Abstract: Systems and methods achieve the conversion of polymer containing material into petroleum products such as hydrocarbon gas, wax, crude oil and diesel. The reactor and its system are designed to subject the polymer containing material to pyrolysis in a way that results in a higher petroleum product yield than conventional existing systems. The system has controls which allow for the heating temperature, rotation of the body, and throughput rate, to be adjusted depending on the reaction time required for the material inside the reactor. The condensing system is able to separate the products into the desired petroleum products by percentage output ranging from wax to crude-like oil to diesel-quality oil.

Abstract: A gas hydrate production apparatus capable of reacting a raw gas with a raw water to thereby form a slurry gas hydrate and capable of removing water from the slurry gas hydrate by means of a gravitational dewatering unit. The gravitational dewatering unit is one including a cylindrical first tower body; a cylindrical dewatering part disposed on top of the first tower body; a water receiving part disposed outside the dewatering part; and a cylindrical second tower body disposed on top of the dewatering part, wherein the cross-sectional area of the second tower body is continuously or intermittently increased upward from the bottom.

Abstract: A gas hydrate production apparatus capable of reacting a raw gas with a raw water to thereby form a slurry gas hydrate and capable of removing water from the slurry gas hydrate by means of a gravitational dewatering unit. The gravitational dewatering unit is one including a cylindrical first tower body; a cylindrical dewatering part disposed on top of the first tower body; a water receiving part disposed outside the dewatering part; and a cylindrical second tower body disposed on top of the dewatering part, wherein the cross-sectional area of the second tower body is continuously or intermittently increased upward from the bottom.

Abstract: A thermochemical reactor includes a contact surface and a pressing device for pressing raw material to be pyrolyzed against the rotationally symmetrical contact surface which is rotatable relative to the raw material. A generating line of the contact surface is oriented at an angle to a radius that is perpendicular to the axis of the relative rotation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a drive system (100) applied to the mechanism for discharging solids and regulating flows of a reactor vessel (300), reducing the degree of freedom between the components of the distributor element, increasing the definition of its movements and consequently providing more uniform and precise flow discharge. The drive system (100) comprises an actuator piston (101) affixed to a fixed support (400), a transmission rod (103) and a drive rod (106) connected to the scrapper rings (301). The transmission (103) and drive (106) rods are connected by a vertical joint (105).

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for the continuous production of carbon nanotubes (CNT), as well as the method to carry it out. The apparatus for the CNT synthesis includes: two sets or more of tubes to synthesize in its interior the CNT; a set of nozzles for the same number of tubes that each set has, to feed to the interior of the tubes the precursory chemical compounds of the CNT; a furnace to maintain one of the sets to a suitable temperature to allow the formation of the CNT inside the tubes; a system for the detaching and collection of the CNT formed in the previous stage; and a control system, preferably a PLC (PLC by its abbreviation in English) to program the sequence of activities of the equipment.

Abstract: A reactor for direct utilization of external radiation heat includes a containment can having a longitudinal axis, an external driving mechanism for controllable rotating the containment can and a cavity having a cylindrical shape. The cavity is partially lined with an insulation layer and disposed in the containment can. The cavity has a gas inlet, a gas outlet and an aperture for allowing to insert the external radiation heat into the cavity. A feeder mechanism is moveable along the longitudinal axis into and out of the cavity for supplying the material subject to the thermal or thermo-chemical material process. The gas outlet is formed as a ring channel tube having an inner and an outer surface, wherein the feeder mechanism is at least partially hosted within a tube cavity defined by the inner surface. Cooling means are associated with the inner and/or outer surface.

Abstract: A reactor for carrying out a reaction between two fluid starting materials over a catalyst bed with premixing of the fluid starting materials before introduction into the catalyst bed within a delay time of less than 150 ms in a mixing-in device, wherein the mixing-in device is made up of the following elements which are arranged essentially transverse to the inflow direction of the first fluid starting material stream: two or three rows arranged behind one another of tubes which have turbulence generators on the outside and constrict the flow cross section for the first fluid starting material stream to from ½ to 1/10, with the second fluid starting material stream being passed through the interiors of the tubes and injected via openings in the tubes into the first fluid starting material stream; a perforated plate upstream of the tubes; and a perforated plate downstream of the tubes, is proposed.

Abstract: An improved apparatus and process for treating biomass bearing material including municipal solid waste (MSW). The apparatus includes a reaction vessel configured for rotation and steam injection, with helically arranged auger vanes attached to the internal walls of the vessel, a self aligning door. Embodiments includes various of a heated jacket, modified raised projections on the top edge of the auger vanes, a modified door, modified door sealing assembly, and a process of quick charging the interior of the vessel with steam.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a thermal reactor apparatus used to treat industrial effluent fluids, for example waste effluent produced in semiconductor and liquid crystal display manufacturing processes. Specifically, the present invention relates to improved monitoring and control features for the thermal reactor apparatus, including a flame sensing device, an intrinsically safe flammable gas sensing device, and a sequential mode of operation having built-in safety redundancy. The improved monitoring and control features ensure the safe and efficient abatement of waste effluent within the thermal reactor apparatus.

Abstract: This invention provides a reactor for carbon nano-fibre production comprising a generally horizontal elongate cylindrical reaction vessel arranged to rotate about its cylindrical axis and containing in use a particulate catalyst-containing reaction bed, said reaction vessel having a gas inlet port and a gas outlet port positioned such that one of said inlet and outlet ports is in said bed and the other is outside said bed.

Abstract: A method for feeding lime mud into a lime kiln including a rotary kiln shell having an interior between a first end wall and a second end wall, the method including: feeding the lime mud into a flue gas flow in the interior of the rotary kiln shell or in close proximity to the shell to pretreat the lime mud; separating the pretreated lime mud from the flue gas flow; conveying the separated lime mud into the lime kiln, and calcining the separated lime mud in the lime kiln.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an ablative thermolysis reactor (12) comprising a reaction vessel (20), and inlet (14) into the reaction vessel (20) for receiving feedstock, and an outlet from the reaction vessel (20) for discharging thermolysis product. Within the reaction vessel (20), is provided an ablative surface (20a) defining the periphery of a cylinder, and heating means (22) are arranged to heat the ablative surface (20a) to an elevated temperature. In addition at least one rotatable surface (28) having an axis of rotation coincident with the longitudinal axis of said cylinder. The rotatable surface (28) is provided relative to the ablative surface (20a) such that feedstock is pressed between a part of the rotatable surface (28) and said ablative surface (20a) and moved along the ablative surface (20a) by the rotatable surface (28), whereby to thermolyse said feedstock.

Abstract: The invention relates to both a method and apparatus for thermal cracking hydrocarbons. The apparatus includes a rotating conical drum assembly within a vessel containing a hydrocarbon feedstock. The conical drum assembly is internally heated to cause cracking of hydrocarbons adjacent the conical drum surface and the formation of coke on its external surface as the conical drum rotates. Coke is removed from the drum surface by a coke removal system and cracked hydrocarbon product is collected as a vapor.

Abstract: A gravity pressure vessel (GPV) for processing a fluid stream containing organic materials provides several improvements to the art. In one embodiment, a GPV of the present invention sustains the heat energy requirements of a hydrolysis GPV by including therein, a first reaction chamber for conducting an exothermic reaction, and subsequently providing a second reaction chamber for hydrolysis of certain organic materials refractory to the exothermic reaction. Another embodiment provides for the perpetual cleaning of the heat transfer surfaces of the GPV. Still another embodiment provides for selective alteration of a hydrolysis reaction within a GPV independent of the flow of the fluid stream through the GPV.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of preparing expanded thermoplastic microspheres, comprising charging thermally expandable microspheres into an expansion device comprising rotating feeding means enveloped by a hollow body, and one or more scrapers. The invention further relates to an expansion device for expanding thermoplastic microspheres.

Abstract: Method and apparatus used in the field of waste management for utilizing recoverable waste products as efficiently as possible. The invention reduces the environmental impact of such a method to a minimum. The recoverable waste products and non-recoverable waste products are fed into one end of a substantially horizontally fixed container as material, and are transported in a continuous or discontinuous manner to another end of the container, 60–80% of energy input being carried out on the material in an area of a first quarter of the container, and a remaining 20–40% of energy input being transferred to the material in other areas of the container.

Abstract: As to a reactor which is used in a process for producing hydrogen fluoride through a reaction of fluorite with sulfuric acid, and which comprises means for applying a shearing force to a content therein between the means and an inner surface thereof, a metal material is used for at least a portion of a part of the means which part is opposed to the inner surface, the metal material comprising tungsten carbide and a material comprising at least one element, or an alloy comprising two or more elements, selected from the group consisting of nickel, chromium, cobalt, iron, tungsten and carbon, the metal material comprising 30 to 90% by weight of tungsten carbide. Thereby, it becomes possible to reduce the wear of an edge of the means for applying the shearing force to the content (the reaction mixture) between the means and the inner surface.

Abstract: As to a reactor which is used in a process for producing hydrogen fluoride through a reaction of fluorite with sulfuric acid, and which comprises means for applying a shearing force to a content therein between the means and an inner surface thereof, a metal material is used for at least a portion of a part of the means which part is opposed to the inner surface, the metal material comprising tungsten carbide and a material comprising at least one element, or an alloy comprising two or more elements, selected from the group consisting of nickel, chromium, cobalt, iron, tungsten and carbon, the metal material comprising 30 to 90% by weight of tungsten carbide. Thereby, it becomes possible to reduce the wear of an edge of the means for applying the shearing force to the content (the reaction mixture) between the means and the inner surface.

Abstract: A device and method for inactivating pathogens in therapeutic fluids with sterilizing radiation in a continuous flow arrangement while exhibiting radiation dose uniformity and narrow residence time distribution of the fluid within the device. The device (10) comprises a radiation permeable cylindrical tube (12) having a concentric cylindrical rotor (14) disposed therein, thereby providing a thin gap (16) therebetween. A top plate (18) having a fluid outlet (26) and a bottom plate (20) having a fluid inlet (24) seal the cylindrical tube (12). The inlet (24) and outlet (26) are both in fluid communication with the thin gap (16). A rotor shaft (36) is disposed axially through the cylindrical rotor (14) and is connected to a motor (30). A pump provides fluid flow through the device (10). A radiation source provides sterilizing radiation to the fluid through the cylindrical tube (12).

Abstract: The present invention provides a reaction chamber cleaning apparatus comprising a chamber, a blade apparatus comprising at least one annular mounting member, at least four scraping blades attached peripherally about the annular mounting member, and a reciprocal movement unit for rotating said scraping blade(s) circumferentially back and forth along the interior surface of said chamber to scrape the interior surface of said chamber; said reaction chamber cleaning apparatus also comprising a vortex unit comprising a generally conical outer shell attached to and extending downwardly from the top plate top plate, and a liquid inlet arranged in relation to the outer shell to tangentially introduce liquid into the outer shell, thereby forming a laminar sheet of fluid on the inner surface of the outer shell; said vortex unit further comprising a baffle and a concentric chamber bounded by the outer surface of the baffle, the inner surface of the outer shell, and the bottom surface of the top plate.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for self-propagating high temperature synthesis of an inorganic compound from a combustible charge mixture of initial ingredients. The apparatus comprises mechanisms for continuously feeding the combustible charge into a reaction chamber and removing the synthesized compound therefrom. The apparatus also contains sensors to control and contain the combustion inside a combustion zone of the reaction chamber.

Abstract: A continuous method for performing a hydrosilylation reaction comprising effecting a hydrosilylation reaction between a liquid organosilicon compound (A) having in each molecule at least one silicon-bonded hydrogen atom and a liquid organosilicon compound (B) having in each molecule at least one aliphatic unsaturated bond in the presence of a platinum catalyst (C) continuously in a tubular reactor equipped with a stirring and plug-flow maintaining apparatus located within the reactor.

Abstract: An apparatus removes water and organic compounds from waste streams such as contaminated soils and refinery tailings by a combination of thermal stripping and molecular decomposition. The apparatus includes at least one unit having a pipe which is preferably heated by induction heating and also having a transport arrangement. The transport arrangement includes a suitable motor and operates to move the waste stream material through the pipe and mix the material to provide uniform heat transfer from the heated pipe. The transport arrangement preferably includes an adjustment mechanism which allows adjustment of the rate at which material moves through the pipe for a given motor speed. The adjustment mechanism also adjusts the mixing provided by the transport arrangement. Several of the treatment units according to the invention may be connected in series to form a multistage device.

Abstract: Used oil is treated in a reactor to remove contaminants. The reactor comprises a rotating vessel forming an internal reaction chamber. The vessel is housed within a heating chamber. The inside of the vessel is indirectly heated by conduction through the vessel walls. The reaction chamber contains a permanently resident charge of non-ablating, granular coarse solids. Within the reaction chamber, the oil is vaporized and pyrolyzed, producing a hydrocarbon vapour. Coke is formed as a byproduct. Contaminants, such as metals and halides, become associated with the coke. The coarse solids scour and comminute the coke to form fine solids. The fine solids are separated within the reaction chamber from the coarse solids and are removed from the vessel through a pipe located at the axis of the vessel. The hydrocarbon vapours are also removed from the vessel through the axial pipe, as a separate stream. Residual fine solids are separated in a cyclone from the vapour stream.

Abstract: A system and method for treatment of a feed material includes a reactor chamber in a reactor vessel. The reactor vessel has a longitudinal axis which is vertically oriented so that gravitational forces act generally in a direction along the axis between a top and a bottom of the vessel. A feed material is introduced by a nozzle into the reactor chamber as a jet stream through the top end of the vessel. This jet stream causes back-mixing in the reactor chamber, contributing to rapid initiation of reaction and general down flow of material through the reactor chamber. The material in the reactor chamber can be quenched to dissolve sticky solids in the effluent before the effluent is discharged from the lower end of the vessel. Further, the reactor vessel can include a plug flow section to carry out additional reaction of the feed material.

Abstract: An apparatus defines a chamber into which hazardous gas is discharged. Disposed about the hazardous gas discharge flow are nozzles from which oxygen flows for mixing with the hazardous gas. A structure within the chamber receives the hazardous gas and oxygen and defines an area in which a reaction occurs therebetween. The structure includes perforate components which deter the formation of gas pockets and diminish the risk of explosion. The hazardous gas mixed with oxygen is subsequently directed toward baffles on which may be deposited matter precipitating from the combined oxygen and hazardous gas. Prior to discharge from the apparatus, the gas and oxygen mixture may be subjected to a filter for further removal of matter. Both hazardous gas and oxygen flows are induced through the apparatus by a source of reduced pressure.

Abstract: An exhaust gas treatment unit of the combustion type is capable of effectively carrying out the decomposing treatment of an exhaust gas while at the same time allowing the unit to be reduced in size. The exhaust gas treatment unit includes a treatment drum, a combustion air introduction tube attached at one end of the treatment drum to introduce combustion air to the inside of the treatment drum, a fuel gas introduction tube disposed inside the combustion air introduction tube to introduce fuel gas to the inside of the treatment drum, and an exhaust gas introduction tube disposed inside the fuel gas introduction tube to introduce exhaust gas to the inside of the treatment drum. A flame tube extends from an end portion of the combustion air introduction tube on the air outlet side to the vicinity of the other end of the treatment drum, and a cooling air introduction port is provided for introducing cooling air into a space between the side wall of the treatment drum and the flame tube.

Abstract: Improved gas exhaust apparatus of a semiconductor plant for substantially reducing the accumulation of solid substance on the surface of a gas exhaust system is disclosed. The apparatus includes a heating section for providing a thermal chamber, thereby transforming incoming gas and oxygen into solid substance. A barrier section is secured to an inner surface of the heating section for preventing the solid substance from accumulating on the inner surface of the heating section. A scrubbing section attached to the heating section is used to expel the solid substance out of the gas exhaust apparatus.

Abstract: An apparatus of forming non-agglomerated nanostructured ceramic (n-ceramic) powders from metalorganic precursors combines rapid thermal decomposition of a precursor/carrier gas stream in a hot tubular reactor with rapid condensation of the product particles on a cold substrate under a reduced inert gas pressure of 1-50 mbar. A wide variety of metalorganic precursors is available. The apparatus is particularly suitable for formation of n-SiC.sub.x N.sub.y powders from hexamethyl-disilizane or the formation of n-ZrO.sub.x C.sub.y powders from zirconium tertiary butoxide. The n-SiC.sub.x N.sub.y compounds can be further reacted to form SiC or Si.sub.3 N.sub.4 whiskers, individually or in random-weave form, by heating in a hydrogen or ammonia atmosphere. The non-agglomerated n-ceramic powders form uniformly dense powder compacts by cold pressing which can be sintered to theoretical density at temperatures as low as 0.5 Tm.

Abstract: In a method for the continuous synthesis of vanadium oxide from ammonium metavanadate, ammonium metavanadate is fed to the interior of a dryer apparatus through an inlet opening. The interior of the apparatus is maintained at a temperature of approximately 440.degree. C. and an inert carrier gas flows through the interior of the apparatus. The ammonium metavanadate is conveyed through the interior of the dryer apparatus on a conveyer to an outlet opening over a period of approximately two hours, during which period the ammonium metavanadate is continuously agitated so that it is uniformly exposed to heat and to the carrier gas, thereby synthesizing homogeneous vanadium oxide. The vanadium oxide is continuously removed from the apparatus.

Abstract: The invention relates to disc reactors with a large free usable volume which are kinematically self-cleaning, consisting of two or more parallel counterrotating shafts, on which toothed discs with scrapers, which are distributed over their circumference, are disposed, and a surrounding housing. The toothed discs are arranged perpendicularly to the axes of rotation in planes which are echeloned one behind the other such that they mesh with one another.

Abstract: Disc reactors with large free useful volume which clean themselves kinematically, consisting of two or more parallel shafts, rotating in the same or opposite directions, on which are located axially staggered, circular discs with scrapers distributed over their periphery, and an enclosing casing.

Abstract: A reactor for highly viscous media with a horizontally oriented reactor casing having an inlet and an outlet in which a cage-like rotor is mounted in a rotary manner by means of stub shafts. To the cage-like rotor are fixed elements, e.g., rings, which are immersed in and thoroughly mix the media. A stripping rotor is provided coaxially with the cage-like rotor. Both rotors rotate within one another and mix and deliver the media and thereby form free surfaces. In addition, they also clean one another through a scraping action.

Abstract: A whisker growing furnace having a plurality of removable reaction plates mounted therein. A whisker collecting apparatus removes the plates one at a time from the furnace without shutting down the furnace or stopping the whisker growing process. The whisker collection apparatus includes a whisker stripper for stripping the whiskers from the plate as the plate is removed from the furnace. The plate is then returned to the furnace for further processing as the plate is coated with fresh catalyst.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for recovering carbon from a carbon-containing gas are provided. The apparatus comprises a burner assembly adapted to deposit carbon from the carbon-containing gas on the interior surface of a rotatable cylinder that is disposed in either a horizontal or inclined relation to a supporting surface. A device is provided for removing the deposited carbon from the interior surface of the rotatable cylinder, whereby the carbon deposited on the cylinder is recovered. Louvers having a series of baffles are mounted over the ends of the cylinder for regulating air flow into and flue gas flow from the cylinder, and elongate shafts having louvers therein are mounted to the ends of the cylinder for dissipating heat generated during operation by free or forced convection of air through the shaft louvers.

Abstract: Adherent foreign matters such as metal powders and sludges are removed from the surface of work pieces of metal, ceramics or the like in a treating process thereof. Work pieces where foreign matters adhere and a granules composed of a heat-resisting inorganic substance such as sand are put together into a container. The inside of the container is heated to raise the temperature to the melting point of the adherents or to a temperature near it, and an external force is applied; to the container so that the work pieces will move in the container, for example, to rotate the container.

Abstract: The apparatus is composed of a flow-through mixer which is followed by a repressing means composed of a cylinder and movable piston downstream in the direction of the conveying stream. In order to avoid cross-sectional constrictions in this apparatus due to sedimentation of reaction resin compounds and/or filler, a flow-through mixer integrated in the piston is provided, the discharge opening of this flow-through mixer discharging directly into the cylinder of the repressing means. The overall apparatus functions in a direct flow-through, i.e. the dwell time of the reactive resin compounds in the apparatus is limited to a minimum.

Abstract: In the invention, reaction raw-materials composed of a plurality of liquids are sequentially scraped with spiral grooves of one line or more provided in the peripheral face of the rotation shaft rotating within the cylinder wall with the discharge openings being formed therein. The reaction raw-materials are uniformly mixed within the grooves by shearing force or twist force through the rotation of the shaft. The reaction raw-material, if small amount, may be precisely mixed uniformly and is sequentially discharged after the mixing operation. This is suitable for reaction raw-materials which are short in the gelatin condition time from the mixing from the hardening. Some mixtures which are discarded without being used after the mixing may be reduced.

Abstract: A partition (51, 52, 53) is provided within a vessel (1) for dividing the vessel into two along the vertical direction of the vessel except upper and lower portions thereof. The vessel (1) contains polishing particles (4). A cleaning liquid sprayer (8) is provided in the upper portion of the vessel (1). A discharge opening (2, 3) is provided in a lower portion of the vessel (1) for discharging the cleaning liquid passing through the perforated plate (2). Vibrators (71, 72) are mounted on the brackets (61, 62) to the wall of the vessel (1) for vibrating the vessel so as to generate convection currents of the polishing particles (4) in such a manner that polishing particles flow downward on one side of the partition (51, 52, 53) and upward on the other side thereof.

Abstract: The device for carrying out the continuous process for synthesizing an .alpha.-amino acid incorporates: (a) a vessel (10) for feeding .alpha.-amino-nitrile, or one of its salts; (b) a connecting pipe (12), in which a pump (14) is mounted, connecting the feed vessel (10) to (c) a catalysis column (16) containing a carbonyl-containing polymeric resin (18) which is insoluble in basic aqueous medium; (d) a connecting pipe (20) from the catalysis column (16) to (e) a hydrolysis reactor (22), acting simultaneously as a reservoir for the .alpha.-amino acid salt formed, and equipped with (f) means for feeding hydroxide ions, comprising a feed vessel (24), a pipe (26) and a pump (28); and (g) a pipe (30) for drawing off the .alpha.-amino acid salt formed.

Abstract: Iron and vanadium is phosphoric acid solution are reduced. To this end, the phosphoric acid solution is contacted with ferrophosphorus which is used as the reductant.

Abstract: A rotary cylinder calcining system for treating tacky materials with a propensity to adhere to the surfaces of handling apparatus. The system comprises a reciprocating means for freeing the cylinder calciner outlet from any blockages caused by adhering material.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method and an installation for preparing a combustible gas mixture from solid or liquid fuels by means of a rotatable cup-shaped, perforated bowl forming a supporting grate with a fuel supply to its inner wall and a feed of gasifying fluid to the outer side of the grate, an intermediate layer of a refractory material being formed against the inner wall of the rotating grate for supporting the fuel and finally dividing the gasifying fluid.

Abstract: The invention relates to a scrubber for cleaning dust-loaded gas and/or steam. The scrubber is provided with an inlet for the gas and/or steam and an outlet. One or more nozzles are arranged within the scrubber for atomizing washing liquid over the cross-section of the scrubber. The scrubber further includes a scraping device located rotatably in the inlet, which scraping device consists of a plurality of rods in parallel with the axial direction of the inlet.

Abstract: A contact compartment for intermixing dust or fume laden gases with solid substances, in a turbulent or fluidized layer, the gases being the turbulence carrier, and the solid substances being the turbulence material. The intermixing action induces the noxious components of the dust or fume laden gases to absorptively react or combine with the solid substances and form absorption compounds. In order to prevent the conventional formation of inhomogeneous sections in the turbulent or fluidized layer, during the intermixing action, the turbulence material and turbulence carrier, present in the compartment, flow transversely through at least one revolving drum having a perforated peripheral wall and equipped with a charge of filled-in regular or irregular-shaped bodies.

Abstract: There is required titanium disulfide of high purity and stoichiometric composition as electrode material for certain types of batteries. With the known process for reacting preheated gaseous titanium tetrachloride with an excess of preheated gaseous hydrogen sulfide at 400.degree. to 600.degree. C., there is obtained a product which is not optimally usable. A titanium disulfide quality of higher purity and stoichiometry is obtained by forcing a deposition of the titanium disulfide on the inner walls of the reactor through regulating the temperature at the reactor walls and/or the residence time of the gaseous mixture. The titanium disulfide can be mechanically stripped off the walls and removed countercurrently to the waste gas stream from the reactor.

Abstract: A continuous process is disclosed which comprises introducing a sulfonatable or sulfatable organic liquid onto a rotating reaction surface as a thin film, rotating the reaction surface at a velocity such that the thin film is continuously moved toward the periphery of the reaction surface, dividing the reaction surface into a plurality of areas, depositing within each area a controlled quantity of gaseous sulfur trioxide over the liquid film, maintaining the pressure during the reaction at subatmospheric levels, controlling the temperature of the reaction surface, moving the reaction product by centrifugal action to the periphery of the reaction surface and continuously collecting the reaction product.An apparatus for carrying out such a process is also disclosed.

Abstract: An improved apparatus for producing potassium sulfate and hydrogen chloride gas from potassium hydrogen sulfate and potassium chloride is provided, which comprises a horizontal type muffle furnace having an arcuate upper wall, at least one shaft of an agitator, a means for feeding raw materials, and a means for discharging the reaction product, to discharge the product by overflow; and an outer casing for said muffle furnace in which said furnace is accomodated on a bed of an insulating material and a space over said furnace, as a passage for heating gas. A heating gas introduced into said space over said furnace supplies the heat quantity required for the total reaction, through the upper wall of the furnace to raw materials. According to this apparatus, the life of furnace for continuous operation can be prolonged.

Abstract: A flue gas scrubber for removing sulfur dioxide from hot flue gas includes a scrubbing section within which wet lime or limestone slurry is tumbled through the flue gas and a drying section incorporating agitating and nodulizing portions. A chain assembly and lifting scoops in the scrubbing section tumble the wet lime or limestone slurry in intimate contact with the flue gas to react with and remove the sulfur dioxide from the gas and form a slurry reaction product. A demisting zone in the scrubbing section assists in the removal of particulate matter. An annular baffle or dam separates the scrubbing and drying sections, and the agitating portion of the drying section from the final nodulizing portion. Low dams help impede rapid passage of the slurry through the scrubber.