sub-carriers of resource groups corresponding to the PHICH groups to transmit signals in the PHICHs through the sub-carriers. The present invention enables Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest function to be implemented in a practical system, and also ensures minimum interference between different users and improves the utilization of system resources.

Abstract: In a method and an apparatus for identifying through traffic, entry into and exit from a predefined area are ascertained and the transit time is used to determine whether unauthorized transit through the area has occurred.

Abstract: The RFDAC includes: a multi-phase radio-frequency signal generator configured to generate radio-frequency signals that are different in phase; a vector selector configured to select two radio-frequency signals therefrom, cause each of the two radio-frequency signals to pass through at least one transmission path, combine the two radio-frequency signals; a test signal generator configured to output a test signal; a multiplexer configured to select either the test signal or the baseband signal; a vector controller configured to control the vector selector based on the selected signal and a predetermined selection pattern such that the two radio-frequency signals, and transmission paths thereof are selected; a detector configured to detect an output signal from the vector selector; and a calibrator configured to calibrate a phase error between the selected two radio-frequency signals, based on an envelope of the output signal.

Abstract: There is provided a wireless apparatus in which a distortion compensation loop is formed so as to compensate nonlinear distortion of a transmission amplifier, being used on a time division duplex system on which a wireless signal is transmitted in a transmission time period with same frequency as being received, the wireless apparatus used on the time division duplex system including a combining section to combine a feedback signal into which a return signal generated by reflection of a transmission signal at a antenna leaks and the return signal processed by a reception unit to process a reception signal from the antenna in the transmission time period so as to cancel the return signal leaked into the feedback signal.

Abstract: An improved method of framing data packets in a direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) system that uses one pseudo-noise code (PN-Code) to frame the packet with a start-of-packet (SOP) and end-of-packet (EOP) indicator, and a different PN-Code to encode the data payload. Furthermore, the SOP is represented by the framing PN-Code, and the EOP is represented by the inverse of the framing PN-Code. This method creates a robust framing system that enables a DSSS system to operate with a low threshold of detection, thus maximizing transmission range even in noisy environments. Additionally, the PN-Code used for the SOP and EOP indicators can be used to indicate an acknowledgement response.

Abstract: A transmitter includes: a data modulation and channel coding unit configured to perform data modulation and channel coding for a data channel with a modulation level and a channel coding rate updated for each transmission time interval; a multiplexing unit configured to multiplex a control channel and the data channel for each transmission time interval; and an adjusting means configured to adjust a length of the transmission time interval. Increasing a unit of information transmission in the time direction and/or the frequency direction depending on communication conditions can reduce a frequency of inserting (allocating) the control channel, and can improve data transmission efficiency.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and devices for communicating in a wireless network are described herein. In an aspect, a method of transmitting a data unit includes generating a data unit. The data unit includes one or more short training field (STF) sequences. The method further includes encoding each of the STF sequences with a pseudo-random spreading code. The code is based on an addressee of the data unit. The method further includes transmitting, at a transmitter, the data unit over a wireless channel. In another aspect, a method of processing a data unit includes receiving, at a receiver, a data unit. The data unit includes one or more STF sequences. The method further includes determining whether the data unit comprises one or more differentially encoded symbols. The method further includes receiving one or more long training field (LTF) sequences when the data unit does not comprise one or more differentially encoded symbols.

Abstract: Certain aspects of the present disclosure relate to a method for generating spread-spectrum coded signals for transmission in a wireless communication system, and particularly for generating spread sequences of data with spreading codes that facilitate computationally efficient frequency-domain processing at a receiver.

Abstract: In a wireless communication system wherein communication devices exchange information utilizing data units that conform to a first format, a beamforming training (BFT) data unit that conforms to a second format is transmitted, wherein a length of the BFT data unit is shorter than lengths supported by the first format, wherein the BFT data unit is for transmitting PHY beamforming training information. Information to indicate the BFT data unit conforms to the second format is transmitted to a receiving device. The BFT data unit is generated according to the second format, wherein the BFT data unit includes BFT information elements. The BFT data unit is then transmitted to the receiving device.

Abstract: Provided is a transmitter including a polar modulation circuit which adjusts a timing lag between an amplitude component and a phase component more accurately than a conventional art. The polar modulation circuit includes: a first calculator for performing an exclusive OR logical operation between the amplitude component before and after being inputted to the first processing section; a second calculator for performing an exclusive OR logical operation between the phase component before and after being inputted to the second processing section; and a delay fluctuation detection/compensation section for obtaining a delay time of the amplitude component based on an amount of output accumulation of the first calculator; obtaining a delay time of the phase component based on an amount of output accumulation of the second calculator; detecting an amount of delay fluctuation by using the delay times; and adjusting timings of the amplitude component and the phase component.

Abstract: The method includes performing a wired back-to-back test by forming M wired paths connecting one of the N transmission antennas with the M reception antennas through M cables, separating ith digital data corresponding to an ith receiver wired path from the plurality of digital data stored in the receiver wherein i is a natural number greater than 1 and smaller than M, extracting a time delay by decimating the separated ith digital data and performing sliding correlation on the decimated data, and extracting attenuation and phase characteristics of the ith receiver wired path by extracting samples after the time delay among the decimated samples.

Abstract: Embodiments related to acquisition, detection, and processing of a high-frequency signal are described and depicted.

Abstract: A digital linear transmitter for digital to analog conversion of a radio frequency signal. The transmitter includes a delta sigma (??) digital to analog converter (DAC) and a weighted signal digital to analog converter in the transmit path of a wireless device to reduce reliance on relatively large analog components. The ?? DAC converts the lowest significant bits of the oversampled signal while the weighted signal digital to analog converter converts the highest significant bits of the oversampled signal. The transmitter core includes components for providing an oversampled modulated digital signal which is then subjected to first order filtering of the oversampled signal prior to generating a corresponding analog signal. The apparatus and method reduces analog components and increases digital components in transmitter core architecture of wireless RF devices.

Abstract: Provided are a human body communication apparatus for non-contact communications using a frequency-selective baseband and a human body communication method for non-contact communications in the same. The human body communication apparatus may be useful to perform stable communications between users by reducing interference induced from other communication apparatuses without affecting interference between the users since data are transmitted/received between communication apparatuses adjacent to a human body by spreading and despreading the data using only spreading codes of a limited frequency band (frequency-selective baseband) in which an inductive electromagnetic field formed by an antenna shows the most effective characteristics.

Abstract: Disclosed are an apparatus and method for constant amplitude encoding of a transmission signal in a CDM (Code Division Multiplexing) communication system. The apparatus for constant amplitude encoding of a transmission signal includes: an encoding module sequentially performing horizontal encoding and vertical encoding on an input signal; and a spreading and multiplexing module spreading the signal which has been encoded by the encoding module and multiplexing the spread signal in a vertical direction to output a data stream having a constant amplitude.

Abstract: Channel state information in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) pre-coding system is quantized onto a codebook, which comprises one or more unitary matrices, using a cost function. Voronoi regions are computed from the codebook. The codebook may be updated based on the computed Voronoi regions. The channel state information may comprise a matrix V. The cost function f(A) is defined by the following relationship: f ? ( A ) = ( 1 N ? ? j = 1 N ? ? a jj ? 2 ) where A is a matrix of size N by N and aij is element (i,j) of matrix A. Voronoi regions may be generated from the codebook for the unitary matrices. A set of matrices based on the Voronoi regions and the unitary matrices may be generated. Updating the codebook may be achieved by modifying the set of matrices into a new set of unitary matrices, where the new set of unitary matrices become the codebook.

Abstract: Provided is a radio communication device which can suppress inter-code interference between an ACK/NACK signal and a CQI signal which are code-multiplexed. A diffusion unit (214) diffuses the ACK/NACK signal inputted from a judgment unit (208) by using a ZC sequence. A diffusion unit (219) diffuses the CQI signal by using a cyclic shift ZC sequence. By using a Walsh sequence, a diffusion unit (216) further diffuses the ACK/NACK signal which has been diffused by using the ZC sequence. A control unit (209) controls the diffusion unit (214), the diffusion unit (216), and the diffusion unit (219) so that the minimum value of the difference between the CQI signals from a plurality of mobile stations and a cyclic shift amount of the ACK/NACK signal is not smaller than the minimum value of the difference between the cyclic shift amounts of the ACK/NACK signals from the plurality of mobile stations.

Abstract: A human body communication system is provided. The human body communication system includes a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter transmits a frame including a preamble, which is a Manchester-encoded pseudo noise (PN) code, to the human body. The receiver receives the frame from the human body, performs Manchester-decoding on the frame, performs cross-correlation on the decoding result and the PN code, and performs frame synchronization using the cross-correlation result. Accordingly, clock and data recovery performance is improved. Efficient frame synchronization with reduced computation amount can be provided.

Abstract: Provided is a satellite broadcasting system and method using a spread spectrum technique to improve satellite broadcasting availability in a rainy environment and to provide a satellite broadcasting N-screen service. A satellite broadcasting transmitter of the satellite broadcasting system may encode a broadcast signal into each of a high definition (HD) signal, a standard definition (SD) signal, and a low definition (LD) signal, may modulate each of the encoded HD signal and the encoded SD signal by a predetermined modulation scheme, may spread a spectrum of the encoded LD signal to generate a spread spectrum signal, may to modulate the spread spectrum signal, may combine the modulated spread spectrum signal with the modulated HD signal and the modulated SD signal to generate a combined modulated signal, and may transmit the combined modulated signal to a satellite.

Abstract: A method of wireless communication in a lossy environment entails generating a direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) code string that includes a pseudo-noise (PN) sequence followed by instances of shifted PN sequences, where the shifted PN sequences are produced in response to the content of the message. The PN sequence includes a plurality of chips arranged in a first order, and each of the shifted PN sequences includes the plurality of chips arranged in another order. A beacon signal modulated by the DSSS code string is transmitted from a transceiver and received at a receiver within the communication system. Correlation peaks are formed at the receiver, where each correlation peak is associated with one of the PN sequences or one of the shifted PN sequences. Shift values are determined from the correlation peaks and the shift values are decoded to produce the message at the receiver.

Abstract: A system for distributing a radio frequency (RF) signal using a data cable system includes a method and apparatus with components that receive the RF signal, determine the passband of the data cable system, spread the RF signal within the passband as a spread signal, insert the spread signal into the cable system, extract the spread signal from the data cable system as an extracted signal, convert the extracted signal to a transmission frequency as a converted signal, and transmit the converted signal.

Abstract: It has now been found that in some transmitter implementations which transmit multiple code channels, for example CDMA transmitters, the observed power for each code channel at the output relative to the other code channels is dependent upon the total transmit power due to non-linearities in the transmitter. Methods and apparatus are provided which use pre-set digital gains or digital gain adjustments to compensate for the non-linearities as a function of total transmit power such that at the output, the desired relative powers are observed.

Abstract: Techniques for transmitting signaling with localized spreading are described. In one design, a transmitter (e.g., a base station) spreads multiple signaling symbols to obtain multiple sets of output symbols and further maps the multiple sets of output symbols to multiple time frequency blocks. The spreading may be localized to each time frequency block. Prior to the spreading, the transmitter may scale the multiple signaling symbols with multiple gains determined based on the transmit power for these signaling symbols. The transmitter may scramble the scaled signaling symbols to obtain scrambled symbols and may spread the scrambled symbols to obtain the multiple sets of output symbols. The transmitter may map each set of output symbols to a respective time frequency block.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an antenna and radio arrangement comprising at least a first antenna and a second antenna, each having a first antenna port and a second antenna port, the arrangement further comprising at least four first transmitting means, where the first antenna's first antenna port is connected to a first transmitting means, the first antenna's second antenna port is connected to a second transmitting means, the second antenna's first antenna port is connected to a third transmitting means, and the second antenna's second antenna port is connected to a fourth transmitting means. At least two transmitting means transmit signals to the corresponding antenna ports, said signals being modulated by the same stream of digital signals and having the same radio carrier frequency, thus accomplishing a spatial combining of the output signals. The present invention also relates to a corresponding method.

Abstract: An impulse communication apparatus includes an impulse train generating part generating an impulse train from one modulated pulse by on-off keying, and an impulse train sending part sending the impulse train generated by the impulse train generating part.

Abstract: A method is provided for enabling a device function at a local device based on distance information, comprising: establishing a communication link with a remote device over a UWB medium using a multiple access protocol; determining a distance between the local device and the remote device; and controlling a device function for the remote device based on the determined distance, wherein the operation of controlling the device function enables the device function when the determined distance is below a set distance threshold, and wherein the operation of controlling the device function disables the device function when the determined distance is above the set distance threshold.

Abstract: An impulse radio communication device includes a short pulse generator configured to change a shape of an impulse to be output; a bandpass filter configured to receive the impulse and output the impulse as a wave packet; an amplifier configured to amplify an output from the bandpass filter; and an antenna configured to output the wave packet, output from the amplifier, as a wireless signal, the short pulse generator includes a control section configured to change the shape of the impulse to be output, in response to an environmental condition of a transmission path for wireless communication.

Abstract: A transmission apparatus includes a plurality of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation signal generators, which generate a first OFDM modulation signal and a second OFDM modulation signal. The transmission apparatus also includes a transmitter that transmits the first OFDM modulation signal from a first antenna and the second OFDM modulation signal from a second antenna, in an identical frequency band.

Abstract: Synchronization of a primary link which transitions between clear mode and spread mode is achieved and maintained using a secondary link. When transitioning from clear mode to spread mode, a primary transmission delta phase is adjusted by the difference between a secondary reception delta phase and the primary transmission delta phase; and a primary reception delta phase is adjusted to be equal to a secondary transmission delta phase.

Abstract: Interference-reducing circuits include a feed-forward circuit for subtracting all or part of a desired transmitter-signal component from a signal coupled from the power amplifier's output path. The error signal from this feed-forward circuit contains a replica of distortion in the power amplifier output. A cancellation loop adjusts the phase and/or amplitude of this error signal and combines this adjusted error signal with an interference-carrying signal, removing some of the undesired distortion. A spread-spectrum pilot signal is used in one or both loops, to provide a reference signal that can be monitored by an adjustment circuit, which measures the magnitude and/or phase of a spread-spectrum signal that is injected into the interference-carrying signal and, based on that measurement, adjusts the amplitude, phase, and/or delay of the cancellation signal that is added to the interference-carrying signal. This yields a reduced-interference signal in which undesired distortion is reduced.

Abstract: A method includes receiving from a first station at a second station at least two space-time coded signals in respective formed beams of a multi-beam antenna array associated with the first station; receiving from the first station, in a signaling channel, a value representing a transmit power level; determining power control coefficients for each of the space-time coded signals; and transmitting the power control coefficients to the first station, wherein the control coefficients are for in part adjusting transmit power.

Abstract: The invention is related to an apparatus comprising: a receiver configured to receive a channel quality indication matrix; a processor configured to repeat, until the channel quality indication matrix is empty except for selected scheduling results, the following procedure: selecting a column of the channel quality indication matrix having the smallest number of non-zero channel quality indicators; searching for a largest channel quality indicator in the selected column of the channel quality indication matrix; selecting the searched largest channel quality indicator as a scheduling result, and emptying the column and row of the channel quality indication matrix corresponding to the selected scheduling result except for the selected scheduling result.

Abstract: A Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) device and a method thereof. The Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) device generates a Physical Layer (PHY) protocol data unit (PPDU) comprising a preamble field, a header field and a payload field for transmission, and comprises a MAC module, a modulator, and an RF module. The MAC module generates a header data sequence comprising bandwidth information of the transmission. The modulator modulates the header data sequence using S-QPSK modulation to generate the header field of the PPDU. The RF module transmits the header field.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for transmitting a multicarrier spread-spectrum signal formed by a temporal succession of multicarrier symbols, using OQAM modulation and a plurality of inter-orthogonal spreading codes. The method includes spreading at least one complex-value data symbol, representative of a source data signal to be transmitted, over a set of sub-carriers of at least one multicarrier symbol, each of the sub-carriers modulating a complex value.

Abstract: A novel and improved method and apparatus, in a WCDMA communication system, for informing a mobile station of a downlink data frame time offset by determining the downlink data frame time offset, and transmitting the downlink data frame time offset via an Active Set Update message transmitted from a cell to mobile station. Once an Active Set Update message is received, the data frame time offset information is provided to a timing block which may determine data frame boundary of each downlink signal. Timing block may then adjust the PN sequence timing corresponding to the downlink signal associated with the data frame time offset such that corresponding data symbols in each data frame are correctly soft combined in a combiner.

Abstract: In one aspect of a multiple-access OFDM-CDMA system, the data spreading is performed in the frequency domain by spreading each data stream with a respective spreading code selected from a set of available spreading codes. To support multiple access, system resources may be allocated and de-allocated to users (e.g., spreading codes may be assigned to users as needed, and transmit power may be allocated to users). Variable rate data for each user may be supported via a combination of spreading adjustment and transmit power scaling. Interference control techniques are also provided to improve system performance via power control of the downlink and/or uplink transmissions to achieve the desired level of performance while minimizing interference. A pilot may be transmitted by each transmitter unit to assist the receiver units perform acquisition, timing synchronization, carrier recovery, handoff, channel estimation, coherent data demodulation, and so on.

Abstract: In a signal processing apparatus a synchronizer acquires synchronization with the spreading code of an intermediate frequency signal converted from a signal received from a satellite in a global positioning system. A demodulator then demodulates a message contained in the intermediate frequency signal. A measuring unit outputs a primary signal to a predetermined signal line, the primary signal expressing positioning results for the apparatus as measured on the basis of the demodulated message. A secondary signal output unit attaches a predetermined header to a secondary signal and outputs the result to the predetermined signal line, the secondary signal containing at least the intermediate frequency signal, or a signal generated from the intermediate frequency signal.

Abstract: A method for generating an UWB pulses based on LC oscillator topology. Fast turn on of the oscillator is achieved by creating large asymmetry in a normally symmetrical topology which is used in a typical differential type oscillator. One method for achieving large asymmetry is activating one branch of a differential pair of branches for a short duration before activating both branches in a normal operation. The bandwidth of the pulse is controlled by modifying the duration of the oscillator activation. Fast turn on and turn off is essential for high bandwidth generation. The method is adaptable for generating binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation. Selecting the activated branch of a fully symmetrical topology controls the output phase and creates two possibilities which differ exactly by 180 degrees. In a preferred embodiment, all the pulse generator components are on-clip leading to a low cost solution. The circuit can generate high power pulses directly on a load.

Abstract: A frequency selective digital transmission apparatus includes: a preamble transmission processing unit generating a preamble for frame synchronization and spreading the generated preamble with a predetermined spreading code; a header transmission processing unit configuring a header including data attribute information and spreading the header with a predetermined spreading code; a data transmission processing unit performing serial-to-parallel conversion on transmission data according to a selected transmission mode and a spreading scheme and spreading the same with a frequency selective spreading code; and a multiplexing unit multiplexing the preamble, the header, and the data which have been spread by the preamble transmission processing unit, the header transmission processing unit and the data transmission processing unit, respectively, and transmitting the same as digital signals.

Abstract: In a subscriber of a communication system for transmitting data of a data stream in time slots of recurring communication cycles, the communication system includes a communication medium, the subscriber, and at least one additional subscriber. The subscribers are connected to the communication medium for data transmission purposes. To allow better utilization of the available frequency range for data transmission, the subscribers have device(s) for spectral spreading of the data of the data stream before transmission via a certain code sequence and have device(s) for transmitting the spread data in the time slots of the recurring communication cycles. The communication system is preferably designed as a FlexRay communication system, the spread data being transmittable in chronological synchronization in a time slot of the communication cycle by various subscribers of the system.

Abstract: A system and method for generating a spread spectrum clock signal with a constant ppm offset as a function of a repetition number. A phase interpolator can be configured in association with of a phase-locked loop circuit in order to provide a phase movement from a bit clock generated by the PLL circuit. A repetition number divider computes the repetition number for each time slot in a piece-wise SSC modulation profile. A noise shaping modulator can be employed for modulating a fractional part associated with the repetition number. A repetition counter and a phase accumulator receives an integer part of the repetition number and counts unit interval clock periods equal to a sum of integer and the sigma-delta modulated fractional parts of the repetition number. The phase accumulator can be incremented and/or decremented based on the sign of the spread spectrum direction.

Abstract: An antenna module with a detector and an associated canceller is disclosed. The detector may also detect interference and spurs. In one embodiment, an antenna module can include: an antenna configured to receive an electromagnetic signal in a signal path; an amplifier configured to amplify the received electromagnetic signal, and to provide the amplified signal at a first node; a filter configured to receive the amplified signal from the first node, and to provide a filtered signal output therefrom; and a noise canceller and a detector integrated in the signal path at the first node.

Abstract: In an exemplary embodiment, an active vector generator is configured to generate a composite vector with controlled phase and amplitude, where the active vector generator generates the composite vector with independent variable phase control and independent variable amplitude control. Furthermore, in another exemplary embodiment, an active vector generator is configured to generate a unique number of phase states and configured to generate a unique number of amplitude states. Specifically, an exemplary active vector generator comprises a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) configured to set the phase of the composite vector, a current multiplying switch network configured to control the amplitude of the composite vector, a variable current multiplier configured to adjust the amplitude of the composite vector, and a differential adder configured to control the quadrant of the composite vector and generate the composite vector.

Abstract: The present invention provides a signal modulation method which includes the following steps: a input signal is channel encoded, and the channel encoded signal is processed by the following one or several ways: channel scrambling, interleaving, duplicating and puncturing; the signal being processed is divided into two components I and Q, wherein the two components I and Q compose a signal pair; the signal pair is divided into more than one path, and respective path of signal is quadrature phase shift keying spectrum spreading modulated using different spectrum spreading sequence and is orthogonally modulated in order that the peak-to-average power ratio of the respective paths of signal being orthogonally modulated are obtained; and a path of signal having the smallest peak-to-average power ratio is selected to be outputted as an output signal.

Abstract: Information is modulated onto frequency components of a signal. The resulting modulated signal includes at least some redundancy in frequency enabling a portion of the information modulated onto selected frequency components to be recovered from fewer than all of the selected frequency components. Controlling the spectrum of the modulated signal includes enabling the amplitude of at least some frequency components of the modulated signal to be set below a predetermined amplitude used for modulating the information.

Abstract: Method and apparatus are provided for transmitting a random access preamble in a mobile communication system. The preamble is selected from a set of random access preambles provided with Zero Correlation Zones of length NCS?1, where NCS is a cyclic shift increment selected from a set of cyclic shift increments {0, 13, 15, 18, 22, 26, 32, 38, 46, 59, 76, 93, 119, 167, 279, 419}, and transmitted.