Abstract: Asynchronous optical data is aligned with synchronous convergence points in an optical packet switching system. The convergence points can be any place where data enters an optical packet switching element, buffer stage, switch fabric, etc. The arrival time for data approaching the convergence point is compared with a reference signal associated with the upcoming convergence point. The comparison is used to identify the amount of time-shift required to align the approaching data with the reference signal. Control information is derived according to the comparison and used to control an optical data aligner that synchronizes the data with the convergence point.

Abstract: In one embodiment, detecting an initialization of a synchronization phase of a network device in a fiber channel fabric, performing synchronization phase optimization of the network device to select a predetermined number of interfaces, and transmitting a synchronization request on the predetermined number of interfaces, are provided.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an optical system for transfer of timing reference signal and radio frequency synchronisation of multiple events with femtosecond precision on multiple remote locations such as within a particle accelerator, where synchronisation scheme with a low phase jitter and a long term stability is required using standard telecommunications single-mode optical fibre. Said system comprises a transmitter (1), a low jitter oscillator (2) and a receiver (3), said transmitter (1) and said receiver (3) being connected by means of a transmission optical line (4) and a return optical line (5).

Abstract: A system for communication of signals between remote devices and monitoring and control devices via fiber. The system in accordance with one aspect of the invention includes a plurality of remote interface units each coupled to a corresponding one of the remote devices, and a base unit coupled to the one or more monitoring devices and the one or more control devices. The plurality of remote interface units and the base unit are interconnected by fiber optic links to form a ring. Each of the remote interface units supplies a video signal to the base unit for distribution to the one or more monitoring devices, and the base unit supplies control signals from the one or more control devices to the plurality of remote interface units.

Abstract: This disclosure concerns transceivers that include CDR bypass functionality. In one example, a 10 G XFP transceiver module includes integrated CDR functionality for reducing jitter. The 10 G XFP transceiver module also implements CDR bypass functionality so that the CDR can be bypassed at rate less than about 10 Gb/s, such as the Fibre Channel 8.5 Gb/s rate for example.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to realize a stable and highly-efficient quantum communication without being influenced by the jitter of the heralding signal. In regard to the quantum encryption transmitting apparatus 200, the pulse-driven heralded single-photon source 201 generates a photon pair, outputs one photon of the photon pair, and outputs the other photon of the photon pair as a heralding signal. The timing adjuster 202 synchronizes the heralding signal with a clock signal for pulse driving the pulse-driven heralded single-photon source 201, and outputs as a trigger signal. The quantum communication modulating unit 203 implements the signal modulation to a quantum signal, in timing with the trigger signal, and transmits the quantum signal to the quantum encryption receiving apparatus 300 via the quantum communication path 101. The heralding signal transmitting unit 205 transmits the heralding signal to the quantum encryption receiving apparatus 300 via the heralding signal communication path 102.

Abstract: A method, core node, ingress edge node, and egress edge node for matching a bit rate of data input into an optical burst switching network with that of data output from the optical burst switching network are provided. The method includes calculating a difference between a frequency of optical data received on a node and a natural frequency of the node; including the calculated difference into control information; and transmitting the control information. The core node includes a calculator to calculate a difference between frequency of optical data and the natural frequency of the optical data; and a controller to add the difference and a difference included in control information, and output the added difference. The ingress edge node includes a data processor; and a controller. The egress edge node includes an ingress edge node clock recovery phase lock loop; a de-mapper; and a storage unit.

Abstract: In one embodiment, data words and ordered sets in a Fibre Channel data stream are formed into a group and the ordered sets are moved to the beginning word positions of the group. The ordered sets are encoded so that a control character in the first byte of the ordered set is replaced with a control code byte encoding the original location of the ordered set in the group, the identity of the control character replaced by the control code byte, and whether the following word is an ordered set.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a RZ-DPSK modulated optical signal generation apparatus and method, wherein the apparatus comprises: a high speed multiplexer for amplifying a photo-electric converted high speed data signal and de-multiplexing it into parallel low speed signals, pre-coding the parallel low speed signals, then multiplexing the pre-coded low speed signals into a high speed data signal, inputting a processed data + and synchronous clock into a first RZ converter and amplifier, and inputting a pre-coded data ? and synchronous clock into a second RZ converter and amplifier; a first RZ converter and amplifier and a second RZ converter and amplifier for converting data + and data ? NRZ signals into RZ signals, then amplify them separately, and use the amplified RZ signal to drive a LiNbO3 modulator; a LiNbO3 modulator has differential inputs, when the CW laser emits optical power and transmits through the modulator, a RZ-DPSK modulated optical signal is obtained from the modulator output.

Abstract: An optical transmission system is provided in which the optimum operating point of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, matched to the optical frequency of the light source on the transmitting side, can be set.

Abstract: An efficient means for transmitting digitized return path signals over a cable television return path is disclosed. In one embodiment of the invention, the cable television return path includes a node that receives an analog return signal from a subtree of the cable television system and generates a digital transport signal representative of the analog return path signal. The digital transport signal, however, is not a digitized form of the analog return signal. Rather, the digital transport signal is encoded such that fewer bits are used to represent the analog return signal without substantially impacting the accuracy and dynamic range of the signal. At the hub, the digital transport signal is decoded and converted to produce an analog signal that is a close approximation of the analog return signal.

Abstract: Systems and methods for operating transponders that automatically accommodate multiple received signal types. The different signal types may include different clients such as, e.g., SONET/SDH, G.709, 10 Gigabit Ethernet, etc. as well as different data rates. A transponder can automatically detect the client signal type and data rate and respond by processing the received signal appropriately, notifying a control processor, and invoking an appropriate performance monitoring method. This maximizes the network operator's flexibility and ease of configuration.

Abstract: An electrical return to zero (RZ) encoder converts non-return to zero (NRZ) data, into of RZ data patterns with a flexibility for duty cycle adjustment so that any RZ data pattern may be provided for a specific application's need. A duty cycle of>50% or<50% may be achieved by selecting between a clock signal or its complement and adjusting its delay.

Abstract: Embodiments of an integrated circuit are described. This integrated circuit includes a clock-generator circuit configured to provide a clock signal and an optical clock path coupled to the clock-generator circuit. Note that the optical clock path is configured to distribute optical signals corresponding to the clock signal. Furthermore, note that a given optical signal has a phase which is different than phases of the other optical signals.

Abstract: Provided is a digital signal synchronization device of a coherent optical receiver. The digital signal synchronization device includes a digital signal processing unit to perform synchronization on a digital signal of an output optical signal generated by interfering an optical signal received through an optical fiber with an optical signal of laser output from a local oscillator and to perform decoding using the synchronized digital signal, and a digital signal managing unit to monitor the digital signal processing unit to output data of the optical signal normally, which has been received through the optical fiber, according to the synchronized digital signal.

Abstract: In a receiver, a skew detector detects a skew between two synchronization symbols having different wavelengths among synchronization symbols included in received signals. A skew rough adjustment calculator calculates a delay compensation amount for each received signal based on the skew and a signal delay characteristic in a transmission path. A variable delay processor deskews the received signals based on the delay compensation amount.

Abstract: An efficient means for transmitting digitized return path signals over a cable television return path is disclosed. In one embodiment of the invention, the cable television return path includes a node that receives an analog return signal from a subtree of the cable television system and generates a digital transport signal representative of the analog return path signal. The digital transport signal, however, is not a digitized form of the analog return signal. Rather, the digital transport signal is encoded such that fewer bits are used to represent the analog return signal without substantially impacting the accuracy and dynamic range of the signal. At the hub, the digital transport signal is decoded and converted to produce an analog signal that is a close approximation of the analog return signal.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide systems, apparatuses, and methods for maintaining proper bit sequence as well as the rate at which the bits occur within the data stream, enabling the transport of an unaltered optical stream from one point to another. Bits of data in a data stream are read into a buffer at a rate controlled by a Phase Locked Loop. A bit count (Ci) embedded in the data stream is extracted and compared with a locally generated bit count (Co) over a predetermined time interval. If Ci and Co are not the same, the PLL frequency can be adjusted to increase or decrease the rate data is read from the buffer.

Abstract: A lock detection apparatus detecting lock of an optical phase-locked loop apparatus including a first phase detector comparing phases of an input light signal and a beat light signal to output a first phase comparison signal, a loop filter forming the first phase comparison signal, and an optical voltage controlled oscillator outputting the beat light signal based on the formed first phase comparison signal. The lock detection apparatus includes: a phase shifter shifting the phase of the beat light signal; and a second phase detector comparing the phases of the input light signal and the phase-shifted beat light signal to output a second phase comparison signal, wherein the phase shifter shifts a quantity of the phase so that the phase comparison signal may not be 0 when the phases of the two light signals compared by the second phase detector synchronize with each other to the beat light signal.

Abstract: The phase modulation in which the frequency chirp becomes 0 at the timing which the user wants to synchronize, and the frequency chirp becomes larger as the time deviates in a positive or negative direction from this timing is applied to the signal light with each wavelength comprising pulse train of different timing. Thus, the optical pulses which deviate from the timing which the user wants to synchronize receive the frequency chirp in accordance with the amount of the timing deviation. The WDM signal light which has been chirped in this way is made to pass a linear dispersive medium, and the dispersion fit for the amount of frequency chirp is made to be given. By adjusting the amount of dispersion, it is possible to obtain the pulses which conform to the timing at which the user wants to synchronize the pulses of each wavelength.

Abstract: An optically isolated circuit device includes a first opto-isolator circuit that is driven by a first clock signal, and the output of the first opto-isolator circuit is used to drive a phase-locked loop (PLL) that is configured to synthesize a second clock signal having a frequency that is a multiple of the first clock signal frequency. The second clock signal is used as an input to a suitable clocked circuit of a type that benefits from optical isolation, such as an analog-to-digital converter (ADC).

Abstract: A system and method for regenerating a client clock signal for use in optical communications is disclosed. The system and method involves using a carrier clock signal and a client clock signal to calculate quantities of data that are received and transmitted at an edge node and then adjusting a clock source in response to the difference between the calculated quantities of received and transmitted data.

Abstract: A system and method are provided for calibrating temporal skew in a multichannel optical transport network (OTN) transmission device. The method accepts a pair of 2n-phase shift keying (2n-PSK) modulated signals, as well as a pair of 2p-PSK modulated signals. The 2n-PSK and 2p-PSK signals are converted to 2n-PSK and 2p-PSK optical signals, respectively. The 2n-PSK and 2p-PSK optical signals are orthogonally polarized and transmitted. A timing voltage is generated that is responsive to the intensity of the orthogonally polarized signals. The timing voltage is correlated to a reference frame calibration pattern associated with a preamble/header portion of an OTN frame. Then, the timing voltages associated with the Ix, Qx, Iy, and Qy signal paths are compared, and the misalignment between the timing voltages and the reference frame calibration pattern is minimized in response to adjusting time delay modules in the Ix, Qx, Iy, and Qy signal paths.

Abstract: An optical signal reception device is disclosed that receives and demodulates an optical signal modulated by DQPSK and performs logical inversion and other controls to transit to the object reception state.

Abstract: A multi-rate clock signal extracting device includes a light modulator, a photoelectric converter, a band-pass filter unit, a phase comparison unit, a bit rate changeover switch and a modulating electric signal generating unit. The light modulator modulates a light signal according to a modulating electric signal as a mixing signal obtained by mixing an electric signal with frequency f/(2j?1) and an electric signal with frequency ?f so as to output it as a modulated light signal. The modulated light signal is converted into a first electric signal by the photoelectric converter. A second electric signal group with frequency (2n?1)×?f is generated from signal components with frequencies (2n?1)×?f included in the modulated light signal by the photoelectric converter and the band-pass filter unit so as to be input into the phase comparison unit.

Abstract: An optical receiver circuit is provided which is able to receive optical signals having a variable transmission rate, without loss of data. The optical receiver circuit according to the present invention has a light-receiving section for converting an optical signal with a variable transmission rate into an electric signal. A recovery section recovers a plurality of different clock signals and data corresponding to possible transmission rates. These data are stored into a plurality of memories and at the same time a decision section decides the transmission rate. A switch section reads data from one of the memories selected according to the result of the decision.

Abstract: Attenuation caused by dispersion in an optical fiber communications system is compensated. A number of low-speed channels is to be transmitted across an optical fiber. Each low-speed channel is allocated a different frequency band for transmission. The attenuation caused by dispersion is estimated for each of the frequency bands. The power of each low-speed channel is adjusted to compensate for the estimated attenuation. The power-adjusted low-speed channels are frequency division multiplexed together to produce an electrical high-speed channel suitable for transmission across the communications system.

Abstract: A novel clock synchronization mechanism for recovering and distributing a centralized clock source synchronously over asynchronous networks such as optical Ethernet. A clock conversion scheme is provided whereby multiple clocks having diverse rates are converted to clock signals all having a common rate. One of the converted clocks is chosen and all downstream clock signals is derived from this clock. A high quality clock source located anywhere on the network is distributed throughout the network thus turning an asynchronous Ethernet network into a synchronous one. Synchronous TDM data streams can then be easily transported over the Ethernet network.

Abstract: A method that enables an optical transceiver to perform consistency checking, such as Cyclic Redundancy Checking (CRC), over internal information stored in the transceiver's memory while the transceiver is in operation. The optical transceiver includes a system memory and a consistency checker component. The consistency checker component determines that consistency checking is to be performed and identifies which portion of the system memory is to be checked. The consistency checker reads the portion of system memory and determines whether or not the portion of system memory is consistent with an expected consistency check value.

Abstract: A novel clock method and synchronization mechanism for recovering and distributing a centralized clock source synchronously over legacy asynchronous network devices such as legacy optical Ethernet devices that do not support synchronous Ethernet. An external device functions transparently to provide legacy optical Ethernet devices a clock synchronization and distribution mechanism. The external devices implement a clock conversion scheme whereby multiple clocks having diverse rates are converted to clock signals all having a common rate. One of the converted clocks is selected and all downstream clock signals are then derived from this clock. A high quality clock source located anywhere on the network is distributed throughout the network thus turning an asynchronous Ethernet network into a synchronous Ethernet network. Synchronous TDM data streams can then be easily transported over the Ethernet network.

Abstract: Provided are a frequency extracting apparatus and a signal extracting system employing the same. The signal extracting system can reduce the effect of an input signal pattern by extracting two frequency components and beating them to extract a desired clock signal, and improve a signal-to-noise ratio of an extracted clock signal. The frequency extracting apparatus includes: a circulator for changing an output direction of an input signal; a reflective filter for extracting a desired frequency component among frequency components of the input signal; a wavelength and amplitude controlling unit; and the frequency amplitude controller.

Abstract: A system and method are provided for calibrating skew in a multichannel optical transport network (OTN) transmission device. The method accepts a pair of 2n-phase shift keying (2nPSK) modulated signals via Ix and Qx electrical signal paths, where n>1. Likewise, a pair of 2P-PSK modulated signals are accepted via Iy and Qy electrical signal paths where p>1. The Ix, Qx, Iy, and Qy signals are correlated to a preamble/header portion of an OTN frame. A voltage on the Ix signal path is compared with Qx, and VO12 voltage is generated. A voltage on the Iy signal path is compared with Qy, and VO34 is generated. One of the Ix or Qx voltages is compared with one of Iy or Qy voltages to generate VOxy. Then, the VO voltages are minimized in response to adjusting time delay modules in the Ix, Qx, Iy, and Qy signals paths.

Abstract: Embodiments of an integrated circuit are described. This integrated circuit includes: a clock-generator circuit configured to provide a clock signal; an optical clock path coupled to the clock-generator circuit; and a latch coupled to the optical clock path. This optical clock path is configured to distribute an optical signal corresponding to the clock signal. Furthermore, the optical clock path is configured to optically set a skew value for the optical signal, and is configured to selectively gate distribution of the optical signal to the latch based on activity of the latch. Note that the selective gating is performed optically.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an interconnect switch has an optical switch fabric (OSF) having N input ports and N output ports. The OSF has a bank of optically interconnected wavelength-selective switches and is adapted to route optical signals from the input ports to the output ports. In a fully deployed implementation, the interconnect switch has N input line cards and N output line cards. Each of the input line cards is adapted to generate N respective modulated optical signals using carrier wavelengths that are controllably selected from more than N carrier wavelengths to provide wavelength redundancy for optically connecting the input line card and any of the output line cards. In a partially deployed implementation, the interconnect switch has fewer than N input line cards and/or fewer than N output line cards. In either the fully deployed implementation or a partially deployed implementation, the interconnect switch is capable of load balancing.

Abstract: A photometric device with a wide dynamic range. The photometric device includes a constant current generation circuit, a fixed clock signal generation circuit which generates a fixed clock signal having a fixed frequency, a photoelectric conversion element, a variable clock signal generation circuit and a digital signal generation circuit. The fixed clock signal generation circuit generates a fixed clock signal that oscillates at a fixed frequency, from constant current The variable clock signal generation circuit generates a variable clock signal that oscillates at a frequency proportional to the amount of photocurrent, from photocurrent generated in the photoelectric conversion element. The digital signal generation circuit sets a measurement period using the fixed clock signal, counts the number of pulses of the variable clock signal that oscillates for the measurement period, and outputs a digital signal including the count value as data.

Abstract: A data link includes an ASIC. The data link includes a heat insulation layer in contact with the ASIC. The data link includes an optical transducer layer having a plurality of transducers, with each transducer of the plurality of transducers in communication with the ASIC. Each transducer converting optical signals to electrical signals or electrical signals to optical signals. The data link includes an optical waveguide layer having a plurality of waveguides for carrying optical signals. Each waveguide of the plurality of waveguides in optical communication with a transducer, the optical waveguide layer adjacent with the insulation layer. An apparatus for data. A method for transferring data.

Abstract: A complementary optical wiring system has a transmitting circuit configured to combine a delayed signal obtained by delaying a digital electric input signal by a time shorter than a minimum pulse width of the digital electric input signal with the digital electric input signal to generate a first electric pulse signal synchronized with a rising edge of the digital electric input signal and a second electric pulse signal synchronized with a falling edge of the digital electric input signal, a first light-emitting element configured to convert the first electric pulse signal to a first optical signal, a second light-emitting element configured to convert the second electric pulse signal to a second optical signal, a first optical transmission path configured to transmit the first optical signal, a second optical transmission path configured to transmit the second optical signal, a first light-receiving element configured to convert the first optical signal transmitted through the first optical transmission path

Abstract: An apparatus and method for adjusting a receiving time point of burst data in an optical burst switching network is provided. The method includes comparing a reference time point of a node with a time slot boundary of the burst data; and adjusting the time slot boundary of the burst data in accordance with the reference time point. The apparatus includes a sync detection section which is configured to detect a difference between a time slot boundary of the burst data and a reference time point; and a sync control section which is configured to control shifting and re-aligning the received burst data with the reference time point according to the difference detected by the sync detection section.

Abstract: A multi-level modulation receiving device for adaptively compensating for chromatic dispersion and polarization mode dispersion with high precision. Each equalizing filter has at least one variable parameter as a weight therefor and equalizes the waveform of a corresponding channel signal in accordance with an averaged variable parameter value. A signal quality monitor monitors the signal quality of the filter output signal, and a variable parameter value calculator calculates a variable parameter value to be set as the variable parameter, in accordance with the signal quality. A variable parameter averaging unit averages the variable parameter values calculated for respective channels, to generate an averaged variable parameter value, and sends the averaged variable parameter value to the equalizing filters such that the same weight is set in the equalizing filters associated with the n channels.

Abstract: A reference-clock selection circuit for a communication interface apparatus in which signals are input via a plurality of channels includes an insertion-stuff-bit-amount monitoring unit that monitors an insertion stuff bit amount to be inserted in the signal; a channel detecting unit that detects a channel where the insertion stuff bit amount inserted in the signal matches an insertion stuff bit amount of a reference signal from a reference clock oscillator; and a reference-clock selecting unit that selects the detected channel as a reference clock for network synchronization of a connected network.

Abstract: An OLT includes a first transmitter and receiver unit for transmitting and receiving signals with ONUs, a first communication control timer, a measurement unit for measuring a round trip time (RTT) between the OLT and each of ONUs, an advance notice time generation unit for generating an advance notice time signal by adding a predetermined time to a time information that indicates a time in the first communication control timer in response to a first time reference pulse, and a unit for controlling the first transmitter and receiver unit to transmit the generated advance notice time signal to each of the ONUs, and to transmit signals indicating measured RTT/2 to the respective ones of the ONUs.

Abstract: A clock extracting apparatus arranges bit intervals of a signal light train incident on a signal light processing section to have uneven periods, makes bit intervals between a predetermined signal light and signal lights adjacent to the predetermined signal light to be longer than a switching time of an electro-optical gate, selectively demultiplexes the predetermined signal light using the electro-optical gate, and extracts a clock synchronized with the signal light train from the demultiplexed signal light. Thus, it becomes possible to extract a clock synchronized with an ultra-high speed from a signal light train.

Abstract: The present invention provides systems and methods for the mitigation of PMD impairments in fiber optic links. The present invention utilizes synchronous polarization modulation and digital control of polarization modulation, instead of independent polarization modulators and analog control used in the current state of art. Also, the present invention utilizes a feedback loop to avoid identified bad polarization states instead of a random open loop operation. Further, the present invention includes a mechanism to continually update polarization states based on pre-corrected FEC error analysis from data receivers. Additionally, the present invention includes a mechanism for collecting and correlating error feedback signals from multiple geographically-diverse network nodes. Advantageously, the present invention provides a cost-effective and efficient way to implement mitigation of PMD impairments, while using only a small fraction of the FEC error correction capability.

Abstract: To provide synchronizing methods, optical switch modules, center devices, remote devices, optical access systems, optical access networks, programs, and recording media in the optical access network which can give the connection start time of the upstream optical switching element of the optical switch module. To the optical switch module, ranging functions are provided and the center device OLU carries out ranging of the optical switch module OSM as is the case of ranging of the remote device ONU. The center device OLU transmits the difference between roundtrip time of the remote device ONU and roundtrip time of optical switch module OSM, which is the result of these rangings, to the optical switch module OSM, and the optical switch module OSM can obtain the contact start time of the upstream optical switching element by calculating the contact start time using the difference.

Abstract: In order to improve a transmission speed of multilevel light transmission, increasing the number of light emitting elements is effective. However, in a method in which light outputs from a plurality of light emitting elements are added, because common mode noise contained in the light outputs is added, deterioration in transmission quality caused by the common mode noise prominently arises. Therefore, a difference between two light outputs is previously assigned to data to be transmitted. Specifically, an optical transmitter 102 converts data Dt to multilevel optical signals OSm1 and OSm2 and transmits the converted multilevel optical signals to an optical receiver 103. The optical receiver 103 restores the data Dt which is previously assigned to a difference between electrical signals ESr1 and ESr2 converted from the multilevel optical signals OSm1 and OSm2.

Abstract: In an optical transmission system in which a pulse signal is converted into an optical signal before transmission, a pulse signal demodulation device capable of correctly demodulating the pulse signal is provided. An optical-to-electrical conversion section (31) converts a received optical signal into an electrical signal, and outputs the electrical signal as a received signal. A reception waveform information calculating section (33) outputs, as reception waveform information, information about a shape of a waveform of a short-pulse signal on which a distortion occurring during the time when a short-pulse signal is converted into an optical signal to when the optical signal is converted into a received signal by the optical-to-electrical conversion section (31), is reflected.

Abstract: The distortion component of an optical signal received from an optical transmission system, such as an all-optical system, subject to noise and amplitude distortion components, can be evaluated by a method that utilises information derived from analysing the bit error ratio (BER) of the signal as a function of a movable threshold. The analysis is performed in high and low bit error ratio areas of the eye diagram used for data one/zero decision making. The intersections with the threshold axis (where BER=0.25) of extrapolations of the high and low bit error ratio values provide variables V1 and V2 which are divided (V1/V2) to obtain an estimate/prediction of the amplitude closure of the eye diagram resulting from amplitude distortion. The analysis is preferably carried out after Q conversion of the BER values. The method can also be extended to provide indications of Q, bit error ratio and optical signal-to-noise ratio within the signal.

Abstract: A method of carrier recovery from a high speed optical signal received through an optical communications network. A stream of multi-bit digital samples of the optical signal is processed to generate a multi-bit estimate X?(n) of each one of a plurality of transmitted symbols. A phase of each symbol estimate X?(n) is rotated, and a respective symbol phase error ??(n) of the rotated symbol estimate determined.

Abstract: A data link includes an ASIC. The data link includes a heat insulation layer in contact with the ASIC. The data link includes an optical transducer layer having a plurality of transducers, with each transducer of the plurality of transducers in communication with the ASIC. Each transducer converting optical signals to electrical signals or electrical signals to optical signals. The data link includes an optical waveguide layer having a plurality of waveguides for carrying optical signals. Each waveguide of the plurality of waveguides in optical communication with a transducer, the optical waveguide layer adjacent with the insulation layer. An apparatus for data. A method for transferring data.

Abstract: A RF-synchronization system includes a laser that creates pulse trains for synchronization. A modulation means transfers the timing information of the pulse train into an amplitude modulation of an optical or electronic system. A synchronization module changes the driving frequency of the modulation means until it reaches a phase-locked state with the pulse train.