Abstract: System and method for managing finger and path resources. A preferred embodiment comprises receiving a delay profile, processing paths from the delay profile, placing the processed paths into a plurality of sets based on path criteria, and assigning the placed processed paths to demodulating fingers. A preferred embodiment further comprises the use of historical information on paths in the placing.

Abstract: The method measures the time of arrival at a radiocommunication receiver of a received radio signal originating from a transmitting station. A received signal component is stored in a memory of the receiver. An estimation of the information bits carried by the signal component is obtained through demodulation of the signal component by the receiver. The estimation of the time of arrival of the signal is carried out on the basis of the bits thus estimated and the received signal component.

Abstract: A method is provided for extracting a sequence of pilot symbols enabling to estimate the transfer function of a transmission channel. At least a radiocommunication device communicates through the channel with a remote station, the latter regularly delivering to the radiocommunication device a reference pattern. The structure of the reference pattern is variable, depending on at least one characteristic of the transmission channel.

Abstract: One code is generated by combining (including addition) 2 or more codes, correlation detection method which detects the correlation by multiplying such a generated code by the reception data. In communication system based on W-CDMA method, first spreading code (a·Cp) obtained by multiplying primary synchronization code with a predetermined coefficient and second spreading code (a·Cs) obtained by multiplying secondary synchronization code with a predetermined coefficient are added. Then, the third spreading code (a·Cp+a·Cs) obtained from such an addition is multiplied by the reception data, and correlation value is obtained after integrating the multiplication results. Thus, it is determined whether the reception data has been subjected to STTD diversity.

Abstract: System and method for code acquisition in a wireless communications system with a delay lock loop. A preferred embodiment comprises assigning a delay lock loop (DLL) to each path in a received signal with multipath, adjusting each DLL to maximize sample strength, grouping samples that are less than a first threshold apart into groups, adjusting DLL timing of samples in groups, regrouping groups that are less than a second threshold apart, applying a group decision to regrouped groups, and repeating the regrouping and applying until all groups are greater than the second threshold apart.

Abstract: In a method f or synchronizing a receiver with a signal modulated with a spreading code the frequency shift of the transmitted signal and the symbol acquisition of the data transmission are determined. In the method, a guessed data is generated, and the received signal is multiplied with at least two different values of said guessed data, to form spectrum results. The spectrum results formed with said different guessed data are used to determine the frequency shift.

Abstract: Fading frequency decision device and method are provided. An inner product value of pilot symbols which are time multiplexed in a control channel which is parallel multiplexed with a data channel, an inner product value of pilot symbols in a channel in which data symbols and pilot symbols are time multiplexed, or an inner product value of pilot symbols of a pilot channel which is parallel multiplexed with a data channel is calculated. A fading frequency is decided based on the calculated inner product value.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the fast code acquisition methods based on signed-rank statistic. In more detail, it presents novel detectors required for PN (PN) code acquisition in DS/SS system. In accordance with the present invention, first, the LOR (LOR) detector is derived and then the LSR (LSR) and MSR (MSR) detectors using approximate score functions are proposed. It is compared the single-dwell scheme without the verification mode using the proposed LSR and MSR detectors with that using the conventional squared-sum (SS) and modified sign (MS) detectors.

Abstract: A multicode receiver for receiving data carried by a plurality of spread spectrum signals having a corresponding plurality of spreading codes, the spreading codes being substantially mutually orthogonal, the receiver having intercode interference suppression, the receiver including a multicode spread spectrum receiver to provide a set of data estimates having a plurality of estimates of data carried by the plurality of spread spectrum signals, one estimate for each spread spectrum signal, a plurality of respreaders to respread the plurality of data estimates, a plurality of interference suppressers, at least one for each of the plurality of spreading codes, each at least one interference suppresser for each code being configured to suppress respread data estimates for the spread spectrum signals of the other codes, from a received signal, a plurality of rake fingers each having the plurality of interference suppressers, and a plurality of rake combiners, one for each of the plurality of spreading codes.

Abstract: A synchronizing position detecting circuit includes a window size determining circuit, a synchronizing code generating circuit, a correlation circuit and a synchronizing position determining circuit. The window size determining circuit calculates a moved distance of a mobile station during a sleep time based on a moving speed and the sleep time and selects a window size based on a phase change of a distance signal corresponding to the moved distance. The code generating circuit repeatedly produces a synchronizing code that coincides with a part of a code of the distance signal and successively shifts a phase of the synchronizing code by a predetermined phase width so as to shift the window size. The correlation circuit calculates a correlation function between the synchronizing code and the distance signal. The position determining circuit determines a correlation function having a maximum value to detect the distance signal and outputs a synchronizing position signal representing a detecting position.

Abstract: The method of this invention for preparing a profile in W-CDMA which, using a timer value and norm value, helps a mobile unit to synchronize its signals with those of a base station, comprising providing a profile data preparing portion which cumulatively adds a new norm value to a previous cumulative value fetched from a profile memory to cause the result to be stored as a current cumulative value in a profile memory and repeat the same cumulative addition each time a new norm value is fed to said portion; furnishing the profile data preparing portion with an overflow detection ability to detect the overflow of the profile memory; and choosing, when the overflow of the profile memory is detected, a maximum writable value of the profile memory, and causing the profile memory to store said maximum writable value as a current cumulative value.

Abstract: A receiver for use in a mobile communications network, the receiver comprising an input for receiving radio signals including control symbols and data symbols, a channel estimator arranged to use the control symbols to provide a channel estimate for correcting received data symbols, a first offset corrector for de-rotating the control symbols prior to their use in providing the channel estimate, a second offset corrector for rotating the channel estimate prior to its use in correcting the received data symbols, and an offset estimator arranged to generate estimates of frequency offset in the received radio signal, for use in the first and second offset correctors.

Abstract: The present invention is directed towards a look-up table implementation of a WCDMA frame synchronization and a cell group ID detection (both of which are comprised within a “secondary search” process). The secondary search process receives a signal (which is formatted as slots within a frame) and determines (“decides”) information encoded in the received signal according to the slots of the received signal. The determined information is used to produce a sequence of values. A sequence of values (which have been determined from successive slots) is used to produce an index into a table that stores secondary search results. The secondary search codes are arranged such that a minimum sequence of values can be used to determine frame synchronization and group identification. The table is configured to return information that is sufficient for determining frame synchronization and the group ID of the received signal.

Abstract: A method and system for using power and timing estimates to acquire frame acquisition of a reverse CDMA carrier signal. The method includes providing at least one remote transceiver device acquiring a forward CDMA carrier signal, and the one remote transceiver device transmitting a reverse CDMA carrier signal modified to include a frequency associated with the forward CDMA carrier signal. A transceiver base station, in response to determining if the reverse CDMA carrier signal exceeds a reverse CDMA carrier signal threshold (RCCST), uses the frequency embedded in the modified reverse CDMA carrier signal to acquire phase of the reverse CDMA carrier signal. Achieving acquisition the transceiver base station signals a mode change to the remote transceiver. Otherwise, the transceiver base station signals the remote transceiver device to slip the reverse CDMA carrier signal a predetermined number of chips; and/or transmit the reverse CDMA carrier signal at a second power level.

Abstract: A pseudonoise code teaching loop (PNCTL) measures the difference in energy between a smart antenna array output that is despread using an early pseudonoise code and a late pseudonoise code and contains a chip time shifting current based on this difference. Using multiple elements of the array significantly improves performance.

Abstract: A method and arrangement for automatic frequency correction in UTRA TDD mode, having a first stage (500) for frequency lock in idle mode, and a second stage (600) for receiving a channel estimate from beacon function (mx1), receiving a channel estimate from at least one other physical channel (mx2), and receiving output from a primary synchronisation code correlator (mx0, pc1, pc2), and for producing therefrom signals (X,Y,N) for use in frequency correction. By utilising first and second partial correlation values (pc1, pc2) which are balanced, DC offset effects may be substantially removed. This provides the following advantage of significantly improving performance at low levels of SNR, and removal of DC offset effects provides immunity to DC offsets arising from imperfections in hardware.

Abstract: Techniques and instrumentalities to improve ISI and ICI cancellation in reception of modulated symbols by selectively decoding subsymbols of such modulated symbol before they can be completely decided or perceived as well as use of decoded symbol/subsymbol information in the feedback equalization process are disclosed. In particular, a decoder and corresponding method are disclosed which includes a feedback equalizer capable of receiving a modulated signal including a symbol defined by a first number of chips, along with a subsymbol processor to generate a subsymbol waveform upon receipt of a second number, less than the first number, of chips of such symbol and provide the subsymbol waveform to the feedback equalizer in order to equalize the modulated signal using the subsymbol waveform.

Abstract: An apparatus and a system, as well as a method and article, may operate to include repeating first data to provide first repeated data and deleting second repeated data to provide second data according to a programmed standard included in a first apparatus and selected from a plurality of reprogrammable standards.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for reducing the processing rate when performing chip-level equalization (CLE) in a code division multiple access (CDMA) receiver which includes an equalizer filter. Signals received by at least one antenna of the receiver are sampled at M times the chip rate. Each sample stream is split into M sample data streams at the chip rate. Multipath combining is preferably performed on each split sample data stream. The sample data streams are then combined into one combined sample data stream at the chip rate. The equalizer filter performs equalization on the combined sample stream at the chip rate. Filter coefficients are adjusted by adding a correction term to the filter coefficients utilized by the equalizer filter for a previous iteration.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for synchronizing a receiver (1) with a transmitted code-modulated spread spectrum signal. The method uses at least one reference code (r(x)), which corresponds to a code used in the modulation. The frequency shift of the transmitted signal and the code phase of the code used in the modulation are determined in the method.

Abstract: In a path search method, all regions of a delay profile subject to peak detection are divided into a plurality of regions, and a control is performed so as to assign a searching frequency to each regions, which is higher the higher is the total peak power of the path existing in the region. A CDMA receiver in which this path search method is implemented has a region data separating section, which separates region data, a peak position detection section, which detects a peak position of each region, a region index calculation section, which establishes and manages the priorities of each region, and a region designating calculation section, which specifies a region for the region data separating section as a region having a high priority.

Abstract: A method of estimating the difference in frequency between base station transmissions received over a radio channel and a locally generated carrier frequency in a mobile receiver. The differential phase shifts imparted to different parts of a received synchronization code because of a frequency offset of the local reference oscillator are detected in the receiver. A series of partial correlations of the received synchronization code over a single transmission slot allows detection of the differential phase shifts. Signal to noise ratios may be improved by means of a series of overlapping partial correlations. The period over which the correlations are performed is much less than the coherence time of the radio channel.

Abstract: Using midambles, tracking delay profile creator 107 opens correlation windows in the range of 8 chips before and behind the top path and creates delay profiles within this range. From the delay profiles, path determiner 108 detects whether or not there is a new path before the top path, and, when there is a new path, determines whether or not this is its path. Based on the result of the determination at path determiner 108, when the new path is its path, frame position controller 109 sets the top path with the new path. On the other hand, when the new path is not its path, the top path set earlier is retained as is as the top path. Then, in accordance with the timing of the top path set, a received signal is demodulated. By this means, reception quality can be improved.

Abstract: A method for performing frame synchronization in a WCDMA system includes first, correlating a received signal with a plurality of predetermined correlators to obtain a plurality of frame synchronization correlation results, then, coherently combining frame synchronization correlation results with a slot synchronization phase when a test phase difference is less than a threshold phase difference, or, coherently combining frame synchronization correlation results with a linear combination of slot synchronization phases when the test phase difference is greater than or equal to the threshold phase difference. The slot synchronization phase is determined by correlating the received signal with a slot synchronization sequence. Lastly, the method determines a frame boundary of the received signal based on the coherent combination results. The method accommodates for a changing signal to noise ratio to improve frame synchronization speed and accuracy.

Abstract: Systems and techniques are disclosed relating to communications. The systems and techniques involve the synchronizing to a signal having a plurality of bits by computing energy for a plurality of different phase offset signal portions, generating a ratio from the signal portion with the highest computed energy and the signal portion with the second highest computed energy, and comparing the ratio to a threshold to determine whether the signal portion with the highest computed energy can be used to determine bit timing.

Abstract: A method for synchronizing a receiver (1) with a transmitted code-modulated spread spectrum signal, uses at least one reference code (r(x)), which corresponds to a code used in the modulation, and determines the frequency shift of the transmitted signal and the code phase of the code used in the modulation. In the method, a correlation step is taken to form a correlation function matrix on the basis of the received signal and said reference code. A non-coherent search matrix is formed of said correlation function matrix. In the method, elements in said non-coherent search matrix are modified on the basis of at least one statistical property of the elements in said non-coherent search matrix, and/or high-pass filtering is performed before the formation of said correlation function matrix. The invention also relates to a system and a receiver in which the method is applied.

Abstract: A transmitter employing a cryptographic algorithm and key generates and transmits a staggered pulse signal that includes a plurality of high-power pulses that are part of a pseudonoise (PN) code. The high-power pulses are separated by a group of low-power chips and the time interval between the high-power pulses is varied according to the cryptographic algorithm and key. A receiver, employing a corresponding cryptographic algorithm and key receives the signal and correlates it with a locally generated code that is modified according to the cryptographic algorithm and key to detect the phase of the received PN code. The receiver also can include a matched filter configured according to the cryptographic algorithm and key to detect the sequence of high-power pulses in the received signal.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for adjusting the frequency of a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) at a receiver to synchronize the receiver with the transmitter by correlating a synchronization code channel with training sequences to estimate positive and negative offsets which are employed to estimate an error, which is then filtered. The filter output provides voltage controlling the VCO. The same technique may be employed to control a numeric controlled oscillator (NCO).

Abstract: Multiple pseudo-noise codes, each of a different phase, are generated in an acquisition device; the multiple pseudo-noise codes are grouped into N number of groups; and time-division multiplexing is performed for each group on each correlation processing of the pseudo-noise codes contained in the signals under test and each pseudo-noise code. Pseudo-noise codes are periodically and repeatedly selected under a fixed order and timing.

Abstract: The present invention provides a synchronization establishing device and method for establishing synchronization at a high speed in a receiver. This synchronization establishing device includes a storage unit that accumulates reception data, and a matched filter that reads out the reception data accumulated in the storage unit in parallel and determines a correlation value by obtaining correlation between a common code and the reception data in parallel.

Abstract: A cellular wireless communication network system having a plurality of base stations (1) and a plurality of mobile stations (#i) (i is an integer from 1 to N) is provided in which communication with wireless circuit is established between the respective base stations (1), and a flexibility of arrangement for the base station location is improved to realize a construction of the communication network with inexpensive cost.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a spread spectrum signal demodulating method whereby spread-code synchronous acquisition and carrier synchronous acquisition are performed using FFT at high speed, wherein a received signal, of which the carrier wave is modulated with a signal obtained by spectrum-spreading data with a spread code, is subjected to the FFT and the result of the FFT is stored in a first memory. The FFT result of the received signal stored in the first memory and the result of FFT of the spread code, the result being stored in a second memory, are read out and the results are multiplied to detect the correlation between the received signal and the spread code. During the detection of the correlation, a readout address of either the FFT result of the received signal or the FFT result of the spread code is shifted by an amount corresponding to a carrier frequency of the received signal and the result is read from the first or second memory.

Abstract: A receiving system dynamically searches the communications band for transmissions of messages having the same nominal communications parameters, including the use of the same spreading code, but having potentially different specific frequencies and code-phases. The receiver, which is independent of the transmitters, samples the communications band at each code-phase of the spreading code over a span of downconverted transmission frequencies. When a message element is detected at a particular code-phase and frequency, it is forwarded to a demodulator that demodulates the message and sends it to its intended destination. In a preferred embodiment, a progressive Fourier Transform is used to incrementally determine the power level at each successive code-phase at a given frequency, thereby substantially reducing the time required to search for transmissions at each discrete code-phase.

Abstract: There is provided a PN (Pseudorandom Noise) hypothesis moving apparatus and method in a high speed searcher. In the PN hypothesis moving apparatus, a PN sequence generator system has a PN sequence generator for generating a PN sequence and a PN state register for storing information about a PN state. A correlation counter counts the number of correlations, and a comparator receives the output of the correlation counter, a correlation length, and a search speed, compares them, and provides a PN state saving point and a PN state loading point to the PN sequence generator system according to the comparison to change a PN hypothesis.

Abstract: A receiver receives elements of a signal sequence. A state generator generates a sequence of addresses to translate between a pseudonoise sequence and a Walsh sequence. A storage medium, coupled to the receiver and the state generator, stores each element of the signal sequence at a given address according to the sequence of addresses.

Abstract: An apparatus for synchronizing the reception of a spread-spectrum signal includes a synchronization apparatus having a code-matched filter, a running average unit coupled to the filter, a peak detector coupled to the running average unit, and a synchronizer coupled to the peak detector for providing an index of a peak. A corresponding method includes receiving a spread-spectrum signal having a period comprising a plurality of indexable samples, maintaining a mean array comprising a running mean value for each indexable sample over a variable number of periods, detecting a peak value of the array, calculating an average value of the array, computing a peak-to-average ratio in accordance with the detected peak value and the calculated average value, comparing the peak-to-average ratio against a time-varying threshold, and synchronizing the received signal when the peak-to-average ratio exceeds the current value of the threshold.

Abstract: A user equipment or base station recovers data from a plurality of data signals received as a received vector. The user equipment determines data of the received vector by determining a Cholesky factor of an N by N matrix and using the determined Cholesky factor in forward and backward substitution to determine data of the received data signals. The user equipment or base station comprises an array of at most N scalar processing elements. The array has input for receiving elements from the N by N matrix and the received vector. Each scalar processing element is used in determining the Cholesky factor and performs forward and backward substitution. The array outputs data of the received vector.

Abstract: A system and method estimates symbol timing of long training symbols and coarse carrier frequency offset in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing receiver of a wireless local area network. The system and method estimates the symbol timing and coarse carrier frequency offset during short training symbols of a preamble of a data packet. Fine carrier frequency offset is estimated during long training symbols. Channel estimates during a data portion of the data packet are adapted.

Abstract: Disclosed is a GPS receiving apparatus including a synchronous acquisition unit and a synchronous hold unit. The synchronous acquisition unit detects a correlation between a spread code of a received signal from a GPS satellite and a spread code provided by the apparatus in order to detect a phase of the spread code of the received signal and a carrier frequency of the received signal. The synchronous hold unit has a plurality of channels and allocates one of the channels to one of a plurality of GPS satellites. The synchronous hold unit also establishes initial values based on the spread code phase of the received signal following detection by the synchronous acquisition unit as well as on the likewise-detected carrier frequency of the received signal, before starting synchronous hold of the spread code and the carrier frequency regarding the signal from the GPS satellite in question while decoding the signal from the GPS satellite.

Abstract: A digital timing synchronizer of a receiver is provided for timing synchronization to a transmitter in a wireless communication system, wherein the received signal has a timing error with respect to a reference code. A channel estimator estimates an initial code phase of the received signal. A code generator generates a timing reference code that is adjustable by integer increments. An interpolation feedback circuit is configured for interpolation and correction of the timing error, whereby the interpolation is achieved through an integer code shift, plus a quantized fractional adjustment selected from a look-up table of quantized fractional adjustment values and their associated predetermined interpolator coefficients, from which a time corrected version of the received signal is produced.

Abstract: The invention relates to a code-tracking method and a rake receiver for CDMA communication systems of low complexity yielding stable tracking. Received signal are distributed to a plurality of receiver fingers of a rake receiver. Each receiver finger i is assigned to a signal path of the transmitted signal which is subject to phase shift and power dissipation due to reflection, diffraction and scattering. According to the invention in each receiver finger i an estimation of the timing delay {circumflex over (?)}(i) is provided and interference from other signal components j are subtracted from signal components of the current signal path i (i?j) yielding a reliable estimated timing delay {circumflex over (?)}.

Abstract: A GPS receiver and method using alternating “A” and “B” integration time segments. The polarities of certain GPS data bits are known beforehand and their expected reception times are known. The GPS signal in 10 millisecond “A” time segments and “B” time segments is depolarized according to the known polarities. The depolarized GPS signal during an “A” time period made up of all the “A” time segments is integrated for providing an “A” time period magnitude for each code phase. Likewise, the depolarized GPS signal during a “B” time period made up of all the “B” time segments is integrated for providing a “B” time period magnitude for each potential GPS code phase. The strongest of the time period magnitudes is compared to a correlation threshold for selecting a code phase for signal acquisition.

Abstract: A method for adjusting a phase difference between a received code modulated signal and a replica code sequence where, in order to enlarge the control range, it comprises a step of determining measurement values representing a phase difference between a received code modulated signal and a generated replica code sequence. The proposed method further comprises determining coefficients for a loop filter operation, which coefficients optimize a predetermined function specified for current properties of the received signal. Then, a loop filter operation is applied to the measurement values to obtain an indication of a required correction of a current frequency of the generated replica code sequence, which loop filter operation utilizes the determined coefficients. Finally, the frequency of the generated replica code sequence is adjusted based on the indication of a required correction. The invention relates equally to a corresponding unit and to a corresponding system.

Abstract: The present invention is an assigning system and method for assigning a plurality of rake finger tracking units of a rake receiver in a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) communication system. The plurality of rake finger tracking units is used for tracking a plurality of path signal of each multipath signal by a plurality of corresponding predetermined tracking time positions. The assigning system and method estimate a plurality of corresponding tracking ranges of the plurality of path signals and compare the plurality of predetermined tracking time positions with the plurality of tracking ranges. If there is more than one predetermined tracking time positions in one tracking range, the assigning system assigns a rake finger tracking unit corresponding to one of the tracking time positions to track the path signal corresponding to the tracking range.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for adjusting the frequency of a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) at a receiver to synchronize the receiver with the transmitter by correlating a synchronization code channel with training sequences to estimate positive and negative offsets which are employed to estimate an error, which is then filtered. The filter output provides voltage controlling the VCO. The same technique may be employed to control a numeric controlled oscillator (NCO).

Abstract: A synchronization code detecting apparatus is designed for synchronization code detection in cell search in a code division multiple access (CDMA) system. The synchronization code detecting apparatus mainly includes a compensation unit for providing frequency offset compensation to the incoming signal and for determining a plurality of sampling points of the incoming signal. A plurality of sub-detecting units is coupled to the compensation unit for detecting a synchronization code of the incoming signal transmitting from the compensation unit. A selection unit is coupled to the output of each sub-detecting unit for selecting a plurality of slot boundaries as a plurality of candidates to be forwarded to a second processing stage. Consequently, the synchronization code detecting apparatus effectively reduces the effect of clock offset in the system without increasing the hardware complexity and power consumption.

Abstract: A preferred embodiment of the invention is a method for synchronizing a mobile terminal comprising M diversity branches to a wireless network using diversity combination to acquire the code transmitted from a base-station and to determine the frequency offset of the transmitted code.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a cell search method for a CDMA system, using a three-stage cell search. The method comprises matching an incoming signal from the base station, wherein the frequency of the incoming signal having an uncertain range; over-sampling the incoming signal N times against a chip rate and outputting the N over-samples; down-sampling the incoming signal and outputting N over-samples to a first stage, a second stage and a third stage. The first stage further comprises selecting a first group of slot boundaries as a first group of candidates after pre-selection, and the first group of candidates transmitting to a deciding selection stage of the first stage and the second stage to be continuously processed. The cell search method of the present invention can be used to reduce the effect of clock offset on the performance of cell search and to accomplish fast cell search.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a spreading code synchronization method and others for implementing fast cell search during entry of a mobile station into a soft handover mode in an intercell asynchronous system. In the spreading code synchronization method according to the present invention, a correlation is first detected between a received signal and a common short code, and a received timing of a scrambling code mask of a handover destination cell is detected based thereon. At this time, in order to avoid reception of a signal transmitted from a connecting cell, a received timing of a mask symbol from the connecting cell is excepted from a search range for the received timing of the scrambling code mask of the handover destination cell.

Abstract: Techniques to iteratively detect and decode data transmitted in a wireless (e.g., MIMO-OFDM) communication system. The iterative detection and decoding is performed by iteratively passing soft (multi-bit) “a priori” information between a detector and a decoder. The detector receives modulation symbols, performs a detection function that is complementary to the symbol mapping performed at the transmitter, and provides soft-decision symbols for transmitted coded bits. “Extrinsic information” in the soft-decision symbols is then decoded by the decoder to provide its extrinsic information, which comprises the a priori information used by the detector in the detection process. The detection and decoding may be iterated a number of times. The soft-decision symbols and the a priori information may be represented using log-likelihood ratios (LLRs).