Abstract: The present invention is directed to novel tools and systems for controlling narrow band data (e.g., data communication and telecommunications) pathways through selective engagement with one or more narrow band platforms of an omni-grid system. These methods further comprise enhanced compression methods suitable to structure the data for controlled data flow in an omni-grid system. In particular, the tools and the systems of the present invention provide improved transmission to off-grid environments (e.g., stronger, faster, and stable with less latency, jitter, and/or packet loss under difficult/harsh signal conditions), including in the context of an urban environment where one may be off the grid temporarily due to an emergency, in educational settings, as well as for use in geographically remote locations not in proximity to physical network infrastructure (e.g., for Internet of Things data access).

Abstract: Techniques for high precision frequency quantization for image and video (e.g., frame) encoding are described. According to some embodiments, a computer-implemented method includes receiving a request to encode a video from a first depth of pixel values to a second, lower depth of pixel values at a content delivery service, performing a frequency transformation on a full fidelity of the first depth of pixel values of a frame of the video to generate frequency coefficient values, performing a quantization on the frequency coefficient values to generate quantized frequency coefficient values, encoding the quantized frequency coefficient values of the frame into an encoded frame having the second, lower depth of pixel values by the content delivery service, and transmitting the encoded frame from the content delivery service to a viewer device.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of video image processing, and provides a filtering method and an apparatus, to resolve a problem that subjective quality and objective quality of an image deteriorate because filtering processing cannot be performed on internal blocks of a non-translational motion prediction unit.

Abstract: A method and system for decoding a coded video sequence may include obtaining the coded video sequence, and decoding the coded video sequence. A value of a temporal sublayer identifier of a video coding layer (VCL) network abstraction layer (NAL) unit in the coded video sequence is constrained to be less than or equal to a value of vps_max_sublayers_minus1, that specifies a maximum number of temporal sublayers that may be present in a layer in each coded video sequence referring to the video parameter set (VPS), in the VPS referred to by the VCL NAL unit.

Abstract: In various examples, a media stream may be received by a re-encode system that may leverage a recode engine to convert (e.g., at an interval, based on a request, etc.) an inter-frame associated with the media stream to an intra-frame. The intra-frame may be converted from the inter-frame using parameters or other information associated with and received with the media stream. The converted intra-frame may be merged into an updated segment of the media stream in place of the original inter-frame to enable storage of the updated segment—or a portion thereof—for later use.

Abstract: A method and apparatus of entropy coding of coding symbols using Context-Based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coder (CABAC) are disclosed. According to the present invention, CABAC encoding or decoding is applied to a current bin of a binary data of a current coding symbol according to a current probability for a binary value of the current bin and a current range associated with the current state of arithmetic coder. An LPS probability index corresponding to an inverted current probability or the current probability is derived depending on whether the current probability is greater than 0.5. A range index is derived for identifying one range interval containing the current range. An LPS range is then derived using one or more mathematical operations comprising calculating a multiplication of a first value related to the LPS probability index and a second value related to the range index n.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method and apparatus for improving the accuracy of intra-prediction in order to improve encoding and decoding efficiency. The video decoding method may improve the prediction efficiency for the current pixel to be predicted by referring to the degree of variation in surrounding pixels, to thereby effectively decode the bit stream with improved encoding efficiency. In addition, an additional prediction candidate is used to achieve improved accuracy of intra-prediction, and the thus-improved accuracy of intra-prediction may reduce residual components and improve encoding efficiency. Further, an improved planar mode is utilized to achieve improved intra-prediction.

Abstract: A head-mounted display device including one or more position sensors and a processor. The processor may receive a rendered image of a current frame. The processor may receive position data from the one or more position sensors and determine an updated device pose based on the position data. The processor may apply a first spatial correction to color information in pixels of the rendered image at least in part by reprojecting the rendered image based on the updated device pose. The head-mounted display device may further include a display configured to apply a second spatial correction to the color information in the pixels of the rendered image at least in part by applying wobulation to the reprojected rendered image to thereby generate a sequence of wobulated pixel subframes for the current frame. The display may display the current frame by displaying the sequence of wobulated pixel subframes.

Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure provide methods and apparatuses for video encoding/decoding. In some examples, an apparatus for video decoding includes processing circuitry. The processing circuitry decodes prediction information of a current block in a current picture from a coded video bitstream. The prediction information is indicative of a prediction mode that combines an intra prediction and an inter prediction. The intra prediction is based on at least a first reference sample in the current picture, and the inter prediction is based on at least a second reference sample in a reference picture of the current picture. Further, the processing circuitry determines coding tools associated with the prediction mode that combines the intra prediction and the inter prediction and reconstruct at least a sample of the current block according to the determined coding tools associated with the prediction mode.

Abstract: A method of representing image data comprising a spatial pyramid data structure of order L, said method comprising: providing an initial representation of said image data, said representation comprising a set of lattices of level 0; connecting each said lattices of level 0 to said image data; performing L reduction steps each comprising: for each one of at least one current lattice of the current level, optionally blurring said current lattice; providing a plurality of down sampled sub-lattices of said current optionally blurred lattice, said at least one current lattice being the parent lattice of said respective plurality of down sampled sub-lattices; and connecting said plurality of down sampled sub-lattices to said respective parent lattice, wherein said plurality of down sampled sub-lattices of the current level, comprise the set of current lattices for the next level.

Abstract: An in-loop deblocking filter apparatus (120) for processing a current row or column of samples into a filtered row or column of samples. The current row or column of samples comprises a plurality of samples from a first sample block and a horizontally or vertically neighboring second sample block of a reconstructed picture of a video stream. The samples of the current row or column of samples have sample values pN?1?p0, q0?qN?1 wherein N is an even integer greater than 2. If a first condition or a second condition is satisfied, the current row or column is processed by: determining a filtered sample value q0? by applying a (2N?1)-tap filter to the sample values pN?2, . . . , p0, q0, . . . , qN?1 of the current row or column; and/or determining a filtered sample value p0? by applying a (2N?1)-tap filter to the sample values pN?1, . . . , p0, q0, . . . , qN?2 of the current row or column.

Abstract: An image encoding device encodes a block-based target image. The image encoding device comprises, in a transform skip mode in which orthogonal transform processing of the target image is skipped, a motion compensation predictor configured to generate a prediction image corresponding to the target image by performing motion compensation prediction using a plurality of reference images, an evaluator configured to evaluate a degree of similarity between the plurality of reference images on a pixel-by-pixel basis, a subtractor configured to calculate prediction residuals each indicating a difference between the target image and the prediction image on a pixel-by-pixel basis, a rearranger configured to rearrange the prediction residuals based on a result of evaluation by the evaluator and an encoder configured to encode the prediction residuals rearranged by the rearranger.

Abstract: A method of decoding a received set of encoded data representing information that has been compressed, wherein the encoded data set is divided into a hierarchy of subsets, is provided. The method comprises: obtaining, from at least one first subset, a respective set of offset values; and decoding a plurality of second subsets, each comprising a data structure of metadata and data, to derive a series of data values, wherein each second subset corresponds to a region of the information that has been compressed. Each offset value is associated with a second subset and indicates a relative position within the encoded data set that corresponds to the earliest element of the associated second subset with respect to the position within the encoded data set that corresponds to an element of another subset of the hierarchy of subsets.

Abstract: A method, device, apparatus for predicting a video coding complexity and a computer-readable storage medium are provided. The method includes: acquiring an attribute feature of a target video; extracting a plurality of first target image frames from the target video; performing a frame difference calculation on the plurality of the first target image frames, to acquire a plurality of first frame difference images; determining a histogram feature for frame difference images of the target video according to a statistical histogram of each first frame difference image; and inputting a plurality of features of the target video into a coding complexity prediction model to acquire a coding complexity prediction value of the target video. Through the above method, the BPP prediction value can be acquired intelligently.

Abstract: An image decoding method, according to the present invention, includes the steps of: deriving an MPM candidate mode from neighboring blocks adjacent to a target block to be decoded; generating an MPM list using the MPM candidate mode derived from the neighboring blocks; and deriving an intra prediction mode for the target block to be decoded using the generated MPM list. According to the present invention, image compression efficiency can be improved.

Abstract: A number of negatively affected (correctly received) packets due to packet loss is reduced by providing, and analyzing, error resilience in the packets of the sequence of packets and identifying, for each of runs of one or more lost packets of the sequence of packets, a first packet in the sequence of packets after the respective run of one or more lost packets, which carries a beginning of any of the tiles of the video data stream, and concurrently carries a slice, the slice header of which is contained in any of the packets of the sequence of packets not being lost. In particular, the side information overhead for transmitting the error resilience data is comparatively low compared to the reduction in negatively affected packets due to packet loss.

Abstract: A multi-stage coding method includes receiving an input block of data for encoding and one or more previously coded samples associated with the input block. The input block is segmented into at least a first sub-region and a second sub-region. A prediction for the first sub-region is generated based on the one or more previously coded samples. Residual data for the first sub-region is obtained using the prediction for the first sub-region. A reconstruction of the first sub-region is generated using the residual data for the first sub-region and the prediction for the first sub-region. A prediction for the second sub-region is generated using the reconstruction of the first sub-region. Residual data for the second sub-region is obtained using the prediction for the second sub-region. The input block is encoded based in part on the residual data for the first region and the residual data for the second region.

Abstract: A system comprises an encoder configured to compress attribute information for a point cloud and/or a decoder configured to decompress compressed attribute information for the point cloud. To compress the attribute information, multiple levels of detail are generated based on an ordering of the points according to a space filling curve and attribute values are predicted. The attribute values may be predicted simultaneously while points are being assigned to different levels of detail. A decoder follows a similar prediction process based on level of details. Also, attribute correction values may be determined to correct predicted attribute values and may be used by a decoder to decompress a point cloud compressed using level of detail attribute compression. In some embodiments, attribute correction values may take into account an influence factor of respective points in a given level of detail on attributes in other levels of detail.

Abstract: Improved techniques for generating video content are disclosed. In some embodiments, a frame is rendered using a first rendering option. It is then determined whether the frame is an independent frame (I-frame) or a predictive frame (P-frame). In the event that the frame is an I-frame, the frame is rendered using a second rendering option that has a higher computational complexity than the first rendering option and encoded independently. In the event that the frame is a P-frame, motion vectors and prediction error with respect to the frame and one or more other frames are determined and encoded.

Abstract: A system for decoding a video bitstream includes receiving a reference picture set associated with a frame including a set of reference picture identifiers. The reference picture set identifies one or more reference pictures to be used for inter-prediction of the frame based upon its associated least significant bits of a picture order count based upon the reference picture identifiers. The one or more reference pictures is a second or greater previous frame to the frame having the matching reference picture identifier.

Abstract: In one aspect, a method for use in connection with a content-presentation device including a first input buffer, a second input buffer, and an output buffer, wherein the content-presentation device is configured such that content from either the first input buffer or the second input buffer can be communicated to the output buffer, includes: (i) receiving, from the content-presentation device, an identifier associated with the content-presentation device; (ii) using mapping data to map the received identifier to a baseline input-to-output delay, which represents a time-period between when content is input into the first input buffer and output by the output buffer; and (iii) transmitting, to the content-presentation device, the mapped baseline input-to-output delay to the content-presentation device to facilitate the content-presentation device (a) determining an input-buffer switching delay, and (b) using the determined input-buffer switching delay to facilitate performing a content-modification operation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a technique for encoding and decoding video data, and more particularly, to a method for performing inter-prediction in an effective manner. The present invention combines an inter-prediction method using an AMVP mode and an inter-prediction method using a merge mode so as to propose a method for using the same candidate. The method for encoding video data proposed by the present invention comprises the following steps: receiving mode information on an inter-prediction method of a current block; determining, on the basis of the received mode information, whether the interprediction method to be applied to the current block is an AMVP mode or a merge mode; and selecting a candidate to derive motion information of the current block, wherein the candidate is selected in a left region, top region and corner region of the current block and in the same position block as the current block, and the AMVP mode and the merge mode are applied on the basis of the selected candidate.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for intra prediction in video encoding and decoding using a blended intra predictor are described. In one exemplary embodiment, intra prediction is preformed using a blended intra predictor for a pixel of a current block being encoded and decoded. The blended intra predictor is determined by summing with corresponding weights a predictor using the intra prediction direction to be used for the current block and one or more predictors using the one or more corresponding intra prediction directions of the one or more neighboring blocks. The corresponding weights for the one or more neighboring blocks decrease with increased distance of the pixel to the one or more neighboring blocks.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to means to enable reduction of memory access in motion vector determination and/or refinement for a prediction block. In particular, the present disclosure relates to means to enable reduction of memory access in motion vector determination and/or refinement performed on a sub prediction block basis. In other words, a prediction block is split into sub prediction blocks for which at least the motion vector refinement is performed individually. The memory access window which limits the samples accessible during the motion vector determination and refinement of the sub prediction blocks does not exceed the memory access window for performing the motion vector determination and/or refinement for the prediction block.

Abstract: An apparatus for video decoding includes processing circuitry that decodes prediction information for a current block in a current picture that is a part of a coded video sequence. The processing circuitry determines whether the current block is coded in an intra block copy (IBC) mode based on the prediction information. Responsive to the current block not being coded in the IBC mode, the processing circuitry determines whether a size of the current block is above a threshold. The processing circuitry determines that the current block is coded in an intra prediction mode based on a determination that the size of the current block is not above the threshold. The processing circuitry reconstructs the current block based on the intra prediction mode.

Abstract: Systems and methods disclosed for video compression, utilizing neural networks for predictive video coding. Processes employed combine multiple banks of neural networks with codec system components to carry out the coding and decoding of video data.

Abstract: Delay based on WPP processing is reduced. An image decoding apparatus (31) includes: a prediction image generation unit (308) by using decoded data from a first position to a second position, the first position being, in a CTU row immediately above a CTU row including a target CTU, identical to a position of the target CTU, the second position being a position one CTU forward relative to the first position; and an entropy decoding unit (301) that performs decoding of the target CTU by using the decoded data from the first position to the second position, the first position being, in the CTU row immediately above the CTU row including the target CTU, identical to the position of the target CTU, the second position being a position one CTU forward relative to the first position.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an image coding/decoding method and an apparatus for the method. More specifically, a method for filtering an image by a decoding apparatus comprises deriving boundaries of a block divided into quad-tree plus binary-tree structure; determining an edge among boundaries of the block to which de-blocking filtering is applied; determining a type of de-blocking filtering to be applied to the edge; and performing de-blocking filtering to a picture sample restored according to the de-blocking filtering type, wherein the edge or the type of de-blocking filtering is determined by considering width or height of the block.

Abstract: Different implementations arc described, particularly implementations for selecting a scan order of the sub-blocks of a current block being encoded or decoded when the current block is composed of multiple sub-blocks. In one example, a corresponding dependency number indicative of a number of the other of the plurality of sub-blocks that each of the sub-blocks uses for spatial prediction is determined, based on the corresponding intra prediction mode for the each of the plurality of sub-blocks. A scan order of the plurality of sub-blocks is determined based on the determined corresponding dependency number for the each of the plurality of the sub-blocks. The current block is encoded or decoded using the determined scan order of the plurality of sub-blocks.

Abstract: A method of decoding video, comprising: receiving an encoded bit stream representing frames of video, each of the frames comprising blocks of pixels; for a current block to be decoded, obtaining a vanishing point from the encoded bit stream and calculating pixel values of the current block to be decoded by performing intra-prediction based on a prediction line originating in the vanishing point; and providing decoded video based on the calculated pixel values. A method of encoding video, an encoder, and a decoder are also disclosed.

Abstract: A video decoding method performed by a decoding apparatus according to the present document comprises the steps of: receiving a bit stream including residual information of a current block; deriving a specific number of the number of context encoding bins for context syntax elements for a current sub-block of the current block; decoding the context syntax elements for the current sub-block included in the residual information on the basis of the specific number; deriving transform coefficients for the current sub-block on the basis of the decoded context syntax elements; deriving residual samples for the current block on the basis of the transform coefficients; and generating a reconstructed picture on the basis of the residual samples.

Abstract: A method of and an apparatus for controlling intra prediction for decoding of a video sequence are provided. The method includes determining a ratio of a width to a height of a coding unit, and based on the determined ratio being different than one, adding, to a table including intra prediction modes corresponding to intra prediction angles, first wide angles toward a bottom-left edge of the coding unit, second wide angles toward a top-right edge of the coding unit, and additional intra prediction modes respectively corresponding to the first wide angles and the second wide angles. The method further includes selecting, for decoding the video sequence, one of the intra prediction modes and the additional intra prediction modes added to the table.

Abstract: A video coding device may be configured to perform intra prediction coding according to one or more of the techniques described herein.

Abstract: Video codec for supporting temporal inter-prediction, configured to perform padding of an area of a referenced portion of a reference picture which extends beyond a border of the reference picture, which referenced portion is referenced by an inter predicted block of a current picture by selecting one of a plurality of intra-prediction modes, and padding the area using the selected intra-prediction mode.

Abstract: A method includes obtaining respective filtered pixels for pixels of a reconstructed image; and obtaining an edge-preserved image using the respective filtered pixels. Obtaining the respective filtered pixels includes, for each pixel of the reconstructed image, obtaining a respective filtered pixel by selecting a pixel patch including the pixel and first neighboring pixels of the pixel that are at relative neighboring locations with respect to the pixel; calculating respective weights for the first neighboring pixels; and filtering the pixel using the respective weights of the first neighboring pixels and the neighboring pixels to obtain the respective filtered pixel.

Abstract: Provided is a video decoding method performed by a video decoding apparatus, the video decoding method including: determining prediction mode information of a current block and an index indicating a prediction candidate, from a bitstream; determining a prediction candidate list according to the prediction mode information; when the prediction mode information of the current block indicates a pre-set prediction mode, determining a motion vector indicated by the index indicating the prediction candidate from the prediction candidate list, and determining a prediction motion vector of the current block based on at least one of pieces of motion prediction information related to the motion vector; and determining a motion vector of the current block based on the prediction motion vector, wherein the pre-set prediction mode is a prediction mode different from a skip mode and a merge mode.

Abstract: The application provides a video processing method, comprising: receiving a bitstream representation of video data including a video block wherein the video block comprises samples in a first component and in a second component; deriving a first intra-prediction mode for the first component from second intra-prediction mode of sub-blocks for the second component in case that the video block of the second component is split into the sub-blocks; performing a conversion between the video block and the bitstream representation of the video block based on the first intra-prediction mode information.

Abstract: Techniques to enable virtual reality content to be delivered using a video codec that operates according to a scalable video encoding standard. Base layer frames for the different views of the virtual reality content are downloaded by a client device. The views are prioritized using a prediction model that assigns priorities based on the likelihood that a corresponding view will be selected within a particular period of time. Enhancement layer frames are then selected and downloaded based on the priorities.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for video encoding or decoding performed by a video encoder or a video decoder incorporating a coding tool for Intra prediction with multiple directional Intra prediction modes are disclosed. According to the present invention, one or more coding tool settings are determined based on the Intra prediction mode when the Intra prediction mode is a directional mode so that there is no need for explicitly signalling said one or more coding tool settings determined based on the Intra prediction mode. At the encoder side, the Intra prediction and the coding tool are applied to the current block to generate Intra prediction residues or transformed Intra prediction residues for the current block.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a processor that is configured to decode, as a first group, coefficients of a first row and a first column of a transform block using a first zig-zag scan order; and decode at least a subset of remaining coefficients of the transform block using a second scan order. Executable instructions in a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium include instructions to code, as a first group, coefficients of a first row and a first column of the transform block using a first scan order, where the transform block includes the coefficients of the first row, coefficients of the first column, and remaining coefficients; partition the remaining coefficients into a remaining first row and a remaining first column and other coefficients; code the remaining first row and the remaining first column using a second scan order; and code the other coefficients using a third scan order.

Abstract: A first encoder divides an encoding target image included in a video into a plurality of blocks, and encodes each of the plurality of blocks by performing a prediction coding by use of filtering processing. A second encoder encodes a parameter that represents a direction of a line of pixels in the filtering processing. Here, when an encoding target block that is one of the plurality of blocks has a rectangular shape, the second encoder changes, according to a direction of a long side of the rectangular shape, a process of encoding the parameter.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for improved entropy encoding and decoding. An apparatus includes a video encoder (200) for encoding at least a block in a picture by transforming a residue of the block to obtain transform coefficients, quantizing the transform coefficients to obtain quantized transform coefficients, and entropy coding the quantized transform coefficients. The quantized transform coefficients are encoded using a flag to indicate that a current one of the quantized transform coefficients being processed is a last non-zero coefficient for the block having a value greater than or equal to a specified value.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an image encoding and decoding technique for a high-definition video compression method and device for an omnidirectional security camera, and more specifically, to a method and a device whereby a differential motion vector is effectively transmitted, and an actual motion vector is calculated using the transmitted differential motion vector, and thus motion compensation is performed.

Abstract: A process for selecting a transform set for a prediction block. The process can be used in both an encoder and a decoder. For example, the process can be used in both an encoder and a decoder for a prediction block that has been predicted from a reference block. In some embodiments, both the prediction block and the reference block are intra blocks.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus and an image processing method are provided. The image processing apparatus includes: a division control unit that, on the basis of a first boundary dividing an image into a plurality of partial areas, further sets a second boundary and divides each of the partial areas into a plurality of slices; and an encoding unit that encodes the image on the basis of the first boundary and the second boundary, in which the division control unit sets the second boundary such that the plurality of slices included in the partial area has unequal numbers of lines, and the slice situated at the bottom among the plurality of slices included in the partial area is not a slice having the most lines in the partial area.

Abstract: An image includes a first row of largest coding units (LCUs) and a second row of LCUs that is after the first row of LCUs. Encoding the image includes determining that wavefront parallel processing is enabled, and partitioning the first row of LCUs and the second row of LCUs so as to comprise a normal slice and a group of dependent slices. The normal slice is at a position on the first row of LCUs that is not at the beginning of the first row of LCUs. The group of dependent slices includes every dependent slice that uses information from the normal slice for encoding. Based on the determination that wavefront parallel processing is enabled and the normal slice being at a position that is other than the beginning of the first row of LCUs, the partitioning of the first row of LCUs and the second row of LCUs is performed such that an entirety of the group of dependent slices is included in the first row of LCUs.

Abstract: An encoding device 1 includes: a transformation unit 13 configured to calculate an orthogonal transform coefficient by performing an orthogonal transformation process on a residual image indicating a difference between the input image and a predicted image of the input image; a quantization unit 14 configured to generate a quantization coefficient by quantizing the orthogonal transform coefficient on the basis of a quantization parameter; an entropy encoding unit 24 configured to generate encoded data by encoding the quantization coefficient; an image decoding unit 10 configured to restore an orthogonal transform coefficient from the quantization coefficient on the basis of the quantization parameter and generate a reconstructed image by adding the predicted image to a residual image restored by performing inverse orthogonal transformation on the orthogonal transform coefficient; and a deblocking filtering unit 18 configured to perform a filtering process on the reconstructed image, wherein the deblocking fil

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a video decoding method and apparatus and a video encoding method and apparatus. Encoding and decoding of a target block are performed using intra-prediction. The intra-prediction is intra-prediction that uses bidirectional intra-prediction and a remaining mode. In bidirectional intra-prediction, a prediction value for a target pixel in the target block is determined based on reference pixels in two directions of bidirectional intra-prediction. In intra-prediction using a remaining mode, the remaining mode indicates remaining intra-prediction modes other than MPMs present in an MPM list.

Abstract: Generating a table with at least one skewed row, skewed column, shifted row, or shifted column is described. A table generation system generates a table that includes cells arranged in a grid comprising rows and columns, and defines each cell using a grid address, a grid span, a grid angle, a string skew value, a string shift value, and a shift indicator for the cell. The table generation system may receive input modifying a grid angle for at least one row or column and generate a modified table by skewing cells included in the at least one row or column by the grid angle. The table generation system may additionally or alternatively receive input shifting at least one row or column by a string shift value and modify the display of the table by shifting the at least one row or column according to the string shift value.

Abstract: A moving picture coding method including: determining whether or not (a) a picture including a co-located block and (b) a current picture to be coded are included in a same view, the co-located block being a block that is included in a picture different from the current picture and is at a position corresponding to a position of a current block to be coded included in the current picture; adjusting the position of the co-located block when the picture including the co-located block and the current picture are included in different views; and adding to the list an entry including a motion vector derived from the co-located block, wherein the adjusting includes: obtaining a disparity vector between the view including the picture including the co-located block and the view including the current picture; and adjusting the position of the co-located block by the obtained disparity vector.