Abstract: Systems and methods of producing chemical compounds are disclosed. An example chemical production system includes an intake chamber having intake ports for entry of a gas mixture. An igniter ignites the gas mixture in the intake chamber. A nozzle restricts exit of the ignited gas mixture from the intake chamber. An expansion chamber cools the ignited gas with a cooling agent. The expansion chamber has an exhaust where the cooled gas exits the expansion chamber. A chemical compound product is formed in the expansion chamber.

Abstract: Plant for urea production from ammonia and carbon dioxide having a so-called high-pressure section which comprises a synthesis reactor and a condensation unit (7, 107) positioned inside the reactor, all substantially operating at the same pressure.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed herein for synthesizing ammonia using nano-size metal or metal alloy catalyst particles. Hydrogen and nitrogen gases are passed through a system comprising, for example, a bed of magnetite supporting nano-size iron or iron alloy catalyst particles having an optional oxide layer that forms the catalyst.

Abstract: A process for ammonia -urea production where: liquid ammonia produced in an ammonia section is fed to a urea section directly at the ammonia synthesis pressure, and where the liquid ammonia is purified at high pressure with the steps of: cooling the liquid ammonia (20) obtaining a cooled liquid ammonia stream (21), separating a gaseous fraction (22) comprising hydrogen and nitrogen from said cooled liquid ammonia, obtaining purified liquid ammonia (23) at a high pressure, and reheating said purified liquid ammonia (23) after separation of said gaseous fraction, obtaining a reheated purified ammonia (24) having a temperature suitable for feeding to the urea synthesis process. The application also deals with an ammonia -urea plant comprising an ammonia cooler, a liquid-gas separator and an ammonia re-heater and with a method for revamping existing ammonia -urea plants.

Abstract: An ammonia synthesis apparatus includes: a first gas channel; a second gas channel disposed outside the first gas channel; a third gas channel disposed outside the second gas channel; an air supply unit that supplies air to the second or third gas channel; a water supply unit that supplies water to the first gas channel; and a heat supply unit that supplies heat to the first gas channel. A metal or a metal oxide that reduces water to produce hydrogen is placed in the first gas channel. An ammonia synthesis catalyst is placed in the second gas channel located downstream of the downstream end portion of the first gas channel. The second and third gas channels are at least partially partitioned by an oxygen permeation membrane, or a nitrogen permeation membrane, so that oxygen is supplied to the third gas channel, and nitrogen is supplied to the second gas channel.

Abstract: A process for producing a synthesis gas containing hydrogen and nitrogen, suitable for production of ammonia, wherein a raw synthesis gas (13) obtained by reforming of a natural gas feedstock is purified in a cryogenic separator (CS), and a portion of purified gas (16) is expanded and used as a cooling medium in the same separator, said expanded portion (16) being then re-introduced in the main stream of purified synthesis gas. A suitable apparatus and revamping of conventional plants according to the invention are also disclosed.

Abstract: An ammonia production process is disclosed. The process uses gasification of biomass waste and the like to produce syngas which, using an integrated system including using nitrogen enriched air and a porous coated catalyst, produces ammonia in a plasma reactor. The ammonia is finally recovered using sulphonated PolyHIPE Polymer which can be used as a fertilizer after neutralisation.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods and apparatus for providing an ammonia feed for a low-temperature process. The process includes two defined stages, gasification and hydrolysis. In a first stage thermal reactor, an aqueous urea solution is fed to a gasification chamber and heated gases are controlled in response to demand from a low temperature process requiring ammonia. The heated gases and aqueous urea are introduced into the gasification chamber upstream to fully gasify the solution of aqueous urea to a first stage gas stream comprising ammonia and isocyanic acid. The first stage gas stream is withdrawn and maintained hot enough to prevent solids formation. All amounts of urea feed, water and heated gases fed into the first stage thermal reactor are monitored and adjusted as necessary to achieve efficient hydrolysis in the second stage hydrolysis reactor. The second stage gas stream is withdrawn from the second stage reactor responsive to demand from a low temperature process requiring ammonia.

Abstract: Provided are methods and compositions for high yields while using reduced enzyme loads in saccharification and fermentation processes. These methods increase the efficiency of enzymes and result in improved yields and composition of saccharification and fermentation end products.

Abstract: A method for producing ammonia suitable for use as a reductant in a combustion exhaust gas treatment system is provided that includes the electrolytic hydrolysis of urea under mild conditions. The ammonia generator, which includes an electrolysis apparatus including an electrolytic flow cell, an alkaline electrolyte composition, and a recirculation system, may be operatively coupled to an exhaust gas treatment system to provide an apparatus for reducing nitrogen oxides (NOx) and/or particulate in exhaust gases.

Abstract: A system for producing ammonia includes sources of hydrogen and nitrogen gas, a hydrogen gas booster for producing produce pressurized hydrogen gas, a nitrogen gas booster for producing pressurized nitrogen gas, and a synthesis reactor that receives a mixture of the pressurized hydrogen and nitrogen gases. The synthesis reactor includes an inlet for receiving the pressurized gas mixture, a heating zone adjacent the inlet for heating the gas mixture, a catalyst zone downstream from the heating zone for catalyzing a reaction of the mixture to form ammonia and a by-product, and a cooling zone downstream from the catalyst zone for cooling the ammonia and the by-product. The system has a separator for separating the ammonia from the by-product, an ammonia storage tank for collecting the ammonia, and a recycle loop for re-circulating the by-product back to the synthesis reactor.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a technology of reducing nitrogen oxide (NOx) which is harmful discharge gas discharged from an internal combustion engine or a combustor, and to an exhaust gas purification system which inputs solid ammonium salt such as ammonium carbamate or ammonium carbonate into a reactor, thermally decomposes and converts the solid ammonium salt into the ammonia by using engine cooling water, exhaust gas, or an electric heater, which are installed in the reactor, and reduces the nitrogen oxide included in the exhaust pipe on a selective catalytic reduction into nitrogen by injecting the ammonia by using a pressure regulator and a dosing valve.

Abstract: A reforming exchanger system for syngas production is provided. The reforming exchanger system can have a first and a second reforming exchanger, each with a shell-and-tube configuration, and a shift reactor located intermediate to the first and second reforming exchangers to reduce carbon monoxide concentration in the outlet gas. Processes for forming syngas using the reforming exchanger systems described herein are also provided.

Abstract: An internal start-up heater (10) for an ammonia reactor (1), comprising longitudinal heating members (16) and a supporting structure for said heating members (16), the structure comprising plates (20A-20D) with parallel beams (22A-22D) in contact with said heating members (16), wherein the plates are arranged in plate sets formed by at least a first and a second plate having differently arranged supporting beams.

Abstract: A lignocellulosic biomass saccharification pre-treatment device for easily recovering ammonia water to be used in a pre-treatment for saccharification of a lignocellulosic biomass and recycle use. The device has a mixing unit 2 mixing lignocellulosic biomass and ammonia, a heating unit 3 heating the mixture, a separation unit 4 separating ammonia gas from the mixture to obtain a biomass-water mixture, and a transfer unit 6 transferring the biomass-water mixture to a later process. An ammonia water supply unit 8 supplies ammonia water to the mixing means 2. An ammonia recovery unit 20 recovers ammonia gas as ammonia water. A heat-of-dissolution recovery unit 24 recovers heat-of-dissolution generated when ammonia gas is dissolved in water. A heat pump unit 30 generates heat to be supplied to the heating unit 3 using at least the heat-of-dissolution as a heat source.

Abstract: A method for regulation of an ammonia plant where a purge gas (10) containing inerts is extracted from ammonia synthesis loop (SL), and where the ammonia plant is operated at a partial load by keeping the ammonia synthesis loop at a nominal high pressure, and reducing the purge rate in order to increase concentration of inerts in the ammonia synthesis loop and avoid overheating of the ammonia reactor; preferably a water electrolysis section (WE) produces a hydrogen feed (3) and an air separator produces a nitrogen feed (4); hydrogen and nitrogen are mixed to form a make up gas (5) which is reacted at a high-pressure in said ammonia synthesis loop (SL).

Abstract: A method for producing ammonia includes dissolving air in water to obtain a two-phase coexistence aqueous solution with air that is pressurized and heated to a critical state to separate critical state nitrogen, critical state oxygen and critical water from the two-phase coexistence aqueous solution. The critical water is electrolyzed to obtain super critical state hydrogen and super critical state oxygen. The critical state nitrogen reacts with the super critical state hydrogen to produce ammonia. A device for producing ammonia includes a pressurizing member and a heating member mounted between a conversion unit and a mixing unit. The conversion unit outputs a critical state gas. A synthesis unit is connected to the conversion unit by a pipe allowing the critical state gas to flow into the synthesis unit. A gas outlet pipe is connected to the synthesis unit and outputs a synthesis gas from the synthetic unit.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing ammonia suitable for use as a reductant in a selective catalytic reduction (SCR), a selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR), or a flue gas conditioning system is provided. A method for treating combustion exhaust gas with ammonia is provided that includes the electrolytic hydrolysis of urea under mild conditions. The electrolysis apparatus includes an electrolytic cell, which may be operatively coupled to an exhaust gas treatment system to provide an apparatus for reducing nitrogen oxides (NOx) and/or particulate in exhaust gases.

Abstract: An ammonia plant is disclosed, where ammonia purge gas (20), is sent to a cryogenic recovery unit, said recovery unit comprising means of cooling (102, 202, 302, 402, 502) and a high-pressure phase separator (103, 203, 303, 403, 503) operating at loop pressure; inside said unit the purge gas (20) is cooled to a cryogenic temperature, and a partial liquefaction of methane and argon is achieved; the high-pressure phase separator separates the cooled stream into a gaseous stream and a bottom liquid; the gaseous stream is reheated in a passage of a heat exchanger; the unit is then capable to export a gaseous stream (123, 223, 323, 423, 523) containing nitrogen and hydrogen at loop pressure, that can be reintroduced at the suction side of the circulator (4) of the loop.

Abstract: A method for producing ammonia includes dissolving air in water to obtain a two-phase coexistence aqueous solution with air that is pressurized and heated to a critical state to separate critical state nitrogen, critical state oxygen and critical water from the two-phase coexistence aqueous solution. The critical water is electrolyzed to obtain super critical state hydrogen and super critical state oxygen. The critical state nitrogen reacts with the super critical state hydrogen to produce ammonia. A device for producing ammonia includes a pressurizing member and a heating member mounted between a conversion unit and a mixing unit. The conversion unit outputs a critical state gas. A synthesis unit is connected to the conversion unit by a pipe allowing the critical state gas to flow into the synthesis unit. A gas outlet pipe is connected to the synthesis unit and outputs a synthesis gas from the synthetic unit.

Abstract: A gasification-liquefaction disposal method, system and equipment for MSW are disclosed. The method involves the MSW pretreatment of dehydrating and separating, thus reducing water and inorganic substance content of the waste. Then, the MSW is introduced into a plasma gasifier (23) by a carbon dioxide air-sealed feeding device (13) and gasified therein to obtain hydrogen-rich syngas. The hydrogen-rich syngas is then cooled, deacidified, dedusted and separated to obtain carbon dioxide. Then, the hydrogen-rich syngas is catalyzed to produce methanol product in a methanol synthesis reactor (52). The separated carbon dioxide is sent back to a carbonation reaction chamber (2007) of a gasification system to perform carbonation reaction with calcium oxide, thereby releasing heat to provide assistant heat energy for gasification and avoiding greenhouse gas from being discharged into environment.

Abstract: Processes for recovering ammonia from an ammonium sulfate stream include reacting the ammonia sulfate stream with a lime slurry to form a slurry comprising calcium sulfate and ammonia; providing the slurry comprising calcium sulfate and ammonia to a stripper configured to recover the ammonia from the slurry; utilizing a heat source from a chilled ammonia process to the stripper; and extracting an ammonia vapor stream from the stripper. Also disclosed are systems for performing the processes.

Abstract: Methods and systems for treating wastewater and process water streams are provided. In some embodiments, the wastewater and/or process water to be treated contains a target chemical (e.g., ammonia and/or ammonium). The methods and systems described herein may include recovering the target chemical from the water stream and/or producing a desired product (e.g., a fertilizer such as an ammonium salt) from the target chemical. In one set of embodiments, a method of treating wastewater and/or process water involves introducing the water stream into a system that includes a combination of two or more of, or all of, a reverse osmosis system, a reaction and separation system (e.g., a vacuum distillation system or other suitable separation system), and a membrane reactor system.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed herein for synthesizing ammonia using nano-size metal or metal alloy catalyst particles. Hydrogen and nitrogen gases are passed through a system comprising, for example, a bed of magnetite supporting nano-size iron or iron alloy catalyst particles having an optional oxide layer that forms the catalyst.

Abstract: The invention relates to a catalyst arrangement in an exhaust gas after-treatment system of an internal combustion engine comprising an exhaust gas line in which an SCR catalyst is positioned in the direction of flow of the exhaust gas. A reducing agent production system has an NOx and CO/H2 production unit and a combined NOx storage/ammonia production unit in the standard gas-carrying path of the reducing agent production system which supplies ammonia as the reducing agent. The NOx and CO/H2 production unit is at least temporarily supplied via a fuel supply and an air supply with starting products for producing ammonia. The combined NOx storage/ammonia production unit has a plurality catalyst sections having different characteristic properties or functionalities, enabling a higher ammonia yield in the combined NOx storage/ammonia production unit.

Abstract: Provided are an exhaust purification device for a diesel engine, and an exhaust purification method that utilizes this exhaust purification device enabling effective utilization of exhaust gas heat and allowing reduction in the size of the device, by virtue of the design of the layout of each post-processing units.

Abstract: An exhaust gas conversion system includes an oxide catalyst, a filter, a selective catalytic reduction catalyst and an ammonia supplying device. The filter has a honeycomb structural body including a honeycomb unit. The selective catalytic reduction catalyst has a honeycomb structural body including a honeycomb unit. The oxide catalyst, the filter and the selective catalytic reduction catalyst are sequentially arranged in a direction in which an exhaust gas flows. A ratio of an area of a cross section of the selective catalytic reduction catalyst perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the selective catalytic reduction catalyst with respect to an area of a cross section of the filter perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the filter is approximately 0.55 or more and approximately 0.90 or less. The area of the cross section of the filter is approximately 300 cm2 or more and approximately 1000 cm2 or less.

Abstract: A material intended for personal protective equipment, such as a suit for escaping chemicals or a flash fire is disclosed, wherein the material includes at least four different layers, the layers being: an outer first layer of a material comprising at least one polymer, which material is self-extinguishing; a second layer of a fiber material, which fiber material is self-extinguishing; a third layer being adhesive; and an inner fourth layer being a barrier laminate. All of the at least four different layers individually are attached to layers located next to them.

Abstract: A process for the synthesis of ammonia, where: a front-end produces a make-up syngas (10) having a substantial excess of nitrogen, the H2/N2 ratio being less than 3; hydrogen is separated from a purge stream (15) taken in the high-pressure synthesis loop, with a molecular sieve or a cryogenic device, obtaining a hydrogen-rich gaseous stream (16); said hydrogen-rich gaseous stream (16) is returned to the ammonia synthesis loop, thus obtaining that the H2/N2 ratio of the gas feed (12) actually converted into ammonia is close to 3 and preferably in the range 2.9-3.1.

Abstract: A method can include combusting an expanded turbine exhaust and a first fuel within a first reformer to produce a first exhaust. A hydrocarbon can be reformed in the first reformer to produce a reformed hydrocarbon and heat can be transferred from the first exhaust to a first medium. A refrigeration unit can be powered with thermal energy from the heated first medium and can cool a second medium. Heat can be transferred from one or more oxidants to the cooled second medium to produce cooled first and second oxidants. The cooled first oxidant and a second fuel can be introduced to a gas turbine unit to produce the expanded turbine exhaust and mechanical power. The cooled second oxidant can be compressed in a compressor powered with the mechanical power and the compressed second oxidant and the reformed hydrocarbon can be introduced to a second reformer to produce a syngas.

Abstract: A novel catalytic reactor suitable for use in chemical and petrochemical processes. The reactor is of a pillow panel that has superior heat transfer properties. This invention also relates to a chemical process, such as a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process performed with use of the novel pillow panel reactor.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for co-producing methanol and ammonia, wherein a syngas mixture consisting essentially of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H2) is first partially reacted in a methanol once-through reactor, unreacted syngas is divided into a first and a second stream, the first stream is purified and fed to an ammonia synthesis section, and the second stream is fed to a methanol synthesis and purification section. With this process it is possible to produce methanol and ammonia at very high capacities in an integrated single process, applying unit operations not exceeding current practical capacity limitations. For example, the process allows production of 8000 mtpd of methanol and 2000 mtpd of ammonia starting from natural gas and air. The process further shows a balanced production of ammonia and carbon dioxide, thus allowing co-production of urea also to be integrated.

Abstract: A process and a plant for producing ammonia, where an ASU (3) delivers an oxygen stream and a nitrogen stream; the oxygen stream (9) is fed to the secondary reformer of a front-end reforming section (1); the nitrogen stream (10) is used to wash a purge gas or tail gas taken from the synthesis loop (2), preferably in a cryogenic section; a methane-free and inert-free gas stream is recovered and recycled to the synthesis loop (2) or at the suction of the main syngas compressor, to recover the hydrogen contained therein. A corresponding method for increasing the capacity of an ammonia plant, by providing the ASU and feeding the oxygen stream to the secondary reformer and the nitrogen stream to a suitable purge gas recovery unit.

Abstract: A radial-flow plate heat exchanger (5) embedded in the catalytic bed of an isothermal chemical reactor (1) has heat exchange plates (10) comprising fluid passages (13) between a first metal sheet (20) and a second metal sheet (21) joined by perimeter weld seams (23) on a first surface (A) of the plate, a feeding channel (14) and a collecting channel (15) for the heat exchange fluid are formed with suitable metal sheets which are seam welded (25) directly to the opposite surface (B) of the plate, this structure allows the manufacturing of the plate (10) with an automated seam welding process, such as laser beam welding.

Abstract: A combined plant is provided. The combined plant of continuously supplying hydrogen and nitrogen to an ammonia synthesis facility that continuously synthesizes ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen, the combined plant including: a hydrogen production facility for acquiring solar energy and producing hydrogen by utilizing a part of the acquired solar energy; a nitrogen production facility for producing nitrogen from air and supplying the nitrogen to the ammonia synthesis facility; and a hydrogen storage facility for storing the hydrogen produced by the hydrogen production facility and supplying the produced hydrogen to the ammonia synthesis facility.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed herein for synthesizing ammonia at mid- to low-pressures using nano-size metal or metal alloy catalyst particles . Hydrogen and nitrogen gases are passed through a system comprising, for example, a packed bed of supported nano-size iron or iron alloy catalyst particles having an optional oxide layer that form the catalyst.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed herein for synthesizing ammonia using nano-size metal or metal alloy catalyst particles. Hydrogen and nitrogen gases are passed through a system comprising, for example, a bed of magnetite supporting nano-size iron or iron alloy catalyst particles having an optional oxide layer that forms the catalyst.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed herein for synthesizing ammonia using nano-size metal or metal alloy catalyst particles. Hydrogen and nitrogen gases are passed through a system comprising, for example, a bed of magnetite supporting nano-size iron or iron alloy catalyst particles having an optional oxide layer that forms the catalyst.

Abstract: Systems and methods for producing ammonia and/or ammonia products. The ammonia and/or ammonia products can be produced by compressing a gas mixture comprising nitrogen, hydrogen, methane, and argon to produce a compressed gas mixture having a pressure of from about 1,000 kPa (130 psig) to about 10,400 kPa (1,495 psig). All or a portion of the compressed gas mixture can be selectively separated at cryogenic conditions to produce a first gas comprising nitrogen and hydrogen, and a second gas comprising methane, argon, residual hydrogen and nitrogen. At least a portion of the first gas can be reacted at conditions sufficient to produce an ammonia product.

Abstract: A system of hardware and controls, know as a Hydrogen Hub, that absorbs electric power from any source, including hydropower, wind, solar, and other energy resources, chemically stores the power in hydrogen-dense anhydrous ammonia, then reshapes the stored energy to the power grid with zero emissions by using anhydrous ammonia to fuel diesel-type, spark-ignited internal combustion, combustion turbine, fuel cell or other electric power generators.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is provided for cleaning flue gases from combustion plants. The method includes removing dust and removing nitrogen from flue gases, bringing flue gases into contact with an aqueous ammonia solution in the presence of an oxidizing agent whereby a reaction solution forms which contains at least ammonium carbonate, heating the reaction solution such that ammonium carbonate decomposes and carbon dioxide and ammonia transfer into the gas atmosphere, and reacting the gaseous carbon dioxide and the gaseous ammonia to form urea. The apparatus includes a device for removing nitrogen and removing dust from the flue gases, a washing device downstream of the device for removing nitrogen and removing dust, a stripper downstream of the washing device, and a urea installation downstream of the stripper.

Abstract: A process and a reactor system for producing ammonia is described. The ammonia produced, such as by the Haber process, is absorbed into an ionic liquid. The removal of ammonia shifts the reaction equilibrium toward the production of ammonia, resulting in higher yields of ammonia.

Abstract: Biomass is preferably first prepared so as to produce the desired size, shape and moisture content. The prepared biomass is introduced along with a gasifying oxidant into a suitable gasification device to produce syngas. A mixture of air and steam may be used as the gasifying oxidant. The syngas is purified to remove particulate matter, ash, aerosols, halogens, sulphur containing compounds and volatile organometallics. The ash produced from the gasifier is collected for later use. The purified syngas is passed through a water gas shift reactor and any carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide are removed from the syngas. The gas is then passed through an ammonia synthesis reactor. The resulting ammonia is then converted into a desired ammonia product. Finally, the ammonia product and the previously removed ash are then mixed to produce a fertilizer.

Abstract: A reducing gas generator generates reducing gas including ammonia. The generator includes a solid reductant and a heat-generating portion. The solid reductant is formed in a columnar shape. A cross-sectional surface of the solid reductant has a constant shape and is perpendicular to a central axis of the solid reductant. The heat-generating portion includes a heat-generating surface opposed to a lower surface of the solid reductant in a vertical direction thereof and in contact with an entire region of the lower surface, and a heating element that heats the heat-generating surface when energized, so that the solid reductant is heated and decomposed to generate the reducing gas.

Abstract: In various implementations, feed streams that include ultrapure, high-pressure hydrogen streams and ultrapure, high-pressure nitrogen streams are reacted to produce ultrapure, high-pressure feed gas in a stoichiometric ratio to an ammonia synthesis reactor loop without or independent of including a methanol loop purge gas.

Abstract: A method and system for treatment of biological wastes for preparation of fertilizers is provided. The method and system involves mixing a biological waste with a dilute sulfuric acid in a predetermined ratio. The mixture of the biological waste and the dilute sulfuric acid is then filtered to obtain an organic slurry and an acidic liquid. Thereafter, the organic slurry is thermally cracked at an elevated temperature to obtain at least one of an ammonia gas, one or more flue gases, and char and ash. The method and system further involves utilizing the ammonia gas, the char and ash, and the acidic liquid for preparation of the fertilizers.

Abstract: A process for producing ammonia from air and water comprises producing nitrogen gas from air by pressure-swing-adsorption; producing hydrogen gas by electrolysis of water; compressing the nitrogen gas in a first cylinder to produce pressurized nitrogen gas; compressing the hydrogen gas in a second cylinder to produce pressurized hydrogen gas; compressing a mixture of the pressurized nitrogen and hydrogen gases in a third cylinder; heating the compressed mixture in the presence of a catalyst to react nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia; and extracting the ammonia from the mixture. A system for producing ammonia in the above process is also provided.

Abstract: A gasification system and method. The system can include a gasifier and a purification unit fluidly coupled to the gasifier, with the purification unit receiving raw syngas from the gasifier and producing waste gas and a syngas product. The system can also include a first reformer fluidly coupled to the purification unit, with the first reformer receiving a first portion of the waste gas and producing reformed hydrocarbon. The system can further include a second reformer having a first inlet fluidly coupled to the purification unit, a second inlet fluidly coupled to the first reformer, and an outlet fluidly coupled to the purification unit. The second inlet can receive the reformed hydrocarbon from the first reformer, and the first inlet can receive a second portion of the waste gas from the purification unit. The second reformer can produce a recovered raw syngas that is directed to the purification unit.

Abstract: Systems and methods for producing syngas and ammonia are provided. The method can include reforming a hydrocarbon in a first reaction zone in the presence of one or more first catalysts and steam at conditions sufficient to produce an effluent comprising a portion of the hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen. The effluent can be reformed in a second reaction zone in the presence of one or more second catalysts and nitrogen at conditions sufficient to produce a syngas comprising methane, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide, or any combination thereof. At least a portion of the nitrogen and hydrogen in the syngas can be converted to ammonia to produce an ammonia effluent. The ammonia effluent can be separated to produce an ammonia product and a purge gas comprising nitrogen. At least a portion of the purge gas can be recycled to the hydrocarbon, the effluent, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed herein for synthesizing ammonia using nano-size metal or metal alloy catalyst particles. Hydrogen and nitrogen gases are passed through a system comprising, for example, a bed of magnetite supporting nano-size iron or iron alloy catalyst particles having an optional oxide layer that forms the catalyst.