Abstract: The present invention includes improvements to cross-flow fans and cross-flow fan propelled aircraft including improved control, a dynamically adjustable vortex wall and internal housing, a vortex tube, vertical takeoff and landing rotorcraft configurations, the inclusion of an optimized oscillating blade fan, a wavy vortex wall, power plant refinements, dual leading and trailing edge configurations, stability improvements, tip plates, tapered wings, tapered fans, a fan construction method, and underwater applications.

Abstract: A cooling fan comprises a housing and a motor. The housing includes a support portion, a cover portion and a lateral wall portion, with the lateral wall portion disposed between the cover portion and the support portion, with the lateral wall portion, support portion and the cover portion defining a compartment, and with the lateral wall portion having at least one lateral air inlet and at least one lateral air outlet penetrating through the lateral wall portion and communicating with the compartment. The motor is mounted inside the compartment of the housing and contains a stator and a impeller, with the impeller rotatably mounting to the stator, and further containing a hub with a top and a plurality of blades, with the top facing the cover portion, with the top and the cover portion delimiting a lateral flow path in the compartment, and with each blade being contained in the lateral flow path.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an abradable seal includes a soft material that may be worn away and a hard material that may provide mechanical strength for the abradable seal. The soft material and the hard material may include different compositions of a base material.

Abstract: A multistage pump assembly includes a manifold having an inlet port configured to be coupled to a supply pipe and an outlet port configured to be coupled to a discharge pipe. The inlet and outlet ports define an end suction, radial outlet port configuration. The pump assembly also includes a cartridge having a sleeve and plurality of pumping stages that define a pump stack received within the sleeve. An outer chamber is defined between the pump stack and the sleeve. Each of the pumping stages includes an impeller mounted along a pump shaft that rotates about a rotation axis. The cartridge is aligned horizontally such that the rotation axis is substantially horizontal. An end plate is positioned between the manifold and the cartridge and includes at least one cartridge engagement surface supporting the cartridge. The end plate is removably coupled to the manifold.

Abstract: A blower unit includes a rotation shaft, a centrifugal fan and a casing. The centrifugal fan has blades arranged around the rotation shaft. The casing has a wall part defining an opening. The ring part has a ring shape having a center coinciding with an axis of the rotation shaft. The ring part is provided at first axial ends of the blades and support the blades. The ring part includes an arcuate wall curved in a radially inward of the centrifugal fan. The centrifugal fan is housed in the casing such that the arcuate wall of the ring part is located radially inside of the opening of the wall part.

Abstract: A heat dissipating module includes a rotational member, a stationary member and a driving member. The rotational member is provided with a first air outlet and connected to the driving member. The stationary member is provided with a second air outlet and has plural flow passages. Each of flow passages has an air inlet at an end thereof and a third air outlet at another end thereof. When the driving member actuates the rotational member to rotate, air enters the flow passages of the stationary member via the air inlets to gather at the third outlets. Then, the air is guided outward via the first and the second air outlet for concentrating the air to cool the heat-producing object.

Abstract: An inducer fan assembly includes a flow collector piece having a motor support surface, a toroidal collector, and a discharge region extending tangentially from the collector. A fan rotor is rotatably mounted relative to the motor support surface. The fan rotor includes a hub surface, and an outer circumferential edge. The fan rotor further includes a plurality of blades that extend from the hub surface. The plurality of blades extend from a leading edge to a trailing edge that extends beyond the outer circumferential edge. The plurality of blades include a first height and a second height that define a blade tip revolved contour. The collector is arranged radially outward from and axially off-set from the hub surface. An inlet casing piece is mounted to the flow collector piece. The inlet casing piece includes a contour that is substantially similar to the blade tip revolved contour of the fan rotor.

Abstract: A diaphragm assembly of a centrifugal compressor includes a return channel wall having a generally ring-like shape; a vane assembly having a plurality of vanes formed integrally with at least one ring-shaped track having a rail structure extending therefrom; and a diaphragm wall having a generally ring-like shape and at least one groove extending around a circumference thereof. The vane assembly is fixedly coupled to the return channel, thereby forming a return channel assembly. The return channel assembly is coupled to the diaphragm wall by sliding the rail structure into the at least one groove of the diaphragm wall.

Abstract: A diffuser-nozzle assembly mounted at the outlet from a centrifugal compressor is disclosed. The assembly includes a plurality of vanes carried by a radially inner wall forming a surface of revolution and surrounded by an outer casing, elastically deformable devices interposed between the radially outer ends of the vanes of the nozzle and the outer casing. The elastically deformable devices prevent air from passing between the outer casing and the radially outer ends of the vanes.

Abstract: A steam turbine has a stationary section, a turbine rotor, nozzle diaphragms, and a nozzle box. The stationary section includes a casing. The turbine rotor includes moving blade stages arranged in an axial direction. Each of the moving blade stages is provided with moving blades arranged in a circumferential direction, and rotatably provided in the casing. Each of the nozzle diaphragms has turbine nozzles arranged in the circumferential direction provided substantially coaxially with the turbine rotor by being secured to the stationary section. The nozzle box is supported on the stationary section and arranged at an upstream part of the moving blade stages substantially coaxially with the turbine rotor so as to lead steam flowing toward the turbine moving blades. The nozzle box holds at least two stages of the nozzle diaphragms.

Abstract: A unit for an internal combustion engine includes a turbocharger unit and an auxiliary component adjacent to the turbocharger unit and provided with means for connection thereof to the structure of the engine. The auxiliary component has a fluid outlet or inlet arranged immediately adjacent to a fluid inlet or outlet of the turbocharger unit, but not in contact therewith. The unit further includes a cylindrical sealing member, resiliently deformable, having opposite ends sealingly associated respectively to the fluid outlet or inlet of the auxiliary component and to the fluid inlet or outlet of the turbocharger unit.

Abstract: A blower includes a housing and a plurality of impellers. The impellers are disposed in the housing, and a mutual air-gathering passage is formed between the impellers and the housing. Compared to the prior art, the mutual air-gathering passage of the blower of the present invention can collect the airflow and stabilize the airflow. Thus, the air pressure at the air outlet is increased, and the overall airflow performance is improved.

Abstract: A vortex pump impeller utilizes primary blades in combination with splitter blades. An increase in total head is observed through exemplary impellers in a vortex pump, compared to an impeller lacking the splitter blades. Single stage and dual stage pumps utilizing the exemplary impellers are also disclosed. Exemplary pumps may also contain a grinder assembly.

Abstract: An automotive HVAC diffuser connects to a blower and a variable blower control (VBC) module having a plurality of cooling fins. An inlet receives air flow from the blower. An outlet is downstream from the inlet. An enclosed passageway is provided between the inlet and the outlet for forming a diffused air stream at the outlet. The enclosed passageway has a plurality of peripheral walls for guiding the air stream between the inlet and the outlet, including a curved outer peripheral wall corresponding to a region with a tendency for a high flow as a result of centrifugal effects. One of the peripheral walls includes a VBC receptacle formed as a depression into the peripheral wall having a substantially flat mounting surface and a first sloped side at an upstream end of the VBC receptacle to shape a portion of the diffused air stream.

Abstract: In an axial fan, a housing includes a side wall arranged to surround an outer circumference of an impeller, and a substantially square or substantially rectangular flange arranged to project radially outward from an outer circumferential surface of the side wall. The side wall preferably includes three slit groups each including a plurality of slits arranged in a circumferential direction and arranged to extend through the side wall from an inner circumferential surface to the outer circumferential surface thereof. Two of the slit groups are defined in portions of the side wall which correspond to two adjacent corner portions in an upper half portion of the flange, while the remaining slit group is defined in a portion of the side wall which corresponds to a lower half portion of the flange. The upper and lower half portions are divided at a line parallel or substantially parallel to two opposing sides of the flange and passing through a central axis.

Abstract: An axial fan includes an impeller and a housing including a side wall surrounding an outer circumference of the impeller. The side wall preferably includes at least one flat surface portion defined in an outer circumferential surface thereof, and a slit group including slits arranged to be spaced apart in a circumferential direction of an inner circumferential surface and extending in the same direction perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the flat surface portion from the inner circumferential surface to the outer circumferential surface thereof. Within the slit group, a total number of slits positioned forward, with respect to a rotation direction of the impeller, of a point of contact of the inner circumferential surface with a tangent to the inner circumferential surface which is perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to a through direction of each slit is greater than a total number of slits positioned rearward of the contact point.

Abstract: Dual operation centrifugal fan apparatus and methods of operating same that may be used, for example, to cool the internal heat-generating components of an information handling system or other device. The dual operation centrifugal fan apparatus may be implemented in one embodiment as a self-cleaning blower apparatus that is operated in a first normal cooling direction to dissipate heat from internal components of an information handling system, and operated in second cleaning direction to reverse airflow and expel accumulated dust from the interior of the information handling system.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an electronic apparatus is provided with a housing, a circuit board in the housing, fan blades configured to rotate and blow air in a centrifugal direction, and a casing which contains the fan blades. The casing includes an exhaust port and a cut portion which opens in a centrifugal direction different from a direction in which the exhaust port opens, from a perspective of a rotation center of the fan blades, and into which a part of the circuit board is inserted.

Abstract: A centrifugal blower includes a housing (10), a cover (30) arranged on the housing, and an impeller (20) received in a space (25) formed between the housing and the cover. The housing includes a bottom wall (11) and a sidewall (12) surrounding the bottom wall. The sidewall defines an air outlet (121) therein. The sidewall and the impeller cooperatively define an air channel (24) therebetween. The cover includes a main body (31) and a tongue (32) extending from the main body. The tongue is a V-shaped flake and adjacent to the air outlet. The tongue extends into the air channel and protrudes toward the impeller.

Abstract: A cooling fan (10) includes a bottom plate (12) a top cover (14) covering the bottom plate, a sidewall (13) disposed between the bottom plate and the top cover, and an impeller (16) enclosed in a space formed between the bottom plate, the top cover and the sidewall. The impeller includes a hub (162), and a plurality of blades (164) radially and outwardly extending from the hub. Each of the blades includes a windward surface (164a) and a leeward surface (164b) opposite to the windward surface. The leeward surface of each blade defines three indents (171, 172, 173) therein. Two protrusions (174) are formed between adjacent indents. The uneven leeward surface is provided for lowering the noise level generated by the cooling fan during an operation thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a wind turbine that includes a cylindrical impeller having a plurality of blades located about a radius of the cylindrical impeller, the blades having a span that is less than or equal to 20 percent of the radius. The wind turbine further includes an inlet duct that channels an airflow to the impeller and an outlet duct that channels the airflow away from the impeller substantially perpendicular to the inlet airflow in a plane that is perpendicular to a central axis of the impeller. Moreover, the inlet duct, the outlet duct and the impeller induce a recirculation zone in a center portion of the impeller that is located within the blades of the impeller.

Abstract: A suction casing of the present invention includes: a suction nozzle that introduces a fluid from an outer circumferential side to an inner circumferential side in a radial direction; and a chamber that includes a substantially doughnut-shaped space in communication with an inside of the suction nozzle on the outer circumferential side and that guides the fluid, introduced from the suction nozzle, to an inlet opening portion opening in an axial direction and disposed in a substantially annular shape, in which the chamber is formed so that a radial width is narrower in a circumferential direction from a joint portion in communication with the suction nozzle to an opposite side across a central axis.

Abstract: A fan assembly for use in an electronic device is provided. The fan assembly includes a housing, a fan, a throttle valve, and a regulator. The housing has an outlet. The fan is disposed in the housing and adapted to provide an air current. The air current generates an air volume through the outlet. The throttle valve is movably disposed in the housing at the outlet. The regulator is connected to the throttle valve to control the movement of the throttle valve to adjust the size of the outlet.

Abstract: An enclosure includes a back plate and a heat dissipating device. The back plate includes a plurality of locking members extending from the back plate. The heat dissipating device attached to the back plate and includes a plurality of fixing members engaging with the locking members.

Abstract: An active heat-dissipating mechanism includes a fan module, an airflow-guiding part and an airflow shunt part. The fan module includes an airflow inlet and an airflow outlet. The airflow-guiding part is disposed at the same side of the airflow outlet of the fan module and in communication with the fan module. An airflow channel is defined by the airflow-guiding part. An airflow inhaled by the fan module is guided to a hotspot region of the electronic device through the airflow channel so as to remove the heat generated from the hotspot region. The airflow shunt part is formed on the airflow-guiding part. The airflow shunt part defines a stopping block in the airflow channel. A portion of the airflow is hindered by the stopping block and guided into a sub-hotspot region of the electronic device so as to remove the heat generated from the sub-hotspot region.

Abstract: There is provided a centrifugal air blower that can reduce driving force (consumed driving force) when an air blower is rotated, and also increase an airflow amount of air to be blown out from the air blower. A centrifugal air blower having an impeller 1 comprising a main plate 3 and plural vanes 2, and a side plate having a suction port and a blow-out port is characterized in that when the height of the suction port is represented by H, the height of the blow-out port is represented by h, the diameter of the impeller is represented by D and the diameter of the suction port is represented by d, 0.5<h/H<0.8 and 0.78<d/D<0.84 are satisfied.

Abstract: A non-positive-displacement machine (10), particularly a turbomachine for producing a mass flow, having a central housing part (11) inside which a turbine shaft is mounted. A turbine housing is mounted on the central housing part (11) on a turbine side and a compressor housing is mounted on the central housing part (11) on a compressor side. The spiral channels (17, 18) required for the compressor side and for the turbine side can be arranged in a partial area inside the covers (15, 16) and at least in one partial area inside the central housing part (11). This permits the contours, which are required for the spiral channels (17, 18) and which are geometrically complex, to be constructed in the central housing part (11).

Abstract: A cut-off construction for a transverse fan assembly, including for use with agricultural combine harvesters, to permit the transverse fan assembly to be operated to provide increased air flow volume at a lower rotational fan speed, which cut-off construction includes generally planar inner surfaces on first and second body portions that are positioned laterally to one another along the top of the output throat of the air plenum of the transverse fan assembly between the outer periphery of the fan and a baffle construction of the transverse fan, such that the inner surface of the first body portion is disposed at a cut-off inclination angle ?, dependent upon certain parameters of the fan, and the inner surfaces of the first and second body portions intersect with one another in such a way that an upper wall for the output throat is formed by the cut-off construction and by the baffle construction of the fan assembly, which upper wall has a concavity formed therein and therealong near the outer periphery of th

Abstract: A unit for treating air with controlled flow, comprising a free rotor (GL), single or double inlet, combined with a directional conveyor (CD), which is designed so as to be able to directionally exploit the high static efficiencies, typical of free rotors (GL), and so as to be able to obtain the maximum optimisation between the power supplied and the static pressure obtained, at the same time maintaining low sound emissions, low dynamic pressure values at the discharge and no perturbation of the flow and of the performances both at the discharge and at the suction.

Abstract: A compressor casing for an exhaust gas turbocharger is disclosed. The exhaust gas turbocharger has a rotatable turboshaft, a compressor wheel mounted on the turboshaft, and a turbine wheel mounted on the turboshaft. The compressor casing includes a sensor for measuring a rotational speed of the turboshaft. The sensor is embedded in the compressor casing and forms an integral component of the compressor casing.

Abstract: A specialty pump and heat exchange system having a fluid pump driven by a gear assembly. The fluid pump has a pump casing and an inboard head that form a fluid passageway when connected together. The gear assembly uses lubricant in the transmission and that lubricant is cooled by being pumped from the gear assembly through a lubricant passageway in the inboard head and then recycled back to the gear assembly for further use. In addition to cooling the lubricant, the system warms the fluid pump and/or fluid passing through the fluid pump.

Abstract: An electrical submersible pumping system having a pump, a motor, a shaft connecting the pump and motor. Coaxially stacked rotating impellers and stationary diffusers are coaxially housed within the pump. Radial ports are formed in a hub of the diffusers that direct fluid pressurized by an impeller to a cavity formed on the shroud of the impeller. Axial ports are formed in the shrouds of the impellers that direct fluid from the cavity to a fluid flow passage within the impeller. Strategic placement and sizing of the radial and axial ports balances thrust forces exerted onto the impeller.

Abstract: In a centrifugal pump, in particular a radial or semi-axial pump including a housing with a pump chamber and a dry chamber, a drive shaft rotatably supported in the housing and connected to an impeller for pumping a liquid flow medium disposed in the pump chamber and a shaft seal arranged in an inner radial area for sealing the dry space with respect to the flow medium, a seal carrier is provided with a guide structure by which fluid flow medium is conducted from an outer radial area to an inner radial area for directing flow medium into the seal for lubrication and cooling of the seal.

Abstract: A dishwasher pump assembly according to one example embodiment includes a pump having a housing and a pumping chamber within the housing. The pumping chamber includes a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet. The fluid inlet has a center axis. The assembly also includes a motor having a shaft operably coupled to the pump for rotating the pump. The shaft has a center axis that is offset from the center axis of the fluid inlet. Other embodiments, assemblies and methods are also disclosed.

Abstract: A fan module is disposed in an electrical device. The electrical device has a main board and a casing. The fan module includes a vane module, a fan motor, a circuit board and a fan housing. The vane module has a hub and a plurality of vanes disposed around the edge of the hub. The fan motor is disposed in the hub. The circuit board is used to control the fan motor, so that the vanes rotate related to an axis of the hub for generating an air flow. The fan housing has a main body portion, a protruding portion and a fixing portion, wherein the protruding portion is located in a side of the main body portion, the vane module and the fan motor are disposed in the main body portion and the circuit board is disposed in the protruding portion.

Abstract: A method and apparatus to improve air flow in an air circulating fan assembly by forming an inlet opening in a fan assembly. A static air pressure profile is calculated along a top portion of the fan assembly configured to operate in an enclosure. The shape of a section of the inlet opening in the top portion of the fan assembly is changed based on a pressure contour of the calculated static air pressure profile. The method is repeated iteratively one or more times using an inlet opening changed by a previously calculated static air pressure profile when calculating a subsequent static air pressure profile. The inlet opening is positioned in the top surface of the fan assembly so that the centroid of the inlet opening is laterally offset with respect to the rotational axis of an impeller in the fan assembly.

Abstract: A heat dissipation device includes a centrifugal blower and fins. The centrifugal blower includes a housing defining a space therein, and an impeller rotatably disposed in the space of the housing. The housing includes a bottom plate, an opposite top plate defining an air inlet therein, and a sidewall disposed between the bottom plate and the top plate. The sidewall defines an air outlet therein. The top plate further defines an opening therein between the air inlet and the air outlet. The opening is spaced from the air inlet via a partition rib. The impeller is located corresponding to the air inlet of the top plate, for driving air to enter the housing via the air inlet and the opening and to leave the housing via the air outlet. The fins are disposed on the bottom plate and located at the air outlet of the centrifugal blower.

Abstract: A refrigerant pump assembly includes a drive motor (2) and a centrifugal pump (4). The centrifugal pump (4) is surrounded by a tubular container (18) which with a first axial end is sealingly connected to a motor housing of the drive motor (2) and at an opposite axial end (20) is designed in a closed manner.

Abstract: A centrifugal fan includes a housing defining an inner space therein and an impeller rotatably received in the inner space of the housing. The impeller includes a hub, a blade ring surrounding the hub, a plurality of first blades extending from the hub to the blade ring, and a plurality of second blades extending from the blade ring. Each first blade includes an inner portion between the hub and the blade ring, and an outer portion extending from the blade ring. The second blades and the outer portions of the first blades are arranged in alternating fashion along a circumferential direction of the blade ring. In each pair of an outer portion and an adjacent second blade, the outer portion and the second blade are curved outwards away from each other toward substantially opposite directions.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an exhaust-gas turbocharger (1) having a turbine housing (2) and having a mani-fold section (3) which is connected to the turbine housing (2), wherein the turbine housing (2) and the manifold section (3) are formed as a single-piece cast part.

Abstract: A centrifugal reverse flow disk turbine for power generation, comprising; a) a turbine shaft; b) a disk rotor disposed on said turbine shaft; c) a housing, having said turbine shaft and said disk rotor, bearings, seal devices, and at least one jet nozzle means; d) a plurality of radially engraved channel for transporting working fluid from entering ports, placed axially near said turbine shaft; e) a plurality of said channels having two curvatures; first curvature has a small radius, and concaved pertinent to rotational direction of said rotor, starting from the entering port to middle of its flow path, and the second curvature has a large radius, convexed pertinent to rotational direction of said rotor, positioned near the peripheral of said rotor; a plurality of a buket attached at every flow channel, directing against nozzle disposed on said housing, thereby deriving impinging counter supersonic flow.

Abstract: A centrifugal compressor may comprise a wheel and a pipe diffuser. The pipe diffuser may comprise an annular pipe diffuser section and at least one cylindrical hole passing through the annular pipe diffuser section for compressing gas emerging from the wheel. The at least one cylindrical hole may have an axis that is slanted at an angle A relative to a plane that is orthogonal to an axis of rotation of the compressor.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an apparatus and associated methods for generating energy by capturing and taking benefit of the energy generated by any quantity of air surfacing inside water. In exemplary embodiments, the apparatus comprises compressing a lower density gas in a liquid medium, allowing the gas to naturally rise to the surface of the liquid medium and then capturing the energy generated by the surfacing gas. An apparatus and method is disclosed to provide a low energy technique to compress air into water. In exemplary embodiments, air is introduced into water by simultaneously providing a low pressure area in the liquid medium and compressing the air into the low pressure area. By compressing the air into water in low pressure areas, the energy required to compress the air is greatly reduced. The amount of energy generated by the rising air is less than the amount of energy required to compress air underneath the water.

Abstract: An exemplary compressor for a turbocharger includes a compressor wheel that includes first and second compressor faces oriented back-to-back and a bore for mounting the compressor wheel to a shaft along a rotational axis of the compressor wheel; and a compressor housing that includes a first air inlet oriented to pass inlet air in an axial direction along the rotational axis to the first compressor face, a second air inlet positioned a distance radially from the rotational axis and oriented to pass inlet air in an axial direction parallel to the rotational axis and radially toward the rotational axis to the second compressor face, and a single volute that receives compressed air from the first and second compressor faces.

Abstract: A modular multistage pump assembly includes a volute having a suction side and a pressure side, a pump stack having at least one stage, and a modular flange coupled to each of the volute and the pump stack.

Abstract: An open-hub centrifugal blower includes a hub rotatable about an axis, an outer rim concentric with the hub, a plurality of blades coupled to the outer rim, a plurality of spokes interconnecting the hub and the outer rim, and a cooling rib extending from at least one of the spokes.

Abstract: A cooling device, such as for cooling a chip and socket may have a centrifugal blower outside of a radial heatsink. In addition, supports for coupling the blower to a center motor may comprise overhead fan blades effectively creating a radial fan in series with the blower to maximize airflow and pressure capability and to minimize the noise. The vertical location of blower may further allow to improve motherboard component as well as system cooling all while reducing the vertical profile of the cooling device.

Abstract: An impeller for a centrifugal fan includes a hub, impeller blades, and struts for supporting the blades in a circumferential array spaced apart from the hub. The number of struts can equal the number of blades, each strut extended from the hub to support two blades while each blade is supported by one strut nearer to its leading edge and another strut nearer to its trailing edge. Another arrangement features two struts per blade, with one of the struts coupled to the hub and a given blade, and the other strut coupled between the given blade and an adjacent blade. The struts are recessed inwardly from the leading and trailing edges to promote smoother air flow. The blades and struts are provided with aerodynamic thickness profiles to further improve air flow.

Abstract: A centrifugal fan includes a cylindrical housing for housing an impeller, a motor for driving the impeller and a disk-like circuit board that are arranged coaxially in an accumulated manner. When the impeller rotates, air is taken in along the axial direction of the housing and goes out through an air outlet disposed in the circumference surface of the housing. A ring-like air inlet is disposed in a wall face on one side of the housing in the axial direction. An outer rim of the circuit board that is disposed inside the wall face is substantially within the inside edge of the air inlet, and a self-heating electronic component is mounted on the circuit board at the outer edge portion. A part of air taken in from the air inlet flows at a vicinity of the electronic component so that the electronic component is cooled.

Abstract: An exemplary compressor housing includes a compressor volute; concentric walls that define an annular passage and a compressor wheel shroud disposed about a central axis where a compressor wheel positioned with respect to the shroud has an intended direction of rotation about the central axis; positioned with respect to the central axis, from a lower axial position to a higher axial position, a gas inlet to the annular passage, one or more ports extending between the shroud and the annular passage and a nozzle; and a gas volute to provide, to the gas inlet to the annular passage, gas having swirl in a direction opposite the intended direction of rotation of the compressor wheel. Various other exemplary devices, systems, methods, etc., are also disclosed.