Abstract: There is provided a potential controlling method and potential controller of an image forming apparatus, which can certainly prevent toner and carrier from adhering to the surface of an image bearing body at the time of start and stop of image formation and which can also be applied to an image forming apparatus having a high image forming speed.

Abstract: An oil application device includes a web that comes in contact with the surface of the fuser roller, a supply roll for delivering the web, and a take-up roll for taking up the web, wherein the web is applied and impregnated with a mixture of a fuser oil and a curing agent.

Abstract: A recording medium having a toner image formed thereon is moved to pass through a press contact portion between an endless belt being heated and an pressure roller pressed against the endless belt. When passing through the press contact portion, the toner image is fused and permanently affixed onto the recording medium. An oil application width O of an oil application roller is shorter than belt width B of the endless belt, and a maximum passing width P of a recording medium that may be supplied for the image formation, but is longer than a maximum image-forming width I within which an image may be formed on the recording medium.

Abstract: A procedure and device for measuring the thickness of a liquid layer, in particular an oil layer, on the rollers of printing presses. The mass of the liquid layer in the printing press is measured by a measuring device and that the thickness of the liquid layer on the roller be determined on the basis of the measured mass of the liquid layer. The measuring device preferably contains a piezoelectric sensor in a quartz microbalance, which picks up the frequency changes on the basis of the mass applied to the surface or on the basis of changes in the mass and converts them into corresponding masses or mass changes on the basis of the liquid layer. Furthermore, a control device is provided which controls the application of fluid on the roller as a function of the masses or mass changes determined.

Abstract: A release agent delivery system for an electrophotographic printing process utilizes a web which is a non-woven textile comprised of substantially all sub-denier fibers. The release agent delivery system using the textile produced with predominantly sub-denier fibers, creates finer oil flow patterns which yield improved print quality though decreased microscopic streaking.

Abstract: A method and a system for providing more uniform fuser oil distribution on a fuser surface by positioning a fuser oil redistribution roller in interactive contact with the fuser surface to absorb and redistribute fuser oil from areas of high oil concentration on the fuser surface.

Abstract: Apparatus for applying a release agent to a fuser roll is constructed having a web material impregnated with the release agent. A supply reel is rotatably mounted in a housing and contains a roll of web material for dispensing into the system. The web material is extended across the fuser roll to a take-up reel. An application roller is positioned adjacent to the fuser roll on the opposite side of the web path and is biased against the web material to provide a force to insure engagement between the web and the fuser roll. The supply reel is driven to dispense the web material in a direction consistent with the tangential direction of the surface of the fuser roll.

Abstract: A fuser oil supply roller comprising an oil impregnated rubber roller and an outer metering layer of known fluid transfer characteristics for an electrophotographic printer fuser. The roller allows silicone oil to be secreted from the metering layer onto a fuser hot roller to prevent toner from adhering to the fuser hot roller, as well as serving to provide a smooth toner surface. Such a roller provides oil delivery to the fuser hot roller without the need for a separate oil reservoir and delivery system. The oil impregnated roller and surrounding metering layer minimizes the potential for large surges of oil onto the print media, while continuing to provide a controlled delivery of oil to the fuser hot roller. Therefore, a precisely metered supply of oil is provided to the fuser hot roller while reducing complexity and moving parts which increase maintenance and production costs. A buffer layer is also provided for minimizing the roller volume given to the oil impregnated rubber roller.

Abstract: An oil supply roller for an electrophotographic printer fuser allows silicone oil to exude from the oil supply roller onto the surface of the fuser hot roller in a controlled fashion to prevent toner from adhering to the fuser hot roller, and also serves to provide a smooth toner surface. A metering layer disposed on an outer surface of the roller provides an even, controlled flow of oil to the surface of the roller. Further, a buffer layer may be employed to decrease the overall volume of the oil bearing layer to decrease the effects of swelling in that layer. Therefore, a precisely metered supply of oil is provided to the fuser hot roller while reducing complexity and moving parts. A method for fabricating the fuser hot roller by impregnating silicone rubber with a toner repelling substance and disposing the impregnated rubber about a rotatable drive shaft is also provided.

Abstract: A fuser oil supply roller including an oil impregnated rubber roller and an outer metering layer of known fluid transfer characteristics for an electrophotographic printer fuser. The roller allows silicone oil to be secreted from the metering layer onto a fuser hot roller to prevent toner from adhering to the fuser hot roller, as well as serving to provide a smooth toner surface. Such a roller provides oil to the fuser hot roller without the need for a separate oil reservoir and delivery system. Therefore, a precisely metered supply of oil is provided to the fuser hot roller while reducing complexity and moving parts. A buffer layer is also provided for minimizing the roller volume given to the oil impregnated rubber roller. A barrier layer may be employed to prevent oil migration into the buffer layer. Furthermore, methods for applying a toner repelling substance to a fuser roller are provided.

Abstract: An oil supply roller for an electrophotographic printer fuser allows silicone oil to exude from the oil supply roller onto the surface of the fuser hot roller in a controlled fashion to prevent toner from adhering to the fuser hot roller, and also serves to provide a smooth toner surface. Such an oil supply roller provides oil delivery to the fuser hot roller surface without the need for a separate oil reservoir and delivery system. The oil supply roller decreases the potential for large surges of oil onto the print media, while continuing to provide a controlled delivery of oil to the fuser hot roller. A metering layer disposed on an outer surface of the roller provides an even, controlled flow of oil to the surface of the roller. Further, a buffer layer may be employed to decrease the overall volume of the oil-bearing layer to decrease the effects of swelling in that layer. In the case where the buffer layer is absorbent, a barrier layer may be provided.

Abstract: An electrophotographic apparatus having a wick roller assembly and a method for servicing. The wick roller assembly is rotatably mounted to the fuser section of the apparatus and is releasably latched thereto whereby the fuser roller in the assembly can be quickly and easily accessed for servicing. This eliminates the need for a technician to remove the entire wick roller assembly in order to service or replace the wick roller, itself.

Abstract: Apparatus for applying a release agent to a fuser roll is constructed having a web material impregnated with the release agent. A supply reel is rotatably mounted in a housing and contains a roll of web material for dispensing into the system. The web material is extended across the fuser roll to a take-up reel. An application roller is positioned adjacent to the fuser roll on the opposite side of the web path and is biased against the web material to provide a force to insure engagement between the web and the fuser roll. The supply reel is driven to dispense the web material in a direction consistent with the tangential direction of the surface of the fuser roll.

Abstract: An oil coating roller is provided which has superior releasing properties and will not abrade an edge portion of an oil control blade. In the oil coating roller having a topmost exterior layer composed of a silicone rubber layer, the silicone rubber layer contains 0 to 0.5 part by weight of an inorganic filler having a predetermined average particle diameter to 100 parts by weight of a silicone rubber, and the tensile strength of the silicone rubber layer is 1.0 MPa or more. In addition, the surface roughness (Rz) of the silicone rubber layer is 0.5 to 20 &mgr;m.

Abstract: If heat is deprived from the upper surface of a fixing roller, fixability of a fixing roller is lowered and may cause fixing failure. Furthermore, output recording material vary in glossiness, or there appears unevenness on the recording materials. A fixing apparatus, which is capable of suppressing reduction of a temperature of the surface of a fixing rotary body on the recording materials, is provided for reducing fixability of a fixing roller or fixing failure.

Abstract: An electrophotographic apparatus having a wick roller assembly and a method for servicing. The wick roller assembly is rotatably mounted to the fuser section of the apparatus and is releasably latched thereto whereby the fuser roller in the assembly can be quickly and easily accessed for servicing. This eliminates the need for a technician to remove the entire wick roller assembly in order to service or replace the wick roller, itself.

Abstract: The present invention provides a fixing apparatus that as a fixing member for fixing an unfixed image on a recording material, a containing portion for containing releasing agent, applying device for applying the releasing agent in the containing portion on the fixing member, heating device for heating the releasing agent in the containing portion, and detection device for detecting a temperature of the releasing agent in the containing portion, wherein heating by the heating device is controlled according to a detected temperature from the detection device.

Abstract: A fixing device for an image forming apparatus for heat-fixing a yet unfixed image formed on a recording material by passing and conveying the recording material between a pair of rollers includes a pair of a fixation roller and a pressure roller which are rotatably disposed in contact with each other under pressure, and application means for applying a release agent onto the fixation roller, including at least an application roller disposed in contact with the fixation roller and a regulation blade for regulating an amount of the release agent applied onto the surface of the application roller.

Abstract: An oil web system for an imaging apparatus fuser is disclosed, together with its associated method of operation. The oil web system includes an oil web, an applicator roll in contact with a fuser roll, and a transfer station for transferring release oil from the web to the applicator roll. The oil web is advanced along a web path from a supply spool to a take-up spool. The applicator roll rotates against the fuser roll and receives oil from the oil web, and transfers the oil to the fuser roll. The applicator roll may be in direct contact with the web, and receive the oil directly from the web; or a transfer roll may be operated to receive the oil from the web and transfer the oil to the applicator roll.

Abstract: The present invention provides an oil application device in which an oil application amount control layer is bonded with an oil retaining member for retaining application-use silicon oil using the mixture of adhesive and mixture-use silicon oil, and in which the ratio (VKS)/(VTS) of a viscosity (VKS) of the mixture-use silicon oil at 25° C. to a viscosity (VTS) of the application-use silicon oil at 25° C. ranges from 50/1 to 1/10. By using the oil application device of the present invention, releasing oil can be applied to a thermal fixing roll uniformly. The oil application amount control layer does not peel off or is not displaced during operation, and no oil exudes during nonuse.

Abstract: A fixing apparatus for fixing a toner image on a recording material includes a fixing member, a pressing member that press-contacts a surface of the fixing member, and a toner releasing agent applying device that conveys and applies toner releasing agent onto the surface of the fixing member. The toner releasing agent applying device includes a toner releasing agent holding unit that holds toner releasing agent and includes a toner releasing agent supply opening, a permeable toner releasing agent delivering member that delivers toner releasing agent from the toner releasing agent holding unit to the surface of the fixing member and a toner releasing agent conveying unit that conveys toner releasing agent to the toner releasing agent holding unit. The toner releasing agent delivering member is supplied with the toner releasing agent in the toner releasing agent holding unit through the toner releasing agent supply opening.

Abstract: A blade for regulating the amount of a release oil to be supplied is placed so as to abut on a fixing member or on a member for controlling the amount of the release oil to be supplied to the fixing member. The abutting surface of the blade is composed of a silicone rubber layer. Alternatively, the blade includes a plate-shaped elastic body and a silicone rubber layer formed on the tip of the elastic body. A fixing device including the blade and an image-forming apparatus including the fixing device are also disclosed.

Abstract: A device is described for fixing a toner image carried on a substrate. A heated fuser roller is in contact with a reaction surface to form a nip through which the substrate passes. An applicator roller is in rolling contact with the heated fuser roller. A transfer roller is in rolling contact with the applicator roller. A release agent path is established from a supply via the transfer roller and the applicator roller to the heated fuser roller. Scraper blades define the release agent films carried on the applicator roller and the transfer roller. The consumption of release agent is thereby minimized, and the thickness of the release agent film on the heated fuser roller is substantially independent of the presence or absence of substrate sheets passing through the nip.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus for forming images on a media substrate having an electrophotographic image forming apparatus including apparatus for selectively applying a toner release agent. The apparatus includes a supply roller for applying a toner release agent onto a fuser roller or other roller. In operation, the supply roller is selectively moveable by a thermally-activated actuator such as a pair of shape memory alloy (SMA) members from a first position where the supply roller engages the fuser roller and communicates the toner release agent thereto, and a second or disengaged position where supply roller does not contact the fuser roller. A method for applying a toner release agent in an electrophotographic imaging forming apparatus, and a method for printing toner images on a substrate such that all of the toner images adhere to the substrate are also disclosed.

Abstract: An oil web system and method for operating a fuser system of an imaging apparatus in which remaining life of the oil web is determined from data on drive mechanism activation and data on web advancement lengths. A warning signal can be issued upon a predetermined remaining length being reached, and the machine can be disabled upon exhaustion of the web life.

Abstract: In an oil application roller 1 having an oil retaining member 2 made of a hollow cylindrical porous formed body provided with an oil application layer 3 on the outer periphery thereof and that supplies a fixing roll with lubricant oil 6 retained in the oil retaining member 2, the porous formed body 2 is made of an inorganic material having micro-diameter voids and pores inside, at least a part of the micro-diameter voids communicates with a surface of the porous formed body and the pores, and at least a part of the pores communicates with a surface of the porous formed body through the micro-diameter voids. Also, if permeability resistance is 100 to 6,000 Pa.s/m2, no oil leak occurs during transportation and storage, the amount of the lubricant oil supplied to the fixing roll can be controlled and a uniform amount of lubricant oil can be supplied despite its compact and simple structure, the utilization rate of the lubricant oil can be enhanced.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for extending the useful life of a fuser roller having ends, a length greater than a central portion of the fuser roller, the central portion of the fuser roller having ends, and end portions of the fuser roller extending from the ends of the central portion of the fuser roller to the ends of the fuser roller, at least a portion of the fuser roller being coated during operation with a release agent by contact with a wick roller, the wick roller including a porous ceramic wick roller body having ends, a length greater than a central portion of the wick roller, the central portion of the wick roller having ends, a release agent supply line in fluid communication with a central cavity in the wick roller body, a release agent impermeable coating over lengths of the wick roller body between the ends of the wick roller and the ends of the central portion of the wick roller, and a release agent transfer surface over the outside of the wick roller and the release agent impervious coating by pos

Abstract: A material for coating an imaging member comprising: a crosslinked poly(dialkylsiloxane), zirconium silicate and optional T-resin.

Abstract: Disclosed is a silicone oil supplying system of a toner image fixing device, which is capable of uniformly applying offset preventing liquid onto a working surface of an upper fixing roller over its full length even if the fixing device of the copier is used in the tilted state. Also disclosed is an image forming device provided with the same silicone oil supplying system. The silicone oil supplying system for applying silicone oil onto a working surface of the upper fixing roller is provided with an oil tank for storing silicone oil, an oil applying device for applying the silicone oil to the surface of the upper fixing roller and a pump for supplying silicone oil from the oil tank to the oil applying device. The oil applying device is provided with a supplying pipe for downwardly supplying silicone oil in the form of droplets onto a working surface of an oil applying roller.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are provided for preventing unraveling of an oil supply web by the selective application of a locking mechanism to a web supply roller when a fuser hot roller or other fuser drive roller is forced to rotate in a reverse rotation. The locking mechanism is released when the fuser hot roller resumes normal rotation. A pivoting arm is adapted for pivotal movement into locking engagement with the web supply roller. A braking element, such as a ratchet latch, attached to the end of the pivoting arm, or pawl, contacts a rotary follower or other rotational member connected to and operable to prevent rotation of the web supply roller. The braking element is disengaged when the fuser hot roller resumes rotation in the normal direction, as the pawl is pivoted out of engagement with the rotary follower.

Abstract: The present invention provides a fixing apparatus that as a fixing member for fixing an unfixed image on a recording material, a containing portion for containing releasing agent, applying device for applying the releasing agent in the containing portion on the fixing member, heating device for heating the releasing agent in the containing portion, and detection device for detecting a temperature of the releasing agent in the containing portion, wherein heating by the heating device is controlled according to a detected temperature from the detection device.

Abstract: The present invention provides a fixing apparatus which has a fixing member for fixing an unfixed image to a recording material, a releasing agent coating device for coating releasing agent on the fixing member, the releasing agent coating device having a containing portion for containing the releasing agent, and a releasing agent heating device for heating the releasing agent, wherein the releasing agent heating device have a heating body, and a heat conductive member contacted with the heating body or disposed near the heating body, and the heating body is disposed outside of the containing portion, and the heat conductive member is disposed within the containing portion to be contacted with the releasing agent.

Abstract: A constant displacement oil web system for an imaging apparatus fuser is disclosed, together with its associated method of operation. In one embodiment, the actual linear advancement of the web during an indexing cycle is detected. In another embodiment, sheet count data, look-up tables and algorithms are used to determine angular rotation necessary to achieve a specified linear advancement of the web. A drive system operating cycle is adjusted to achieve a constant linear advancement of the web.

Abstract: A fixing apparatus includes a rotary member for thermally fixing a nonfixed image to a recording material, and a mold releasing agent applying device for applying a mold releasing agent to the rotary member. The mold releasing agent applying device has a regulating member contacted with the rotary member to regulate an amount of the mold releasing agent supplied to the rotary member. A holding member is disposed at an upstream side of the regulating member in a rotating direction of the rotary member and is adapted to hold the mold releasing agent. A supplying member supplies the mold releasing agent to the holding member, wherein a supplying timing of the mold releasing agent supplied from the supplying member to the holding member is effected periodically after a plurality of fixing process operations.

Abstract: An electrostatographic reproduction machine including a contact belt fusing apparatus for fusing copy sheets without belt skew defects. The fusing apparatus includes an endless fusing belt having an external fusing surface defining a path of movement and a plurality of support rollers for supporting and moving the endless fusing belt along the path of movement. The endless fusing belt as supported has a preferred fusing position properly aligned on the plurality of support rollers. The fusing apparatus includes a pressure roller forming a fusing nip with the external fusing surface of the endless fusing belt for contacting and moving toner image carrying sheets therethrough. Importantly, the fusing apparatus also includes a dual function belt deskewing and oiling assembly for oiling the external fusing surface of the endless fusing belt and deskewing the fusing belt from a sensed skewed position to the preferred fusing position.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus having a pair of fuser rollers for fusing toner onto the surface of recording sheets. The apparatus further includes an oil applicator mounted for dispensing oil onto at least one of the fuser rollers. The oil applicator includes a tank for holding oil, a pad disposed adjacent to one of the rollers for applying oil thereto, and an oil reservoir mounted adjacent the pad and connected to the tank for receiving oil therefrom. The oil reservoir includes an ejection port that permits oil within the reservoir to be dispensed to the pad. A flexible diaphragm extends over at least a portion of the oil reservoir, and a seal is secured to the diaphragm. At least one piezo element is secured to the diaphragm for moving the diaphragm and seal between two positions in response to the piezo element being selectively operable between engaged and non-engaged states.

Abstract: A multi-level oiling device drive mechanism suitable for use in an imaging apparatus is disclosed. The drive mechanism includes a prime mover and gear train mounted to a frame of the base machine. A driven member of the oiling device, such as a web take-up spool in an oil web system, is driven by the gear train. When replacement of the oiling device is required, the driven member is disconnected from the gear train, and the device is replaced, without the need for replacing the drive mechanism.

Abstract: A toner image fixing device in which a surface temperature of a heat roller (1) is set to a temperature at which volatile odor component included in a parting agent is below a permissible value, and in which an auxiliary heating means (9, 10) is provided on at least one side of the upstream side and the downstream side in a recording material transporting direction in relation to a pressure contact portion of the heat roller and a pressure (5).

Abstract: A mechanism for sensing the pressure in the offset preventing oil delivery system for the fuser assembly of a reproduction apparatus. The pressure sensing mechanism includes a pressure-sensing gauge operatively associated with the offset preventing oil delivery system. A pressure sensing circuit includes a pressure gauge port for converting detected pressure from the pressure-sensing gauge into a corresponding electrical signal. Responsive to the electrical signal, the pressure sensing circuit calculates a delta voltage between when the oil delivery system is operating and when the oil delivery system is not operating, and determines whether the delta voltage system is within a specific operating range. A logic and control unit, responsive to the electrical signal, monitors the electrical signal from the pressure sensing circuit to ensure that the offset preventing oil is being properly delivered to the oil delivery system.

Abstract: A multi-level oiling device and process for a fuser system of an imaging apparatus in which the rate at which oil is applied to the fuser roll is controlled with respect to the need for oil. The rate of oil application can be controlled depending on the release characteristics of the media being printed and on the desired glossiness of the printed image. User entered and/or machine sensed data may be used in determining the need for oil application.

Abstract: A fixing device for an image forming apparatus includes a heat roller and a press roller pressed against the heat roller. An applicator roller applies oil to at least one of the heat roller and press roller. A rotatable cleaning member and a stationary cleaning member are held in contact with the applicator roller.

Abstract: An apparatus for evenly distributing a layer of release oil on the surface of a fuser roller so as to prevent paper from adhering to the fuser roller in an electrophotographic heated imaging apparatus such as a printer or copier, and method for using this apparatus, is provided which includes a tank roller having a reservoir capable of retaining and delivering a release oil, an oil distribution layer surrounding the tank roller which can evenly distribute a layer of release oil along the outer surface of the tank roller, and a liquid permeation control layer made of a material such as expanded porous polytetrafluoroethylene which surrounds the oil distribution layer and which further controls the delivery of a release oil onto the surface of the fuser roller.

Abstract: A fixation roller for a liquid electrophotographic printer rotates in contact with a transfer roller transferring an image developed on a photoreceptor web to a sheet of paper. The fixation roller includes a body made of metal, an elastic rubber layer formed on the outer circumferential surface of the body, and silicon oil included in the rubber layer to come out to the surface of the rubber layer at a high temperature during printing, thus encompassing the surface of the rubber layer.

Abstract: Image deterioration (so-called oil ghost) due to local transfer of a release agent from a fuser to an intermediate transfer body is effectively prevented. The fuser has a pair of fixing members, a release supply mechanism, an interlocking mechanism, and an interlocking control mechanism. The fixing members are in contact with each other and roll over each other, thus nipping a sheet. The fixing members fix unfixed images on the sheet. The release agent supply mechanism is mounted to at least the fixing member located on the surface of the sheet carrying an unfixed image. The release agent supply mechanism supplies a release agent to this fixing member at a constant rate. The interlocking mechanism interlocks the fixing members and release agent supply mechanism with each other such that the fixing members are kept in contact with each other and roll over each other and that a release agent is supplied to the fixing members.

Abstract: A heat and pressure fusing assembly including an ink contamination-free release agent management (RAM) system is provided for supplying and applying release agent material onto an outer surface of a heated fuser roller suitable for fusing toner filled-in areas of a preprinted form. The ink contamination-free RAM system includes a housing defining a sump containing release agent material, a donor roller mounted partially within the sump for contacting, and applying release agent material onto, a surface of a heated fuser roller, and a metering roller mounted within the sump for moving and transferring a layer of release agent material from the sump onto the donor roller. The metering roller has a low energy surface layer made of PerFluoroAlkoxy (PFA) for preventing ink contaminants reaching the donor roller from transferring onto the metering roller, thereby preventing poor application of release agent onto the metering roller, and image defects resulting from such poor application.

Abstract: An electrograph apparatus includes a photoconductor, a charging device for uniformly charging the surface of the photoconductor, a developing device, a charge extinguishing device functioning so that a sheet of printed paper can be easily released, and a fixing device in which denatured silicone oil having a mercapto-group as a functional group is used as a releasing agent, for fixing a toner image copied on a printing paper, in which the fixing device is provided above the charging device and the charge extinguishing device.

Abstract: A fuser release agent management (RAM) system for applying release agent to a fusing apparatus is provided. The Ram system includes an application member for applying release agent to an external surface of a movable internally heated fusing member, and supply source for supplying release agent to the application member. Importantly, the RAM system includes a heating and release agent redistributing member mounted into contact with the external surface of the internally heated fusing member for additionally heating the external surface and release agent thereon, and for redistributing and smoothing out the release agent thereon, thereby eliminating an interdocument agent banding problem, and differential gloss ordinarily created by areas of unredistributed release agent thereon.

Abstract: There is provided a fixing device of an image forming apparatus in which a high quality image can be obtained through a small amount of release agent and toner offset can be prevented for a long period of time without fail. The fixing device includes a pair of fixing rotating bodies being brought into press contact with each other and being rotated, and a release agent application unit for applying a release agent onto a surface of the fixing rotating body, and makes a toner image formed on a recording material by an electrophotographic process pass through a press contact portion of the pair of fixing rotating bodies so that the toner image is fixed. The fixing device further includes a wax agent application unit for applying a wax agent onto the surface of the fixing rotating body.

Abstract: A fixing unit includes a fixing roller for fixing an image of a developer transferred onto a transfer medium, an oil coating unit for coating the fixing roller with oil to prevent the developer from attaching thereto, and an attaching frame for detachably attaching the oil coating unit to the fixing roller. The oil coating unit includes a plurality of supply rollers that contain oil, and a removing roller for removing the developer attached to the supply rollers.

Abstract: A release agent donor member for a toner fixing system, the donor member contains, in order: a base member; an optional intermediate layer; an outermost layer comprising a polymeric composition containing a cured interpenetrating network of fluorocarbon elastomer and one or more silicone resins selected from a polyfunctional poly(C.sub.(1-6) alkyl)siloxane polymer; a polyfunctional poly(C.sub.(1-6) alkyl)arylsiloxane polymer; and combinations thereof; and a release agent.