Abstract: Systems and process are provided to make X-ray radiographs sufficiently quantitative and standardized for bone and other biological material or non-biologic material density evaluations. The X-ray radiograph methodology and system provide a cost effective diagnostic tool that may be used with existing X-ray radiography sources already present in many clinics and hospitals to ultimately produce large volumes of scientifically valid data and useful diagnostic and prognostic information. A calibration bar is added to a conventional X-ray film cartridge and images thereof subsequently incorporated into radiographs for interpretation or a cartridge is designed to integrate a calibration function. The calibration standard affords a standard against which material density is measured. A software program is provided to interpret tissue densities (including bone) to ultimately identify values compared to preselected thresholds.

Abstract: A control unit of a console performs a control process of displaying a plurality of images predetermined from at least one of a first radiographic image or a second radiographic image as a simple image, a bone part ES image which is a difference image between the first radiographic image and the second radiographic image and in which a bone tissue is highlighted, a soft part ES image which is a difference image between the first radiographic image and the second radiographic image and in which a soft tissue is highlighted, and a DXA image on a display unit while switching the images and a control process of displaying a derivation result of the bone density and a derivation region on the display unit.

Abstract: A technique for enhancing an image includes manipulating a base image to highlight pixels showing a particular material based on the energy absorption information of each pixel. In another technique, pixels in a base image are each converted to an output value to produce a converted image. Another technique allows imaging an obstructed object within a base image which is made of pixels, each representing a captured signal from a source emitting a source signal I0. An obstruction region contains pixels representing a combined signal I3 having traversed the obstructed object and an obstructive layer. Knowing a layer signal I2 representing a signal having traversed the obstructive layer outside of the obstruction region, the layer signal I2 may be removed from the combined signal I3, in order to reveal the original signal I1 representing an image of the obstructed object.

Abstract: A hybrid system for securely controlling deposition and retrieval of shipments, including a managing distribution centre, at least one electronic locker unit connected to the managing distribution centre through a communication network, and having a control desk and several lockable compartments of different sizes, wherein the electronic locker unit comprises a shape measurement module located inside each compartment for acquiring the shipment content's shape.

Abstract: A system for collecting information from a sample, the system includes an X-ray detector configured to mount to an electron microscope, the X-ray detector including a detection tip with a detection material positioned in the detection tip. The detection material includes a compound semiconductor material.

Abstract: A control unit acquires first radiographic image data and second radiographic image data and derives bone density from an image of a derivation region of a DXA image which is a difference image between a first radiographic image and a second radiographic image. Then, the control unit derives an evaluation value of the accuracy of derivation of the bone density, on the basis of at least one of the first radiographic image, the second radiographic image, and a bone part ES image, a soft part ES image, and a DXA image which are generated using the first radiographic image and the second radiographic image.

Abstract: A method for identifying a material contained in a sample. The sample is subjected to irradiation via ionizing electromagnetic radiation, for example X-rays. The sample is inserted between a source emitting the radiation and a spectrometric detector configured to acquire a spectrum of the radiation transmitted by the sample. The spectrum is subject to different treatment operations to enable classification of the material. The steps are, consecutively: reducing dimensionality, followed by projecting along the predefined projection vectors. Projection makes it possible to establish classification parameters, on the basis of which classification is established.

Abstract: A device and method for material characterization are provided. In one aspect, the method includes detecting packets of radiation emanating from within or passing through one or more items of freight or baggage as a result of irradiation by incident radiation, using a plurality of detectors, each of the detectors being configured to produce an electrical pulse caused by the detected packets having a characteristic size or shape dependent on an energy of the packets. The method further includes processing each of the electrical pulses using one or more digital processors to determine the characteristic size or shape, generating a screening detector energy spectrum for each of the detectors of the energies of the packets detected, and measuring an effective atomic number Z of an unknown material associated with the one or more items of freight or baggage based on the screening detector energy spectra in comparison with calibration measurements.

Abstract: A technique for enhancing an image includes manipulating a base image to highlight pixels showing a particular material based on the energy absorption information of each pixel. In another technique, pixels in a base image are each converted to an output value to produce a converted image. Another technique allows imaging an obstructed object within a base image which is made of pixels, each representing a captured signal from a source emitting a source signal I0. An obstruction region contains pixels representing a combined signal I3 having traversed the obstructed object and an obstructive layer. Knowing a layer signal I2 representing a signal having traversed the obstructive layer outside of the obstruction region, the layer signal I2 may be removed from the combined signal I3, in order to reveal the original signal I1 representing an image of the obstructed object.

Abstract: High-contrast, subtraction, x-ray images of an object are produced via scanned illumination by a laser-Compton x-ray source. The spectral-angle correlation of the laser-Compton scattering process and a specially designed aperture and/or detector are utilized to produce/record a narrow beam of x-rays whose spectral content consists of an on-axis region of high-energy x-rays surrounded by a region of slightly lower-energy x-rays. The end point energy of the laser-Compton source is set so that the high-energy x-ray region contains photons that are above the k-shell absorption edge (k-edge) of a specific contrast agent or specific material within the object to be imaged while the outer region consists of photons whose energy is below the k-edge of the same contrast agent or specific material. Scanning the illumination and of the object by this beam will simultaneously record and map the above edge and below k-edge absorption response of the object.

Abstract: The invention provides a beam intensity/positioning monitor substrate comprising a first metal foil in physical contact with a second metal foil.

Abstract: An X-ray inspection apparatus includes an X-ray source, an X-ray detector, and a stage. A dose rate calculation unit of a control section calculates a dose rate at any position in an inspection space, a stage face information storage unit 32 stores stage face information, an irradiation history monitoring unit monitors a movement locus, a stage face cumulative irradiation dose calculation unit calculates cumulative irradiation dose distribution data, a stage face imaging range calculation unit calculates a stage face imaging range of the X-ray detector, and a dose distribution image display control unit extracts the cumulative irradiation dose distribution data in an imaging range and displays an image thereof.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an X-ray diagnostic apparatus includes an X-ray tube, an X-ray detector and processing circuitry. The X-ray tube exposes an X-ray toward an object. The X-ray detector acquires two X-ray detection data sets by counting X-ray photons, having transmitted the object, in at least two X-ray energy bands depending on a K absorption edge of an X-ray absorber taken into the object. The processing circuitry is configured to input information to specify the X-ray absorber, set the at least two X-ray energy bands based on the input information to specify the X-ray absorber and generate at least one frame of X-ray image data by data processing including subtraction processing of the two X-ray detection data sets. The X-ray absorber has been depicted in the at least one frame of the X-ray image data.

Abstract: A method for performing x-ray absorption spectroscopy and an x-ray absorption spectrometer system to be used with a compact laboratory x-ray source to measure x-ray absorption of the element of interest in an object with both high spatial and high spectral resolution. The spectrometer system comprises a compact high brightness laboratory x-ray source, an optical train to focus the x-rays through an object to be examined, and a spectrometer comprising a single crystal analyzer (and, in some embodiments, also a mosaic crystal) to disperse the transmitted beam onto a spatially resolving x-ray detector. The high brightness/high flux x-ray source may have a take-off angle between 0 and 105 mrad. and be coupled to an optical train that collects and focuses the high flux x-rays to spots less than 500 micrometers, leading to high flux density.

Abstract: The present invention includes a label, a label sheet and a method for manufacturing the label. The label includes a paper facestock having first and second surfaces and a layer of pressure sensitive adhesive proximal to the second surface. The label can be adhered to a substrate having pre-applied indicia to cover the indicia and the label is opaque enough to prevent the viewing of the covered indicia while matching the color of the substrate.

Abstract: An x-ray spectrometer system includes: an excitation source that produces excitation particles and irradiates a sample with the excitation particles such that the sample produces x-rays; thermal detectors that: detect the x-rays from the sample; and produce digital x-ray data in response to detecting the x-rays from the sample, the x-ray data including x-ray pulses; and an analyzer that includes a multichannel receiver that receives, in parallel, the digital x-ray data from the thermal detectors and that: rejects pulse pileup in the digital x-ray data and produces pass data from the digital x-ray data; subjects the pass data to an optimal filter to produce filter data; determines a pulse height of x-ray pulses in the filter data to produce pulse data; combines the pulse data to produce combined data; and calibrates the combined data to produce calibrated data.

Abstract: A laser photopeak location system comprises a gamma-ray spectrometer and a processor. The processor computes a plurality of correlation coefficients based on a comparison of a pulse-height spectrum of the gamma-ray spectrometer with an array of values. The processor locates one or more photopeaks of the pulse-height spectrum based on at least one of the plurality of correlation coefficients. Additional apparatus, methods, and systems are disclosed.

Abstract: A multi-channel system for truck scanning, includes an impulse radiation source; and a plurality of detection circuits, each detection circuit comprising a scintillator, a photodiode, a supplemental circuit, an integrator and an ADC, connected in series. A current of the photodiode is proportional to radiation from the impulse radiation source. A data storage device stores outputs of the ADCs and provides the outputs to a computer that converts them to a shadow image of the scanned truck. The supplemental circuit isolates a capacitance of the photodiode from the integrator, filters out low frequency signals from the photodiode, amplifies the signal from the photodiode and reduces a bandwidth of the photodiode seen by the integrator. The supplemental circuit reduces an influence of capacitance of the photodiode on system noise, increases a signal-to-noise ratio of the system, and reduces an influence of photodiode temperature changes on a quality of the scanned image.

Abstract: A method, system and computer program product for automatically detecting and quantifying materials in containers (e.g., luggage, storage containers, equipment or componentry for processing or handling). An X-ray radiograph of a container is generated. A set of materials of interest (e.g., plutonium, steel) is selected to determine if the object comprises or contains materials of interest. An estimate of the areal densities or thicknesses of each of the selected materials of interest is obtained by minimizing an objective function with respect to the areal densities or thicknesses for each of the selected materials of interest. Adaptive regularization is implemented in the objective function to improve optimization results by adding a constraint to the objective function, where the constraint penalizes the objective function for solutions that do not line up with a prior belief about the solution form (e.g., the solution should not be negative or especially noisy).

Abstract: An X-ray analysis device includes an electron gun, an X-ray optical member, a first detection unit and a second detection unit, and a distance changing mechanism. The X-ray optical member guides characteristic X-rays emitted from a sample to at least any one of the first detection unit or the second detection unit. The first detection unit is formed such that energy resolution is given relative priority over counting efficiency in contrast to the second detection unit. The second detection unit is formed such that counting efficiency is given relative priority over energy resolution in contrast to the first detection unit. The distance changing mechanism changes the distance between each of the first detection unit and the second detection unit and the X-ray optical member in an axial direction of an optical axis of the X-ray optical member.

Abstract: A method for characterizing a material, comprising: arranging a piece of the material near a source of ionizing photons and a detector; irradiating the piece with photons and acquiring, via the detector, two energy spectra of a photon flux that has been diffused into the material at various depths, the ratio of the photon paths in the material before and after diffusion remaining constant; determining a combined attenuation function with the spectra and the paths; selecting a plurality of energy ranges from said function; calculating, in each range, a quantity that is representative of the function; and estimating, from at least two of said quantities, a physical characteristic of the material by comparison with the same quantities obtained from known materials.

Abstract: There is provided an X-ray nondestructive testing device which irradiates X-rays to an article, the article including a substrate having a predetermined X-ray absorption coefficient and a measurement target object disposed therein and having another X-ray absorption coefficient differing from that of the substrate, the device including: an X-ray source configured to irradiate the X-rays to the article; a detector configured to detect the transmission amounts of the X-rays passed through the article at at least paired different locations; a detection position specifying designator configured to specify the paired different locations as a set of paired locations based on a pre-stored design information; a driving mechanism configured to move the detector to the set of paired locations; and an operation calculator configured to calculate the thickness of the measurement target object based on the transmission amounts of the X-rays detected by the detector.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to an inspection system that has a radiation source, a detector array, an inspection region, and a processing unit, where the processing unit a) obtains a radiographic image, b) segments the radiographic image based on radiation attenuation or transmission, c) identifies at least one segmented area on the radiographic image, d) filters the at least one segmented area using at least one geometric filter, e) generates feature vectors using the filtered segmented area; and f) compares the feature vectors against predefined values to determine whether a high-atomic-number object is present.

Abstract: Provided is a highly reliable X-ray inspection device having two line sensors, in which accurate inspection results can be obtained even when there is displacement of the mounting position of the line sensors. The X-ray inspection device is provided with a conveyor unit for conveying an article, an X-ray emitter, a first line sensor, a second line sensor, a detection unit, and a corrected-image generation unit. The X-ray emitter emits X-rays to the article conveyed by the conveyor unit. The first line sensor detects, in a low energy band, X-rays that have passed through the article. The second line sensor detects, in a high energy band, X-rays that have passed through the article. The detection unit detects positional displacement of the second line sensor with respect to the first line sensor in horizontal direction and vertical direction.

Abstract: A method is provided of reducing the thickness of a region of a target sample. Reference data is obtained that is representative of x-rays generated by a particle beam being directed upon part of a reference sample under a first set of beam conditions. Under a second set of beam conditions the particle beam is directed upon the region of the target sample. The resultant x-rays are monitored as monitored data. Output data are then calculated based upon the reference and the monitored data. Material is then removed from the region, so as to reduce its thickness, in accordance with the output data.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to the field of gamma ray spectroscopy monitoring and a system for accomplishing same to monitor one or more aspects of various isotope production processes. In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a monitoring system, and method of utilizing same, for monitoring one or more aspects of an isotope production process where the monitoring system comprises: (A) at least one sample cell; (B) at least one measuring port; (C) at least one adjustable collimator device; (D) at least one shutter; and (E) at least one high resolution gamma ray spectrometer.

Abstract: A second stage screening system configured to resolve a threat alarm detected in a cargo by a first stage screening system. The second stage screening system includes layers of first muon detectors placed above the cargo to detect a first coordinate and an angle of incidence of incoming muons and layers of second muon detectors placed below the cargo to detect an actual coordinate and an actual angle of exit of the incoming muons. The first and second detectors measure a momentum of the incoming muons. A processing unit receives threat sensitivity vectors determined from the first stage, operates a cargo positioning system that centers a high-Z threat within the cargo, relative to the first and second muon detectors, and analyzes the momentum and a distribution of deflection angles between the angles of incidence and exit to resolve the threat alarm.

Abstract: A method for building a 3D model of a rock sample comprises performing X-ray micro/nanoCT scanning of a rock sample and obtaining its initial three-dimensional microstructure image in a gray scale. Then, an analysis of the obtained three-dimensional image of the rock sample is performed and a binarization method is selected in dependence of the image quality and properties of the rock sample. The selected binarization method is at least once applied to the obtained initial three-dimensional image of the sample. Obtained 3D binarized image represents a 3D model of the rock sample.

Abstract: A method for measuring ash content in a biological material in an automated or semi-automated procedure is disclosed. The method includes the steps of scanning the biological material with electromagnetic radiation of at least two different energy levels, determining the amount of radiation transmitted through the sample of the biological material at the energy levels and estimating the moisture content in the biological material based on a relationship between the determined amount of radiation transmitted through the biological material. Thereafter, the ash content in the biological material is estimated, based on the estimated moisture content in the biological material, and average attenuation coefficients for the biological material without moisture, attenuation coefficients for a combustible part of the biological material and attenuation coefficients for ash of the biological material at the energy levels. A corresponding apparatus is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method for monitoring objects for example for facilitating the identification and/or authentication of objects comprises: in a first recording phase: irradiating an object with a suitable source of radiation, collecting intensity information about radiation emergent from the object, resolving the intensity information spectroscopically between at least two energy bands, and storing the resultant dataset as a reference dataset; and in a second verification phase: irradiating an object with a suitable source of radiation, collecting intensity information about radiation emergent from the object, resolving the intensity information spectroscopically between at least two energy bands, and using the resultant dataset as a test dataset; identifying the object and retrieving its corresponding reference dataset; comparing the test dataset and the reference dataset within predetermined tolerance limits, and: in the event that the reference dataset and the test dataset correspond within the predetermined tolerance li

Abstract: A method for increasing the accuracy of a target property value derived from a rock sample is described in which the sample is scanned to obtain a three-dimensional tomographic digital image which can be processed to pore space and solid material phases through a segmentation process. A process is used which revises the segmented volume, e.g., by increasing pore space connectivity, in a manner affecting the target property value that would be derived. Another described method increases the accuracy with which a segmented volume represents a material sample having structure not adequately resolved in an original three-dimensional tomographic digital image. Further, a system for performing the processes, and a segmented digital volume which more accurately represents a sample of a porous media, are described.

Abstract: An integrated microtomography and optical imaging system includes a rotating table that supports an imaging object, an optical stage, and separate optical and microtomography imaging systems. The table rotates the imaging object about a vertical axis running therethrough to a plurality of different rotational positions during a combined microtomography and optical imaging process. The optical stage can be a trans-illumination, epi-illumination or bioluminescent stage. The optical imaging system includes a camera positioned vertically above the imaging object. The microtomography system includes an x-ray source positioned horizontally with respect to the imaging object. Optical and x-ray images are both obtained while the imaging object remains in place on the rotating table. The stage and table are included within an imaging chamber, and all components are included within a portable cabinet.

Abstract: A calibration method for a device for identifying materials using X-rays, including: a) determining at least one calibration material and, for each calibration material, at least one calibration thickness of this material, b) measuring, for each of the calibration materials and for each of the selected calibration thicknesses, attenuation or transmission coefficients for X radiation, c) calculating statistical parameters from the coefficients, d) determining or calculating, for each calibration material and for each calibration thickness, a presence probability distribution law, as a function of the statistical parameters.

Abstract: A solar simulator including a support structure, two or more lighting modules connected to the support structure, wherein each lighting module includes a mounting structure and at least one multi-lamp assembly connected to the mounting structure, and a mobile sensor platform configured to sense light intensity and/or light spectrum.

Abstract: An apparatus and method of collecting topography, mechanical property data and electrical property data with an atomic force microscope (AFM) in either a single pass or a dual pass operation. PFT mode is preferably employed thus allowing the use of a wide range of probes, one benefit of which is to enhance the sensitivity of electrical property measurement.

Abstract: A method and a detector system are disclosed for the photon-counting detection of x-ray radiation with direct conversion detectors. In at least one embodiment of the method, as a function of the existing radiation energy, current and/or voltage pulses which are largely proportional thereto are generated, and the generated current and voltage pulses are counted in the detector when a predetermined current and/or voltage source is exceeded, whereby a threshold is used as a predetermined current and/or voltage threshold, which corresponds to a detection of a photon with an energy which is less than the k-edge of the detector material used.

Abstract: A method for photon count-loss calibration in a computed-tomography (CT) scanner, including capturing incident X-ray photons via a plurality of energy-discriminating detectors, determining photon counts of the captured incident X-ray photons in a plurality of energy windows at each energy-discriminating detector, and adjusting the determined photon counts in each energy window for each energy-discriminating detector based on a pre-determined photon count-loss look-up table and the determined photon counts.

Abstract: Method for the identification of a homogeneous material (e.g. a liquid) in a container (e.g. a bottle) by measuring its X-ray or gamma spectrum and deriving its specific attenuation function. The method comprises building a database of the attenuation functions of empty containers, of containers filled with various fluid materials and of the contained fluid materials itself (by subtracting or devoluting the empty-container-attenuation-function from the filled-container-attenuation-function), recording the spectrum of an unknown material in a container and comparing this spectrum to the spectra in the database.

Abstract: A method for detecting an anomaly in a biological material is disclosed, including the steps of: irradiating the biological material with electromagnetic radiation of at least two different energy levels; measuring the amount of radiation transmitted through the biological material; and determining, for each energy level, a transmission value. Before or after irradiation of the biological material, a reference material of a predetermined thickness is irradiated and the amount of radiation transmitted is determined. For each energy level, a transmission calibration reference value is determined and a calibrated transmission value is determined for the biological material and the calibration reference. A material value based on a relationship between the calibrated transmission value and the presence of an anomaly in the biological material is determined by comparing the determined and expected material values for the biological material. A corresponding apparatus is also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device (10; 10a;10b; 10c; 50) for checking pharmaceutical products (1), in particular hard gelatin capsules, by means of at least one radiation source (30; 60) preferably embodied as an X-ray source, and a conveying device which conveys the products (1) in a clocked manner in a radiation area (31) of the radiation source (30; 60). The radiation emitted by the radiation source (30; 60) penetrating the products (1) preferably perpendicular to the longitudinal axes thereof (2), and the radiation is captured on the side of the products (1) opposite the radiation source (30) by means of at least one sensor element (35) which is coupled to an evaluation device (36). The invention is characterized in that the conveyor device is embodied as a conveyor wheel (15; 15a; 51) which can rotate in a stepped manner about an axis (12; 52), and the products (1) are arranged, while being conveyed in the radiation area (31), in receiving areas (28; 37; 56) of the conveyor wheel (15; 5a; 51).

Abstract: To provide an X-ray imaging apparatus capable of easily adjusting the sensitivity or capable of easily extracting the amount of refraction of X-rays. An X-ray imaging apparatus irradiating an object to be measured with an X-ray beam from an X-ray source that generates X-rays of a first energy and X-rays of a second energy different from the first energy to measure an image of the object to be measured includes an attenuator and a detector. The attenuator attenuates the X-ray beam transmitted through the object to be measured and is configured so as to vary the amount of attenuation of the X-rays depending on a position on which the X-ray beam is incident. The detector detects the X-ray beam transmitted through the attenuator and is configured so as to detect the X-rays of the first energy and the second energy.

Abstract: An X-ray imaging apparatus acquiring a differential phase contrast image of a test object without using a light-shielding mask for X-ray. The apparatus includes an X-ray source, a splitting element configured to spatially divide an X-ray emitted from an X-ray source and a scintillator configured to emit light when a divided X-ray beam divided at the splitting element is incident on the scintillator. The apparatus also includes a light-transmission limiting unit configured to limit transmitting amount of the light emitted from the scintillator and a plurality of light detectors each configured to detect the amount of light that has transmitted through the light-transmission limiting unit. The light-transmission limiting unit is configured such that a light intensity detected at each of the light detectors changes in response to a change in an incident position of the X-ray beam.

Abstract: A system and a method for measuring an ash content and a calorific value of a coal are provided. The system comprises: an X ray device, disposed over the coal and configured to emit an X ray to the coal; at least one X ray measuring device, disposed over the coal and configured to measure an energy spectrum of an X ray reflected by the coal; a distance sensor, disposed over the coal and configured to measure a distance between the coal and the at least one X ray measuring device; and a computing device, configured to receive the energy spectrum and the distance from the at least one X ray measuring device and the distance sensor and to compute the ash content and the calorific value of the coal according to the energy spectrum and the distance.

Abstract: A method for counterfeit IC detection includes: providing a computer, an optical and an X-ray imager; optically imaging a package of one or more ICs; pattern matching the package image to identify an IC type; selecting one or more reference images from a reference library; X-ray imaging one or more ICs; performing in any order: comparing an internal lead frame structure of the one or more ICs to images from the reference library to determine a first numerical indicator; and determining a composition of the lead frame of the one or more ICs and to a corresponding composition from the reference library to determine a second numerical indicator; calculating an indication of authenticity based on the first numerical indicator and the second numerical indicator; and accepting or rejecting the one or more ICs based on the indication of authenticity. A system for counterfeit IC detection is also described.

Abstract: A radiation image acquiring system is provided. An X-ray image acquiring system irradiates X-rays to a subject from an X-ray source, and detects X-rays transmitted through the subject. The X-ray image acquiring system includes a first detector for detecting X-rays that are transmitted through the subject to generate first image data, a second detector arranged in parallel to the first detector with a dead zone region sandwiched therebetween, for detecting X-rays that are transmitted through the subject to generate second image data, and a timing control section for controlling detection timing of the second detector based on a dead zone width of the dead zone region so that first image data to be generated by the first detector and second image data to be generated by the second detector mutually correspond.

Abstract: A system and a method for measuring an ash content and a calorific value of a coal are provided. The system comprises: at least two dual-energy gamma ray transmission measuring devices and a computing device, in which at least one first dual-energy gamma ray transmission measuring device is disposed before an inlet of a coal combustion apparatus for measuring a first attenuation coefficient of a gamma ray from the at least one first dual-energy gamma ray transmission measuring device with regard to the coal; at least one second dual-energy gamma ray transmission measuring device is disposed after an outlet of the coal combustion apparatus for measuring a second attenuation coefficient of a gamma ray from the at least one second dual-energy gamma ray transmission measuring device with regard to a coal ash; and the computing device is configured to compute the ash content and the calorific value of the coal.

Abstract: A method for determining the concentration of an element in a material includes irradiating the material with an X-ray beam having a continuum in the area of an absorption edge of the element to be measured. The intensity of the transmitted X-ray beam is measured with an energy dispersive sensor. The intensity of the transmitted X-ray beam in an energy interval above the absorption edge and in an energy interval below the absorption edge is determined. The concentration of the element is computed on the basis of said intensities.

Abstract: There is provided an X-ray device irradiating a measuring object with X-ray and detecting transmission X-ray transmitted through the measuring object, the X-ray device including: a first information generation portion configured to generate first information in which a value according to an absorption coefficient is allocated to each of a plurality of divided sections into which there is divided a predetermined space including at least part of the measuring object; a frequency generation portion configured to generate frequency information of the allocated value to indicate a number of the divided sections according to magnitude of the allocated value in the first information; a ratio acquirement portion configured to acquire ratio information indicating a ratio between a first substance and a second substance constituting the measuring object; and a second information generation portion configured to change the first information into second information, by using the frequency information and the ratio inform

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring a composition of a multi-phase mixture, the multi-phase mixture comprising at least one liquid phase and at least one gaseous phase, comprises: a measurement tube that forms a conduit configured for receiving a flow of the multi-phase mixture; a radiation part configured for irradiating the multi-phase mixture in the measurement tube with electromagnetic radiation; a detector configured for detecting radiation that passes through the multi-phase mixture in the measurement tube; and an analyzer configured for determining the composition of the multi-phase mixture based on the detected radiation and calibration data of the at least one liquid phase and the at least one gaseous phase. A data acquisition part is configured for acquiring calibration data from radiation detected by the detector that passes through a calibration vessel filled with the multi-phase mixture or respective phases of the multi-phase mixture from the measurement tube.

Abstract: An apparatus for determining fluid phase fraction of a multiphase fluid mixture (13) comprises:—a x-ray generator (20) arranged to emit a x-ray radiation spectrum comprising a low energy region and a high energy region, the high energy region including a Bremsstrahlung spectrum;—a pipe section (27) through which the multiphase fluid mixture (13) flows comprising a measurement section (28), said measurement section (28) being coupled to said x-ray generator (20);—a detector (30) coupled to said measurement section (28) and arranged to detect x-ray radiation that has passed through said multiphase fluid mixture (13), the detector (30) being coupled to a multichannel analyzer (32) producing a measurement output comprising a low energy (LE) and high energy (HE) measurement counts; wherein the measurement output further comprises a low energy (LV) and high energy (HV) control counts, in a low energy and high energy control windows located on an edge of the Bremsstrahlung spectrum, respectively; and wherein the app