Abstract: A novel conjugate fiber with a fine and an optical interference color-generating function, suitable for application in product fields which require aesthetic qualities, the fiber being characterized by having a structure wherein an alkali-soluble polymer with a thickness of 2.0 ?m or greater surrounds an alternating laminated section with a thickness of no greater than 10 ?m, comprising alkali-insoluble polymer layers with different refractive indices alternately laminated parallel to the long axis direction of the flat cross-section, wherein the ratio (SP1/SP2) between the solubility parameter value of the higher refractive index polymer (SP1) and the solubility parameter value of the lower refractive index polymer (SP2) is in the range of 0.8–1.1.

Abstract: An optical transceiver comprising an optical bench including of a waveguide on a substrate, a light source, a system of transceiver module waveguides, a waveguide coupler, a fiber, and a detector.

Abstract: A polymer phase modulator having a plurality of polarizing waveguides having a layered stack including a core between at least one layer of cladding material, wherein the core is constructed of electro-optic material(s), wherein the layers of cladding materials having lower indices of refraction than the core for guided mode, wherein the layer of cladding material having higher indices of refraction than the core for non-guided mode, at least one waveguide having a non-modulating polarizing region, a substrate dimensioned and configured to integrate a plurality of optical components, wherein the optical components include a plurality of polarizing waveguide(s) and non-polarizing waveguide(s), a waveguide having a polarizing non-modulating region and a non-polarizing modulating region, coupler/splitter(s), electrode(s), and a waveguide configuration including a first polarizing waveguide, a coupler/splitter including a plurality of splitter ports, a second polarizing waveguide and a third polarizing waveguide.

Abstract: A fluidic waveguide comprising a container and a fluid that fills said container, wherein said fluid has a refractive index greater than the refractive index of the wall of said container and wherein said fluid can act as a waveguide for electromagnetic radiation when contacted therewith is disclosed. A corresponding fluidic lightguide along with devices that function as composite waveguides and lightguides are described. Assays utilizing this waveguide for biochemical, chemical, and other kinds of analyzes are also disclosed.

Abstract: Electro-optic waveguide devices that comprise an electro-optic polymer core and a polymer buffer clad. The polymer buffer clad comprises an organically modified sol-gel and has a refractive index lower than the refractive index of the core.

Abstract: An process of forming multilayer thin film heterostructures is disclosed and includes applying a solution including a first water-soluble polymer from the group of polyanionic species, polycationic species and uncharged polymer species onto a substrate to form a first coating layer on the substrate, drying the first coating layer on the substrate, applying a solution including a second water-soluble polymer from the group of polyanionic species, polycationic species and uncharged polymer species onto the substrate having the first coating layer to form a second coating layer on the first coating layer wherein the second water-soluble polymer is of a different material than the first water-soluble polymer, and drying the second coating layer on the first coating layer so as to form a bilayer structure on the substrate.

Abstract: An optical fiber for transmitting light, said optical fiber having an axial direction and a cross section perpendicular to said axial direction, said optical fiber comprising: (1) a first core region comprising a first core material having a refractive index Nco,1; (2) a microstructured first cladding region surrounding the first core region, said first cladding region comprising a first cladding material and a plurality of spaced apart first cladding features or elements that are elongated in the fiber axial direction and disposed in the first cladding material, said first cladding material having a refractive index Ncl,1 and each said first cladding feature or element having a refractive index being lower than Ncl,1, whereby a resultant geometrical index Nge,cl, 1? of the first cladding region is lowered compared to Ncl,1; (3) a second core region surrounding said first cladding region, said second core region comprising a second core material having a refractive index Nco,2, and (4) a second cladding regio

Abstract: A coated optical fiber can have a primary coating and a secondary coating, where the primary coating can have good microbending resistance and is obtained by curing a composition having a high cure speed. In one example, a coated optical fiber can include as optical fiber, a primary coating and a secondary coating. The optical fiber can have an attenuation increase of less than 0.650 dB/km at 1550 nm, with the primary coating having a modulus retention ratio of at least 0.5, a glass transition temperature of ?35° C., and where the primary coating is obtained by curing a primary coating composition having a cure dose to attain 95% of the maximum attainable modulus of less than 0.65 J/cm2.

Abstract: The present invention is concerned with an optical cable with improved tracking resistance comprising at least one optical fiber and an outer sheath which comprises a polymeric material, characterized in that the polymeric material forms a matrix for the sheath and consists of a multimodal olefin polymer obtained by a coordination catalyzed polymerization, and in that the total composition of the sheath comprises 15–40% by weight of a metal hydroxide, preferably magnesium hydroxide and/or aluminium hydroxide, and 0.01–0.9% by weight of carbon black.

Abstract: A method of producing optical elements using a substrate having a recess, which is capable of easily removing a film in the recess, and optical elements formed. The optical element comprises a substrate 1, an optical waveguide structure layer 10 of resin disposed in a part of the region on the substrate 1, and a recess 21 formed in the region where the optical waveguide structure layer 10 is not disposed. The optical waveguide structure layer 10 includes an optical waveguide 4 and a clad layer. A coupler layer is disposed between the substrate 1 and the optical waveguide structure layer 10, and the film thickness distribution range of the coupler layer in the region below the optical waveguide 4 is such that the minimum film thickness is not more than 30 angstroms and the maximum film thickness is not less than 20 angstroms.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a radiation-curable solvent-free coating composition for optical fiber having a radiation-curable urethane (meth)acrylate oligomer comprising an alkyd backbone,a reactive diluent, and a photoinitiator, and optionally an additive.

Abstract: A polymer optical waveguide has a substrate, a buffer layer formed on the substrate, and a polymer waveguide main body formed on the buffer layer. The buffer layer is made of a polymer material that can absorb a difference in thermal expansion coefficient between the substrate and the polymer optical waveguide.

Abstract: An optical fiber having at least one epoxidized polyolefin based polymer coating. The coating is formed from a crosslinkable composition having (a) at least one epoxidized polydiene oligomer having a first and a second end, the oligomer having at least one hydrocarbon chain that is substantially free of ethylenic double bonds, at least one epoxide group at the first end and at least one reactive functional group at the second end; (b) at least one hydrogenated polydiene oligomer having at least one reactive functional group capable of reacting with the epoxide groups; and (c) at least one photo-initiator. Preferably, the coating is a primary coating coated with a secondary coating.

Abstract: A UV-curable and foamable resin composition comprising a photopolymerizable urethane acrylate oligomer, a photopolymerable monomer, a photo polymerization initiator, a photolytic foaming agent selected from an azo compound, a combination of sulonium salt and an inorganic carbonate, and a mixture thereof, and a photolysis catalyst is useful for coating a fiber or ribbon bundle to be applied to an air blown fiber system.

Abstract: There is provided a material which can give a high elasticity and heat resistance to an optical waveguide member by photo-curing while maintaining transparency in a near infrared region and further makes it possible to use a film forming process by a spin coating method and a process for producing a waveguide by photolithograph, to obtain a waveguide having a large area and to produce an optical waveguide having reduced water absorption, and further there can be provided an optical waveguide member and an optical waveguide device. Namely, there are provided a fluorine-containing optical waveguide material comprising a curable fluorine-containing prepolymer (I) which is a non-crystalline polymer having a fluorine content of not less than 25% by weight and has a carbon-carbon double bond in a polymer side chain and/or at an end of a polymer trunk chain, an optical waveguide member which is a cured article of the optical waveguide material and an optical waveguide device comprising the optical waveguide member.

Abstract: Compositions for use in optical fiber coatings, optical fibers and optical fiber arrays using these coatings and methods for making the same are disclosed. The composition comprises a combination of two different radiation curable urethanes, and can further comprise one or more reactive monomers.

Abstract: Several novel polyimide materials are disclosed. One example is a polyimide material comprising heterocyclic polyimide having an unit represented by the following general formula (1): (wherein ?1s may be the same or different and are individually a quadrivalent organic group, the ?1s including at least 0.2 molar equivalent of a quadrivalent hetrocyclic group selected from the following Group (a), ?1s may be the same or different and are individually a bivalent organic group, and n is a positive integer).

Abstract: A photonic crystal and a producing method thereof are provided. The photonic crystal includes at least two media of different refractive indices formed on a semiconductor substrate. One of the media is periodically arranged in another one of the media. The photonic crystal has a cleaved surface on its side. The directions of primitive translation vectors representing the periodic arrangement directions of the one medium are at desired angles with the cleaved surface. Preferably, the direction of at least one of the primitive translation vectors is in parallel with the cleaved surface.

Abstract: A clad is produced by polymerizing methyl methacrylate and (meth)acrylic acid ester having alicyclic hydrocarbon group. A core is produced by an interfacial-gel-polymerization method. A first covering layer having a thickness being less than 500 ?m is formed on an outer surface of the clad to produce a single-fiber optical cable. A plurality of the single-fiber optical cables are bundled. A gap between the single-fiber optical cables is infused with a filler. The bundled single-fiber optical cables are covered with a second covering layer to produce a multi-fiber optical cable. Since the covering layer is thin, the multi-fiber optical cable has excellent flexibility and reduced bending loss.

Abstract: This invention provides a process for producing a three-dimensional polyimide optical waveguide, which comprises: (I) irradiating a polyamic acid film with a laser beam while converging the laser beam at an inside portion of the film and relatively moving the light convergence point, the polyamic acid film containing: (a) a polyamic acid obtained from a tetracarboxylic dianhydride and a diamine; and (b) per 100 parts of the polyamic acid, from 0.5 part by weight to less than 10 parts by weight of a specific 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative represented by formula (I): and then, (II) heating the polyamic acid film to imidize the polyamic acid, thereby obtaining an optical waveguide having a continuous core region where the refraction index has been changed, in the thus formed polyimide film.

Abstract: Several novel polyimide materials are disclosed. One example is apolyimide material comprising heterocyclic polyimide having an unit represented by the following general formula (1): (wherein ?1s may be the same or different and are individually a quadrivalent organic group, the ?1s including at least 0.2 molar equivalent of a quadrivalent hetrocyclic group selected from the following Group (a), ?1s may be the same or different and are individually a bivalent organic group, and n is a positive integer).

Abstract: A lower cladding layer is laminated on a substrate and constituted of at least one layer. A light absorption layer is laminated on the lower cladding layer. An upper cladding layer is laminated above the light absorption layer and constituted of at least one layer. A light incident end surface is provided on at least one of the substrate and the lower cladding layer, and, when a light is made incident at a predetermined angle, enables the light to be absorbed in the light absorption layer and to be output as a current. An equivalent refractive index of the at least one of the substrate and the lower cladding layer is larger than that of the upper cladding layer. The predetermined angle is an angle enabling a light incident into the light absorption layer to be reflected at a lower surface of the upper cladding layer.

Abstract: A probe navigation method, a navigation device, and a defect inspection device wherein in a charged particle beam system provided with probes for electrical characteristics evaluation, probing can be easily carried out regardless of the equipment user's level of skill are provided. To attain this object, probes and a test piece stage on which a test piece is placed are driven by independent driving means. Further, a large stage driving means which integrally drives the probes and the test piece stage is provided. In addition, CAD navigation is adopted. This enhances the equipment users' convenience during probing.

Abstract: Provided are compositions suitable for use in forming a flexible optical waveguide. The compositions include a polymer, having units of the formula (RSiO1.5), wherein R is a substituted or unsubstituted organic group, and a plurality of functional end groups. A first component is provided for altering the solubility of the composition in a dried state upon activation. A second component contains a plurality of functional groups chosen from hydroxy, amino, thiol, sulphonate ester, carboxylate ester, silyl ester, anhydride, aziridine, methylolmethyl, silyl ether, and combinations thereof. The second component is present in an effective amount to improve flexibility of the composition in a dried state before and after activation. Also provided are flexible optical waveguides, methods of forming flexible optical waveguides and electronic devices that include a flexible optical waveguide.

Abstract: Provided are compositions which include a polymer, having units of the formula (RSiO1.5), wherein R is a substituted or unsubstituted organic group, and a plurality of functional end groups. A first component is provided for altering the solubility of the composition in a dried state upon activation. A second component contains a plurality of functional groups chosen from epoxides, oxetanes, vinyl ethers and combinations thereof. The second component is present in an effective amount to improve flexibility of the composition in a dried state before and after activation. Also provided are flexible optical waveguides, methods of forming flexible optical waveguides and electronic devices that include a flexible optical waveguide.

Abstract: Provided are compositions suitable for use in forming a flexible optical waveguide. The compositions include a polymer that has units of the formula (R1SiO1.5) and (R22SiO), wherein R1 and R2 are the same or different, and are substituted and/or unsubstituted organic groups, and wherein the (R22SiO) units are present in an amount of 14 wt % or more based on the polymer; and a plurality of functional end and/or internal groups. Also included is a component for altering the solubility of the composition upon activation. The solubility of the composition in a dried state is alterable upon activation of the component such that the composition is developable in an aqueous developer solution. Also provided are flexible optical waveguides, methods of forming flexible optical waveguides and electronic devices that include a flexible optical waveguide.

Abstract: An optical fiber includes a coating comprising a cross-linked network comprising the reaction product of monomers and oligomers and at least one polymer dispersed or interpenetrated in the cross-linked network. The oligomer and polymer components used are at least partially fluorinated. The fiber-coating composition of the invention presents a refractive index that is low while satisfying the conditions for industrial fiber-drawing.

Abstract: A resin liquid is provided which is used to produce an optical fiber coating layer which does not degrade over time in long-period transmission characteristics of the optical fiber. An optical fiber in which long-period transmission characteristics do not degrade is also provided. In order to achieve these objects, the present invention provides a resin liquid for an optical fiber coating layer containing at least one resin, wherein the resin liquid contains fewer than 500 pieces of extraneous material per 1 ml of the resin liquid, which have a minimum length of 0.5 ?m or more and a hardness greater than a hardness of the resin liquid after curing.

Abstract: Compositions for use in optical fiber coatings and optical fibers and optical fiber arrays using these coatings are disclosed, as are methods for making the same. The compositions comprise a combination of two different radiation curable urethane oligomers, and can further comprise one or more reactive monomers. One of the oligomers has at least three functional groups that can undergo radiation cure, and comprises a lactone modified polyol.

Abstract: A solid includes crosslinked amphiphilic organosilicate precursors. The amphiphilic organosilicate precursors form a matrix with an array of micro-structures dispersed in the matrix.

Abstract: Waveguides are disclosed (and other devices and materials including but not limited to hydrophobic coatings, passivation materials, glob top materials, underfill materials, dielectric materials for IC and other applications, microlenses and any of a wide variety of optical devices) that benefit by a high hydrophobicity and high stability and, among other things. In one embodiment of the invention, a method for making a waveguide comprises: forming a lower cladding layer on a substrate; forming a core layer after the lower cladding layer; and forming an upper cladding layer after the core layer; wherein the lower cladding layer, core layer and/or upper cladding layer is hydrophobic and results, if exposed to water, in a water contact angle of 90 degrees or more.

Abstract: A plastic optical fiber low in attenuation in a high order mode and small in mode dispersion, is presented. The plastic optical fiber comprises at least a core and a clad surrounding the core, characterized in that the core has a refractive index which gradually decreases from the core center towards the outside in the radial direction of the plastic optical fiber, and the refractive index of the clad is lower than the refractive index of the core center and higher than the refractive index of the core periphery.

Abstract: The present invention has an object of enhancing the tolerance of setup positioning error of an optical multiplexer/demultiplexer which uses a multi-mode optical waveguide. For this sake, the invention is designed to couple the multi-mode optical waveguide with a single-mode optical waveguide directly. In another configuration of this invention, there is provided between both optical waveguides a single-mode optical waveguide having its length set to be approximately equal to zero, or equal or approximately equal to the period of interference between the 0th-order mode and a radiative higher-order mode of the single-mode optical waveguide.

Abstract: A transmission loss of each dried and water-saturated plastic optical fiber (POF) is measured. In range from 500 nm to 720 nm and from 785 nm to 810 nm, the transmission loss P1 of the dried POF and a difference of the transmission loss from the water-saturated POF to the dried POF satisfy at least one of the conditions, 0?L/P1?1, 0<L?100 and 10?L+P1?200. Further, in the wavelength range from the ultraviolet ray to infrared ray, the absorption wavelength of OH vibration in water contained in the POF and the absorption wavelength X of harmonic absorptions of atomic vibrations are detected, and the above conditions are the wavelength ranges except the absorption wavelength X. In the performance of optical communication in these wavelength ranges, the transmission loss does not increase so much even when the the POF absorbs water. Therefore the adequate optical communication can be performed stably.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a UV curable clad resin composition for optical fiber or waveguide comprising: (A) a photopolymerizable acrylate oligomer derived from the mixture composed of a polyol copolymer, an acid anhydride, an acrylate alcohol, a condensation polymerization catalyst and a polymerization inhibitor, (B) a photopolymerizable monomer, (C) a photopolymerization initiator, and (D) a leveling or antifoaming agent. The inventive composition minimizes optical loss and has a controllable low refractive index in the range of 1.35 to 1.46.

Abstract: An optical communication apparatus comprises an optical transmitter (1) which emits light signals corresponding to external electric signals (11) using light emitted from a short-wavelength light-emitting element (14) such as a yellow light-emitting diode of maximum wavelength in a range of 560–590 nm or a green light-emitting diode of maximum wavelength in a range of 490–550 nm; a plastic fiber (2) including a methacrylate polymer core free from benzene rings and having one end connected optically with the short-wavelength light-emitting element (14), the core containing less than 5 ppm free sulfur; and an optical receiver (3) having a photodetector element (31) connected optically with the other end of the plastic fiber (2) and adapted to producing an output electric signal (35) in accordance with the output from the photodetector element (31).

Abstract: A process for producing a polyimide optical waveguide, including: (a) forming an undercladding layer on a substrate, (b) forming a photosensitive polyimide resin precursor composition layer on the undercladding layer, (c) irradiating the photosensitive polyimide resin precursor composition layer, excepting a region corresponding to a core pattern, with a UV light through a mask, followed by heating (d) removing a UV-unexposed area of the layer by development, (e) heating a UV-exposed area of the layer to imidize the UV-exposed area, thereby forming a cladding layer having a desired pattern, (f) coating the region corresponding to the core pattern and a surface of the cladding layer with a polyamic acid that forms a polyimide resin having a higher refraction index than the polyimide resin of the cladding layer, and imidizing the polyamic acid by heating to form a core layer, and (g) forming an overcladding layer on the core layer.

Abstract: The present invention concerns an optical guide (100) comprising an amplifier medium including: a core (10) in a main matrix of a transparent material, the main matrix containing particules (1, 2), each particule being formed of a submicronic matrix distinct from the main matrix and doped by an active metal element, an external guiding cladding (11) in contact with the core (10). The size of the particules (1, 2) is smaller than 20 nm. The present invention also concerns a method for producing this guide.

Abstract: An optical waveguide-forming material is comprised of a photocurable organopolysiloxane composition comprising an alkali-soluble organopolysiloxane and a photoacid generator, wherein the organopolysiloxane is obtained by (co)hydrolytic condensation of a triorganoxysilane having hydrolyzable epoxide and has an average molecular weight of 500–50,000 as determined by GPC using polystyrene standards. The optical waveguide-forming material, when subjected to pattern formation by photolithography, can be resolved with an alkaline aqueous solution, has a high sensitivity and resolution, and offers a cured film having improved light transmittance, heat resistance and humidity resistance.

Abstract: According to the present invention, an improved waveguide device utilizes an advantageously designed optically functional cladding region and an associated modulation controller to address design challenges in applications requiring modulation, attenuation, control, switching, etc. of optical signals. In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, an electrooptic modulator is provided comprising an optical waveguide, a cladding optically coupled to the optical waveguide, an optically functional cladding region defined in at least a portion of the cladding, and a modulation controller configured to provide a modulating control signal to the optically functional cladding region. The modulation controller is configured to generate an electric field in the optically functional region in response to a biased modulating RF control signal.

Abstract: An optical fiber having at least one epoxidized polyolefin based polymer coating. The coating is formed from a crosslinkable composition having (a) at least one epoxidized polydiene oligomer having a first and a second end, the oligomer having at least one hydrocarbon chain that is substantially free of ethylenic double bonds, at least one epoxide group at the first end and at least one reactive functional group at the second end; (b) at least one hydrogenated polydiene oligomer having at least one reactive functional group capable of reacting with the epoxide groups; and (c) at least one photo-initiator. Preferably, the coating is a primary coating coated with a secondary coating.

Abstract: Telecommunication cable having a tubular element, in particular a buffer tube housing at least one transmission element. The tubular element has a polymeric composition which allows an easy tearing of the element, in order to get access to the transmission element housed therein. The tubular element is made from a polymeric composition having a heterophasic olefin copolymer which has at least one amorphous phase having sequences deriving from copolymerization of at least two different olefin monomers, at least a first crystalline phase having sequences deriving from the homopolymerization of a first olefin monomer and at least a second crystalline phase having sequences deriving from the homopolymerization of a second olefin monomer.

Abstract: A perturbed, multimode optical fiber exhibits order-of-magnitude improved capacity attributed to mode mixing—high per-channel bit rate, and large channel number due to large available bandwidth—without the added loss which, in the past, was associated with the perturbation stream.

Abstract: A urethane (meth)acrylate oligomer which has a low viscosity and gives a flexible cured product having a low surface tackiness, is provided. It is obtainable by reacting a polyol component comprising a polyoxyalkylene polyol which has from 2 to 4 hydroxyl groups, a hydroxyl value VOH (mgKOH/g) of from 5 to 115 and a total degree of unsaturation VUS (meq/g) satisfying VUS?(0.45/VOH)+0.02, with a polyisocyanate compound and a hydroxylated (meth)acrylate compound.

Abstract: A coated optical fiber can have a primary coating and a secondary coating, where the primary coating can have good microbending resistance and is obtained by curing a composition having a high cure speed. In one example, a coated optical fiber can include as optical fiber, a primary coating and a secondary coating. The optical fiber can have an attenuation increase of less than 0.650 dB/km at 1550 nm, with the primary coating having a modulus retention ratio of at least 0.5, a glass transition temperature of ?35° C., and where the primary coating is obtained by curing a primary coating composition having a cure dose to attain 95% of the maximum attainable modulus of less than 0.65 J/cm2.

Abstract: A fully light-controllable integrated optical switch applicable in a slab geometry configuration includes a waveguide and an ad-medium in contact with the waveguide. The the ad-medium comprises a photochromic protein as a material of non-linear optical property, wherein switching of a light propagating in the waveguide is effected by a change of an optical property of the ad-medium caused by a light-induced transition of the photochromic protein from one defined molecular state to another.

Abstract: The present invention relates to fluorinated polyethers having a fluorinated aliphatic group at a main chain as represented by the formula (1), as well as a waveguide fabricated using the same: where RF represents OCH2(CF2)nCH2O, or OCH2CF2O(CF2CF2O)nCF2CH2O, where n is a natural number ranging from 1 to 12; Ar1 represents ?where B is not present or a C?O group, or Ar1 represents ?where Hal is one selected from F, Cl, Br and I; Ar2 represents ?where D is one selected from —C(CF3)2, —C(CH3)2, —CO—, —SO2—, —O— and —S—, or Ar2 represents ?where R1 and R2 are the same or different and each independently represents a halogen atom selected from F, Cl, Br and I, and m is a natural number of 1-3, or Ar2 represents E represents H, or ?where P is H or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group; x is a number ranging from 0.1 to 1.0; y is 1.0?x.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide an optical fiber for transmitting ultraviolet ray which has an improve transmittance and is prevented from deterioration by ultraviolet ray with which it is irradiated. It is another object of the present invention to provide an optical fiber probe which can propagate vacuum ultraviolet ray and deep ultraviolet ray at a high transmittance, is deteriorated only to a limited extent when irradiated with ultraviolet ray and can be etched to have a desired shape of the sharpened section at the fiber end. The present invention provides the optical fiber for transmitting ultraviolet ray which has a core 5 of silica glass containing a given content of fluorine and a clad 6a of silica glass containing a given content of fluorine or boron, a clad 6b of a resin which transmits ultraviolet ray or a clad 6c having air holes H. The clad may be coated with a protective layer and further with a covered layer for protection.

Abstract: A light guiding plate, characterized by comprising a transparent thermoplastic resin composition containing 1-200 ppm of fine particles having a refractive index of 1.7-3.0 and an average particle diameter of 0.01-1.0 ?m. This light guiding plate is suitable for display devices used in office automation apparatuses such as personal computers, word processors, etc. and various monitors displaying image signals such as panel monitors, television monitors, etc., display devices used in illuminators for indoor or outdoor space, and signs.

Abstract: An electro-optic waveguide device that includes (a) an electro-optic polymer core having a refractive index and (b) an electro-optic first polymer clad in proximity to the electro-optic polymer core.