Abstract: Disclosed herein are more energy efficient heaters for dispensing volatile air treatment chemicals. The heaters have a housing with a base and a cover, the base and cover together defining an enclosure with an internal generally ring-shaped cavity and an axial through bore. One of the base and cover has an essentially cylindrical extension that is integral therewith, extends towards the other of the base and cover, and forms a portion of the axial through bore. First and second electrical contacts are positioned in the cavity with portions overlapping against a heater. A metallic heat transfer sleeve formed separately from the base and cover is positioned radially outward and around the essentially cylindrical extension, and has a flange abutting one of the contacts. Also disclosed are dispensers that incorporate these heaters.

Abstract: The present invention provides an evaporation device for which maintenance is readily conducted, and further, provides an electrode cover which can prevent an evaporation material from being adhered to electrodes. Moreover, the present invention provides an evaporation device including an evaporation chamber; a holding portion for holding an object to be treated; an evaporation source; an electrode; an electrode cover; and a power supply, in which the evaporation chamber includes the holding portion in an upper portion, and includes the evaporation source, the electrode, and the electrode cover in a lower portion; the electrode cover covers at least a part of an exposed surface of the electrode; the electrode and the power supply are electrically connected.

Abstract: A presently preferred apparatus, and related methods are disclosed by which fragrance can be safely released from either a container melted candle or containerized wax particles using flameless heat conductively applied to the candle container or radiantly applied to the wax particle container across an air space.

Abstract: A fragrance emitting apparatus includes a casing having an interior region, a USB connector attached to the casing and configured for connection to a USB port, and a heating element positioned in the interior region of the casing and electrically connected to the USB connector. The heating element generates heat when the USB connector is connected to a USB port. The fragrance emitting apparatus includes a fragrance cartridge slidably and removably attached to the casing. The fragrance cartridge has a fragrance member that provides a fragrance, scent or aroma when the fragrance member is heated. The fragrance member is positioned near the heating element when the fragrance cartridge is slidably attached to the casing.

Abstract: A composite synthesis method and apparatus, a vaporizer for the composite synthesis apparatus, a vaporizer heater and a composite. In the composite synthesis apparatus using simultaneous vaporization, two or more vaporizers are heated by heaters such that samples vaporized by the vaporizers are supplied into a reactor to synthesize a composite. The apparatus and method may prepare multiple-metal or metal-carbon heterogeneous composites, and may be applied to various metal- and carbon-based adsorbents, absorbents, gas/liquid separation membranes and various catalyst processes. Further, the composite may be applied to various industrial fields through change in metal components or carbon structures.

Abstract: A humidifier includes a heating element including a porous structure of electrically resistive and thermally conductive material configured to substantially vaporise liquid that is passed through the porous structure. The porous structure has a liquid inlet and a vapour outlet. The humidifier further includes an outer housing surrounding at least a portion of the porous structure for containing the liquid and vapour within the porous structure. The porous structure includes a first electrical connector and a second electrical connector, the first and second connectors being configured for receiving electrical power and applying a voltage across the porous structure to generate heat.

Abstract: A heating module includes a housing with an opening, and a PTC ceramic heating element arranged in the housing having an inner face facing toward the opening, an outer face facing away from the opening and two end faces connecting the inner and outer faces, wherein the inner face is at least partially matched to the opening.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an apparatus and a method for vaporizing a liquid to form vapor preferably in a gas stream. The apparatus includes a composite metal structure, the structure comprising a plurality of passageways for providing heat to vaporize the liquid in the gas stream to form a gas/vapor mixture. A non-corrosive interface lies between the metal structure and the gas/vapor mixture, the interface being chemically inert to the gas/vapor mixture and the structure permitting heat to be conducted rapidly therethrough to vaporize the liquid. The apparatus further includes an inlet for the gas and an inlet for the liquid to be vaporized to flow into the plurality of passageways and an exit through which the gas/vapor mixture exits the apparatus.

Abstract: A removable heater assembly 20 is provided for a vaporizer 10 by which to easily mechanically and electrically connect and disconnect the heater assembly 20 from a base 22 for removal and/or replacement thereof without requiring tools or specialized skills.

Abstract: A fragrance generator provides a scent dispenser for mounting on a light emitter of a decorative light, such as those used at holidays. A silicone rubber scented sleeve is placed over and around a cylindrical light emitter. Upon energizing the decorative light, the heat generated by the light emitter warms the scented sleeve and thereby enhances the rate of scent emission from the scented sleeve. An optional scent reservoir formed at one end of the scented sleeve enables the retention of additional amounts of liquid fragrance oil(s). Placement of the light emitter within and extending it throughout the sleeve, and into the fragrance reservoir, results in a further enhancement in amount and duration of scent emission.

Abstract: The embodiments described are directed to a vaporizer having a housing with a vaporizing chamber formed therein. A fine mesh conductive screen is disposed inside the vaporizing chamber for generation of heat through electrical resistance. The housing includes an aperture to the vaporizing chamber and an exhaust aperture for evacuating vapors by a user.

Abstract: A device for emitting volatile compositions comprising a capillary element, a channel in fluid communication with the capillary element, an emitting orifice having a forward tilt from about +5 degrees to less than about +90 degrees, and a decoupled piezoelectric actuator for emitting the volatile composition through the emitting orifice. In some embodiments, the device is a plug-in air freshener and reduces surface deposition and improves scent noticeability through improved containment of perfumes during the rest period.

Abstract: A removable heater assembly 20 is provided for a vaporizer 10 by which to easily mechanically and electrically connect and disconnect the heater assembly 20 from a base 22 for removal and/or replacement thereof without requiring tools or specialized skills.

Abstract: A device is disclosed for generating a decontamination agent vapor, in particular hydrogen peroxide vapor. The device includes an evaporator body, a heating unit for heating the evaporator body, and a plurality of feed channels for feeding decontamination liquid to the evaporator body. The decontamination liquid is evaporated by the evaporator body. In one embodiment, the liquid contains hydrogen peroxide. In some embodiments, a plurality of blind holes are provided in a single- or multi-part evaporator body, and at least one of the feed channels is assigned to the blind holes.

Abstract: A fog effects system includes a control system, a fog fluid reservoir, an elongated insulator, an elongated electric heating element, an air supply subsystem, a fog fluid supply subsystem, and a handheld body. The control system can include a battery-operated power supply and a user-operable control. The heating element extends along the insulator. The control system electrically energizes the heating element during system operation. The air supply subsystem directs a flow of air along the heating element during system operation. The fog fluid supply supplies fog fluid to the flow of air. The heating element vaporizes the fog fluid, which is emitted from an end of the system.

Abstract: A light and fragrance producing device includes an electrically powered light source and a separate electrically powered heating element. The device also includes a fragrance disk that can emit fragrances when heated by the heating element. The fragrance disk also can be configured to remain solid while heated by the heating element rather than melting or evaporating. The device can also include a decorative outer housing that can be interchangeable.

Abstract: A method of dispensing a volatile active into the surrounding environment includes the steps of providing a fragrance dispenser having a housing, a fan disposed within the housing and having a airflow director, first and second chambers disposed within the housing, and first and second fragrances disposed in the first and second chambers. The first and second chambers include first and second shutters covering first and second outlets, and first and second heaters, respectively.

Abstract: A portable device which generates heat and which can be used alternatively as a corded, plug-in device or as a cordless, fuel-powered device. The device has dual heating capabilities—each of which is powered by a unique cartridge. For use as a plug-in device an electric cartridge that connects the device to an adapter is utilized, whereas for use as a portable device a fuel cartridge is utilized for supplying a hydrocarbon fuel to support combustion. Use of one of the cartridges prevents the use of the other.

Abstract: An evaporation source that causes the evaporation bars to vaporize and emit small particles. The small particles of the evaporation bars are evenly dispersed all around the evaporation source. Thus, the particles then accumulate on workpieces to form symmetrical films. A vapor deposition apparatus using the present evaporation source is also described.

Abstract: An air freshener with customizable fragrances is disclosed. The air freshener accepts a plurality of fragrance modules, which allow a user to create customized fragrant environments. A fan and/or heating element are included to increase fragrance dispersal. Additional components may be included into the air freshener to provide enhancements to the user experience, including but not limited to a clock, timer, or a music player. The air freshener obtains power from a number of sources, such as AC mains or DC batteries. Energy storage devices located on board the air freshener may be charged by inductive or solar power. The air freshener may also include lighting elements and styling cues to integrate into the local environment.

Abstract: The vaporizer assembly includes a nail sub-assembly formed of a high rate of heat transfer material and an adapter assembly formed of a lower rate of heat transfer material. The nail sub-assembly includes a bowl at an upper end and a shaft extending down from the bowl. The shaft has a hollow bore passing therethrough. The nail sub-assembly is preferably formed of a titanium alloy which can be heated to high temperatures without damage thereto. The adapter has a hollow core sized to receive the shaft of the nail therein. The nail is preferably threaded along with portions of the adapter to facilitate height adjustability of the nail relative to the adapter. Lower portions of the adapter are configured to mate with a water pipe inlet tube or other downstream vapor handling device.

Abstract: Disclosed is a steam oven to cook food in a cooking chamber by use of steam. More particularly, disclosed is a steam generator of a steam oven, which can simplify the configuration of a device required to generate steam and is detachably attached to a cabinet to assure easy cleaning and washing thereof. The steam generator includes a single body having an inner space divided into a water supply compartment and a boiler compartment by a partition, the water supply compartment having a water pouring hole, and the boiler compartment having a heater and a steam discharge hole. Also, a water supply passage is defined between the water supply compartment and the boiler compartment. This configuration has the effects of achieving improved workability and reduced manufacturing costs of the steam generator and also, of overcoming a limit in the inner volume of a cooking chamber of the steam oven.

Abstract: A multi-stage, superheated steam generator for crude oil recovery comprises a plurality of radially spaced-apart first stage electric heating tanks that peripherally surround an inner, second stage electric steam tank. The steam tanks are secured within casing by a slack accommodating mounting comprising a downwardly projecting stub received within a rigid, tubular expansion sockets secured beneath each steam tank. A plurality of serpentine, electric resistive heating elements abut each steam tank. The elements have loop portions proximate the bottoms of each steam tank and vertical portions abutting each tank periphery. First stage tanks output steam to a manifold system that outputs to the second stage heater.

Abstract: A heating apparatus and a steam generator that is capable of heating water to produce hot water or steam and an electric home appliance that is capable of washing, rinsing, drying, or sterilizing an object using the same are disclosed. The heating apparatus and steam generator include a heating member, a fixing unit assembly for fixing the heating member to a predetermined support structure, a thermostat mounted to the fixing unit assembly for preventing the heating member from overheating, and a heat transfer member connected between the heating member and the thermostat for transferring heat from the heating member to the thermostat. The electric home appliance includes the heating apparatus and steam generator.

Abstract: A method of supplying fuel vapor to an exhaust aftertreatment device of a motor vehicle is provided. The method includes evaporating fuel on a voltage-biased, resistive heating element, the element set in an enclosure configured to release fuel vapor to the exhaust-aftertreatment device, and indicating that the element is degraded if a current flowing through the element is less than a threshold current. In some embodiments, the threshold current is based on the ambient temperature and/or the amount of fuel in the enclosure.

Abstract: A volatile material diffuser includes a housing and first and second containers holding first and second volatile materials and having first and second wicks, respectively, in contact with respective volatile materials and extending out of respective containers, wherein the containers are inserted into and detachably attached to the housing. The diffuser further includes first and second heaters disposed within the housing adjacent the first and second wicks, respectively, to vaporize the first and second volatile materials, respectively. A means for providing an air flow is disposed in the housing such that air from the means for providing an air flow transports vaporized volatile materials away from the housing. The heaters are energized in an alternating sequence such that, when a heater is deactivated, the means for providing an air flow cools a wick associated with the deactivated heater.

Abstract: An apparatus and method improves heating of a solid precursor inside a sublimation vessel. In one embodiment, inert, thermally conductive elements are interspersed among units of solid precursor. For example the thermally conductive elements can comprise a powder, beads, rods, fibers, etc. In one arrangement, microwave energy can directly heat the thermally conductive elements.

Abstract: The fragrance emanation system includes a container for holding preferably a fragranced liquid or gel, a housing for holding the container, and a wick. The housing contains a socket for attaching to the container, a cavity for receiving the container and a door for enclosing the container. One end of the wick protrudes from the container. An electrical circuit is included having a heater for heating the protruding end of the wick and electrical connectors coupled to the circuit to receive current from a power source to provide the current to the heater. The heater heats and evaporates the liquid within the wick, thereby accelerating the emission of vapors from the evaporated liquid. The door includes a window, a bottom and a mechanism for holding the door closed to assist in holding the container in engagement with the socket.

Abstract: A smokable material vaporizer is disclosed, comprising of an enclosure having an elongated heating tube, a heating element, an air pump and a vapor collection receptacle for vaporizing a smokable material and allowing inhalation thereof. The heating tube is an elongated structure with a material loadable cap at its distal end and a screen for communicating vaporized material into the enclosure. The proximal end of the heating tube comprises a heating lamp element and a means to force air via a pump into the tube and through the screen. The heating lamp is powered by an electrical connection that includes a timer switch for safety and an activation switch. The lid of the enclosure is removable to reveal the attached heating tube, wherein smokable material is placed for the heating lamp to raise its temperature above vaporization levels, whereafter it is pumped into a collection receptacle bag for inhalation.

Abstract: This invention discloses a kind of garment steamer technology, which overcomes the defects of obvious condensation and return flow inside the steam duct and the low purity and temperature of steam. It comprises a main body, a steam duct and a brush head, being equipped with a water tank and a heating and vaporizing device inside, said heating and vaporizing device inside said main body comprising the first vaporizing device and the second vaporizing device, said brush head being equipped with the third vaporizing device; said first vaporizing device comprising a spiral vaporizing tube, an electric heating tube and a metal die cast; is provided with a water outlet pipe on the bottom, said water outlet pipe is connected with the water inlet of said spiral vaporizing tube via the pump.

Abstract: A pebble stone-shaped aroma diffuser includes a top cover shell, an upper panel, a gasket ring, a lower panel, a bottom cover shell, a heater and a base member. The gasket ring is tightly set between the top cover shell and the upper panel, thereby forming with the top cover shell and the upper panel a fluid container. The lower panel is supported on the bottom cover shell and closely attached to the upper panel of the fluid container. The heater is kept in contact with the bottom side of the lower panel. The base member is arranged at the bottom side of the bottom cover shell to provide power supply to the heater for producing heat that is transferred through the lower panel and the upper panel to heat the aromatic fluid in the fluid container. The fluid container is rapidly detachable from the lower panel for cleaning.

Abstract: An aroma diffusing night lamp system having the characteristics of high heating performance, high level of safety and angle adjustability is disclosed to include a night lamp unit formed of a lamp socket holding a light emitting device, an electric plug rotatably coupled to the lamp socket and a safety lampshade surrounding the light emitting device, and an aroma diffuser unit formed of an electrically insulative heater holder, a heater carried in the electrically insulative heater holder and an outer lampshade that is mounted on the lamp socket around the safety lampshade and defines a top trough that holds an aromatic substance and has the bottom wall thereof kept in contact with the heater for enabling the aromatic substance to be heated into vapor safely.

Abstract: A combination aroma diffuser includes a lower housing, a control unit, a display screen, an upper housing, a light-emitting heating unit, a cover member and a speaker. The upper housing and the lower housing admits light so that the displayed digits of the display screen that is kept inside the lower housing are visible when the display screen emits light. The control unit has stored therein music and sounds for output through the speaker. The light-emitting heating unit emits light through the upper housing to heat an aromatic fluid in the cover member into vapor that goes out of air vents of the cover member to the outside open air.

Abstract: A UFO shaped assembly comprised of a top housing and a bottom housing. A vaporizer, comprised of an elongate metal heating element surrounded by a glass cylinder and a metal tube, is retained by a support plate within the housing. The the edge of the metal tube protrudes slightly above the surface through an aperture in the top housing. A rheostat controls the heat output of the heating element. An optional light transmitting disk and attached LEDs can be sandwiched between the top housing and the bottom housing thereby increasing the UFO effect. The vaporizer is powered by a power cord and plugged into a standard wall socket. The top housing may be removed from the bottom housing and replaced with other themed housings such as a sports car or a dragon.

Abstract: There is provided a smoke generating device for use with a vaporizing material. The smoke generating device includes a housing defining an inner chamber configured to receive the vaporizing material, and a heating element disposed within the housing. A capillary is disposed within the inner chamber and is in thermal communication with the heating element. The capillary includes opposed first and second end portions, with the first end portion being disposable in the vaporizing material and the second end portion defining an opening in fluid communication with the internal chamber. The capillary is configured to convey the vaporizing material to the heating element. An inlet conduit in fluid communication with the inner chamber and fluidly connectable to a pressurized fluid source, and an outlet conduit in fluid communication with the inner chamber and configured to convey vapor from the inner chamber.

Abstract: The present invention refers to an electric evaporation device with adjustable evaporation intensity, wherein a shield member (4) is displaceable between a minimum evaporation position in which it is interposed between a heating resistor (5) and an upper part of a wick (3), and a maximum evaporation position in which part of the shield member is located below said resistor (5). Since the shield member (4) is moved downwardly below the resistor (5), the upper end (13) of the wick (3) be located very close to an aperture (10) for the exit of the vaporized substance.

Abstract: The invention provides a method and system for conducting a continuous operation, flowing vapor phase decontamination in either an open loop or a closed loop. Using the method, a multi-component liquid decontaminant is vaporized and delivered into, through and out of a sealable enclosure by means of a carrier gas that is flowing into, through and out of said sealable enclosure. After leaving the enclosure, the vapor is captured in a cold-water bath and decomposed. The invention humidifies the carrier gas by passing it through a temperature controlled water bath to warm, or to cool, the carrier gas as necessary in order to bring the carrier gas to the desired temperature and humidity before it is combined with the vaporized sterilant and allowed to flow into the sealable enclosure. The concentration of the vapor sterilant and the percent saturation of the vapor sterilant are simultaneously controlled by controlling the rate at which the carrier gas flows and the rate at which the liquid sterilant is vaporized.

Abstract: An electrically powered device for emitting light and for also producing and releasing fragrances or other vaporizing agents into the surrounding environment through the combined use of a heating element and a polymeric disk that is impregnated with vaporizing agents, at least a portion of which are released into the air upon the application of heat to said disk. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the heating element and light sources are contained within a base unit that is positioned at a lower portion of the device. The disk, which is formed and shaped so as to optimize exposed surface area, rests on an upper surface of the heating element during operation of the device. The fragrance disk is intended to be removed from the device after a substantial portion of the vaporizing agents impregnated therein are released into the air, allowing for its replacement with another disk.

Abstract: A fragrant electronic device includes a main body, a fragrant member and a resilient member received in the main body. The resilient member resists the fragrant member and ensures that the resilient member will not become loose and rattle around in the main body.

Abstract: A method and system for delivering iodine gas is presented. The pure iodine gas flow can be at a controlled, known flow rate, and furthermore be held at a positive pressure in relation to a process chamber. In an exemplary embodiment, pure iodine gas is transported without the use of an inert carrier gas. This is facilitated in part by maintaining the iodine gas chamber at a higher pressure than the processing chamber. In one exemplary embodiment, an iodine vessel receives solid iodine supplied by an iodine fill source and is heated to produce pure iodine gas. In addition, a control system monitors and controls the operating conditions in the iodine vessel and maintains a positive pressure in the iodine vessel. The iodine delivery system may include a valve system configured to control the flow of iodine gas through the iodine delivery system and into a process chamber.

Abstract: A high-performance, modular, multipurpose, cartridge-based, liquid dispensing air freshener system that uses at least one refillable or disposable liquid filled cartridge. It can also use fixed tanks and dispense pesticides or any other liquid that can be vaporized. This programmable device can use an unlimited number of cartridges to discharge numerous different fragrances of which can be dispensed separately or mixed. A variety of chassis size and shape configurations can be used, such as a micro-sized unit that allows extreme portability so that it can be used in cars, at office desks or easily carried around in a pocket or purse; it can also function as a compact plug-in air freshener. Cartridges can be automatically selected so that the system can dispense a different scent for different time intervals or mix scents. It can be built into an automotive dash panel or designed to fit into a car style stereo slot.

Abstract: A bubbler chamber assembly comprising one chamber or two or more chambers connected in series, all chambers being in substantially vertical orientation. A solid or liquid source of the compound is contained in the chamber or chambers. The ratio between the length of the chamber or combined length of chambers connected in series with respect to the direction of flow of the carrier gas through the chamber or chambers and the average diameter equivalent of the cross section of the chamber or chambers with respect to the direction of flow of the carrier gas through the chamber or chambers is not less than about 6:1.

Abstract: An apparatus for generating an aerosol of a therapeutic agent and methods of using the same are disclosed. The apparatus comprises a heating element having a surface and a composition coating at least a portion of the heating element surface. The composition comprises a carrier and a therapeutic agent, wherein when the heating element surface is heated to at least the vaporization point of the carrier, the carrier vaporizes and releases the therapeutic agent from the composition as an aerosol. The heating element can be a coiled filament. The therapeutic agent can be a small molecule, a polynucleotide, a polypeptide, or a recombinant virus. The apparatus can be incorporated into a delivery device, such as a metered dose inhaler or an exposure chamber.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device includes the steps of: providing a supply of molecules containing a plurality of dopant atoms into an ionization chamber, ionizing said molecules into dopant cluster ions, extracting and accelerating the dopant cluster ions with an electric field, selecting the desired cluster ions by mass analysis, modifying the final implant energy of the cluster ion through post-analysis ion optics, and implanting the dopant cluster ions into a semiconductor substrate. In general, dopant molecules contain n dopant atoms, where n is an integer number greater than 10. This method enables increasing the dopant dose rate to n times the implantation current with an equivalent per dopant atom energy of 1/n times the cluster implantation energy, while reducing the charge per dopant atom by the factor n.

Abstract: A removable heater assembly 20 is provided for a vaporizer 10 by which to easily mechanically and electrically connect and disconnect the heater assembly 20 from a base 22 for removal and/or replacement thereof without requiring tools or specialized skills.

Abstract: Vapor delivery systems and methods that control the heating and flow of vapors from solid feed material, especially material that comprises cluster molecules for semiconductor manufacture. The systems and methods safely and effectively conduct the vapor to a point of utilization, especially to an ion source for ion implantation. Ion beam implantation is shown employing ions from the cluster materials. The vapor delivery system includes reactive gas cleaning of the ion source, control systems and protocols, wide dynamic range flow-control systems and vaporizer selections that are efficient and safe. Borane, decarborane, carboranes, carbon clusters and other large molecules are vaporized for ion implantation. Such systems are shown cooperating with novel vaporizers, ion sources, and reactive cleaning systems.

Abstract: An apparatus for steam heating a baby bottle comprising a reservoir in which water is heated by an electric resistance-type heater to produce steam, which is controlled via an on/off switch and an electronic control panel, is herein disclosed. A probe is used to measure an exact temperature of the heated liquid such as milk or formula, and displays said temperature upon a digital readout. Thus, the parent or caregiver is assured of the liquid being heated to the exact temperature without danger of burning. The apparatus is capable of heating a bottle of liquid in mere seconds in lieu of the minutes usually taken by conventional heating methods. It is envisioned that the apparatus can not only heat a bottle in a shorter period of time, but also can do so in a more consistent and accurate manner compared to current manual methods.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for monitoring an evaporator (2), whereby a liquid is applied onto a heating unit (3) and evaporated and the temperature drop caused by the evaporation heat in the heating unit (3) is detected. In the absence of a predetermined temperature drop, a signal is generated. In this way, the evaporation process can be controlled in a simple manner.

Abstract: A steam cooker includes a steam generator for generating steam, a steam temperature-raising device for raising a temperature of steam coming from the steam generator, and a heating chamber in which an object to be cooked is heated by steam supplied from the steam temperature-raising device. The steam generator has a pot (41) to which water is supplied, a heater (42) placed in the pot (41), a water level sensor (43) and a temperature sensor (48) placed in the pot (41). The water level sensor (43) and the temperature sensor (48) are placed at opposed side surfaces in the pot (41) that correspond to the short sides of an elongated roughly rectangular planar shape of the pot (41). An exposed state of the heater (42) from the water in the pot (41) is judged by the water level sensor (43) and the temperature sensor (48).

Abstract: An evaporator device for ammonia to be used in mobile exhaust gas systems includes a basic body encompassing at least one inlet line and at least one outlet line. At least one heating element and at least one duct for connecting the inlet line to the outlet line are disposed within the basic body. The at least one heating element is in heat-conducting contact with an evaporation section of the at least one duct, while the at least one duct has a meandering course in the evaporation section. A motor vehicle and a method for producing an evaporator device, are also provided.