Abstract: A downflow reactor, e.g. a downer reactor or system, includes an outer wall defining an interior reactor space. An elongated plug is within the outer wall having a first end and a second end, defining a longitudinal axis between the first and second ends. A distribution baffle positioned at a vertical position between the first end and the second end of the elongated plug configured and adapted to direct hot down flowing catalyst towards a feedstock spray.

Abstract: This present disclosure relates to apparatuses for methylation of aromatics in an aromatics complex for producing a xylene isomer product. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to apparatuses for producing para-xylene by the selective methylation of toluene and/or benzene in an aromatics complex using processed toluene instead of crude toluene.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for sidestream mixing. The system may include a first junction formed from a plurality of conduits. The plurality of conduits may include a first conduit fluidly coupled to a compressor, the first conduit forming a first conduit diameter and configured to flow therethrough a first process fluid stream of a plurality of process fluid streams. The plurality of conduits may also include a second conduit fluidly coupled to the first conduit and the compressor, and configured to flow therethrough a second process fluid stream of the plurality of process fluid streams. The first junction may be disposed a first distance at least three times the first conduit diameter upstream of the compressor, such that the first process fluid stream and the second process fluid stream are mixed and form a first combined process fluid stream prior to being fed into and pressurized in the compressor.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to the upgrading of heavy hydrocarbon feedstock. The systems of the present disclosure provides for improved reactor geometries to create more efficient processing and upgrading of the feedstocks. The reactor geometry may be varied by the addition of periodic bumps on the reactor walls and/or by the tapering of the diameter of the upflow reactor.

Abstract: An embodiment of the invention includes a riser reactor for reacting a feedstock and catalyst. The riser reactor wall defines an interior. A continuous refractory lining is attached to the reactor wall and defines a plurality of flow disruptors that extend inward from the wall into the reactor interior and disrupt flow patterns of the feedstock and catalyst.

Abstract: According to one aspect of the invention, a riser includes a cylindrical housing defined by a sidewall having an interior surface and an exterior surface. A baffle is defined by a first segment and a second segment, wherein the baffle is designed to be positioned on the interior surface of the riser and wherein the first segment and second segment are releasably interlockable.

Abstract: A fluid catalytic cracking reactor including a vessel, a chamber housed within the vessel, and a plurality of cyclones housed within the vessel, but externally of the chamber. The plurality of cyclones are arranged in a plurality of cyclone clusters, where each of the cyclone clusters includes a grouping of at least two cyclones that share common outlet piping for communication with the chamber. Alternatively, a fluid catalytic cracking reactor including a vessel, a chamber housed within the vessel, and a plurality of catalytic separation devices housed within the vessel, but externally of the chamber. The catalytic separation devices are in communication with the chamber via outlet piping. Preferably, the catalytic separation devices of the reactor are also in communication with a plenum via separator gas outlet piping, and optionally at least one of the catalytic separation devices feeds an outlet vapor stream into at least two different separator gas outlet piping members.

Abstract: Systems and methods for operating transport reactors are provided. The method can include fluidizing one or more particulates within a transport reactor. The one or more particulates can include one or more carbonaceous materials. The method can also include maintaining one or more pressure differentials between two or more points within the transport reactor using at least one integrally geared compression system. The at least one integrally geared compression system can include a bull gear, at least one pinion, and two or more compressors.

Abstract: An apparatus for recovery of tritium from contaminated gaseous mixtures by way of isotope-exchange processes includes a container having a preferably cylindrical shape made of steel or other suitable metal or glass, referred to as “module” (1), which contains at least one permeator tube (T) made of metal or metal alloy selectively permeable to hydrogen and its isotopes, wherein the tube (T) is set in cantilever fashion with its free end closed, there being further provided elements for applying an axial tensile force on the free end of the permeator tube (T) and elements for electrical connection of the free end of the tube (T) to an end flange (FF) of the module (1) adjacent thereto.

Abstract: Embodiments of apparatuses and risers for reacting a feedstock in the presence of a catalyst and methods for fabricating such risers are provided. In one example, a riser comprises a sidewall that defines a cylindrical housing surrounding an interior. The sidewall has a groove formed therein disposed about the interior. A plurality of baffle sections is disposed in the groove. The baffle sections are configured to be packed together in the groove to define a packed condition and to be moved in the groove so as to spread out the baffle sections from the packed condition to define an expanded condition and form a baffle ring. The baffle ring extends inwardly in the interior.

Abstract: A loop seal for a fluidized bed reactor comprising a vertical downcomer segment connected to a dipleg for receiving solids particles from the dipleg, a horizontal segment downstream of the downcomer, a riser segment downstream of the horizontal segment, and a downwardly inclined segment downstream of the riser, whereby the solids are entrained to the fluidized bed reactor. An eductor is added to the angled leg to induce the underflow gas from the cyclone; one of the preferred motive fluids to the eductor is the fines from fuel preparation and the carrying gas for the fines. Also provided are a fluidized bed reactor comprising the loop seal, and a method for producing syngas from coal and steam using the same.

Abstract: A process and apparatus described is for distributing hydrocarbon feed to catalyst in a riser. Hydrocarbon feed is delivered to a plenum in the riser. Nozzles from the plenum inject feed into the riser to contact the catalyst. Streams of regenerated catalyst and carbonized catalyst may be passed to the riser and mixed around an insert in a lower section of a riser. The plenum may be located in the riser.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for fluid catalytic cracking feeds catalyst to a chamber of a riser. The catalyst exits the chamber and passes through a plenum and into a reaction zone through a plurality of tubes which distribute the catalyst uniformly over a cross section of the reaction zone of the riser. A hydrocarbon feed is fed to the plenum. The hydrocarbon feed passes from the plenum into the reaction zone through a plate comprising a multiplicity of openings which distribute the hydrocarbon feed uniformly over a cross section of the reaction zone of the riser. The feed is contacted with the catalyst in a reaction zone of the riser.

Abstract: A catalyst return apparatus is disclosed as well as a riser reactor system comprising the conduit apparatus and a riser reactor, the conduit apparatus comprising a catalyst return conduit and at least two flow control devices in series, each flow control device arranged to control the flow of fluid through the conduit, wherein the length of the catalyst return conduit is more than 20 m. A process for reacting a feedstock in a riser reactor system comprising a riser reactor, the catalyst return apparatus and, and a stage vessel, the process comprising: holding a fluid comprising the catalyst in the at least one stage vessel for a residence time of at least 10 seconds.

Abstract: Collection enhanced materials, flue gas additives, and methods of making the enhanced materials and flue gas additives are provided. In one embodiment, a down stream addition system configured to control material passing through a metering device from a vessel to a gaseous exhaust path extending between a unit and an exhaust flue of the unit is provided. In alternative embodiments, methods are provided for introducing at least one of a flue gas additive and a collection enhanced material to a gaseous exhaust stream exiting a unit; exposing and removing at least a portion of at least one a of flue gas additive and a collection enhanced material from a gaseous exhaust stream exiting a unit prior to entering an exhaust flue; and recycling at least a portion of material removed a from a gaseous exhaust stream exiting a unit back to the gaseous exhaust stream without passing through the unit.

Abstract: A riser reactor system comprising a riser reactor and a catalyst feed device for fluidized catalyst, the riser reactor having a riser interior in which catalyst is flowing during normal operation, and the feed device comprising an annular trough surrounding the riser interior, the annular trough having an upstream opening for receiving fluidized catalyst, and at least one substantially circumferential downstream opening providing fluid communication between the trough and the riser interior; and a process for the preparation of an olefinic product using a riser reactor system as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, the process comprising reacting an oxygenate feedstock in the presence of an oxygenate conversion catalyst under oxygenate-to-olefin conversion conditions in the riser reactor system, to obtain the olefinic product.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for preventing coke formation in a plenum are provided. The apparatus can include a turbulator for use in a plenum. The turbulator can include a deflector disposed inside the plenum proximate an inlet to the plenum from a cyclone, wherein the plenum and the cyclone are disposed in a fluid catalytic cracker.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for effective pyrolysis of a biomass utilizing rapid heat transfer from a solid heat carrier or catalyst. Particularly, various embodiments of the present invention provide methods and apparatuses which incorporate progressive temperature quenching and rapid disengagement of the heat carrier material and reaction product.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for upgrading heavy hydrocarbons such as asphaltenes to lighter oil and gas components is disclosed. The process provides a reaction environment that promotes fast and selective cracking of heavy hydrocarbons, while minimizing coke formation and fouling and enhancing product yields.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a fluidized bed reactor system made up of at least two fluidized bed reactors, comprising at least one main reactor (1) in the form of a circulating fluidized bed and a secondary reactor (2) in the form of a circulating fluidized bed, and also a particle line comprising a particle separator for transporting fluidized bed particles from the main reactor into the secondary reactor, characterized in that, in the lower region of the respective reactor, a line (10) connects the secondary reactor (2) to the main reactor (1) for transporting fluidized bed particles.

Abstract: A cassette for preparing a sample is disclosed herein. The cassette includes a housing, which encloses the structures and the processes used to prepare the sample.

Abstract: To provide a mixing device capable of effectively mixing stock oil with a catalyst, while increasing the amount of throughput, the relations of 8.0?Q×(W/D)/(u1+u2), Q=300 to 2000 [kg/m2s], W/D=0.2 to 0.5, u1=5 to 300 [m/s], and u2=5 to 300 [m/s] are satisfied when a mass flow per unit area of a moving bed is Q [kg/nes], the difference between an outer diameter and an inner diameter of the moving bed is W [m], an inner diameter of a reaction tube is D [m], a linear velocity of a horizontal component of the stock oil at a jet orifice of the internal stock oil injection nozzle u1 [m/s], and a linear velocity of a horizontal component of the stock oil at a jet orifice of the external stock oil injection nozzle u2 [m/s].

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a mass production system and method of synthesized carbon nanotubes. The system is configured to completely open the reaction chamber to an outside during synthesis of the carbon nanotubes in the reaction chamber while allowing a specific gas to occupy a predetermined region within the reaction chamber, thereby blocking introduction of external air into the reaction chamber which is opened to external air.

Abstract: The present invention relates to piping (1) for use in industrial activities, where the piping (1) has a specific geometry. In particular, the piping (1) is formed as a lowamplitude helix, which causes fluid flowing through the piping (1) to swirl. This swirl flow provides a large number of advantages. Particular applications where the piping (1) can be used include petroleum production risers and flowlines, production tubing for downhole use in wells, pipelines for the transportation of fluids, static mixers, bends, junctions or the like, penstocks and draft tubes, reactors for chemical, petrochemical, and pharmaceutical applications, heat exchangers, cold boxes, incinerators and furnaces for waste disposal, static separators, and air intakes.

Abstract: A furnace and method for the cracking of hydrocarbons. The furnace includes a radiant firebox, the radiant firebox comprising a furnace floor having a centerline, a plurality of decoke effluent injection nozzles mounted along or adjacent to the centerline for injecting decoke effluent upward into the radiant firebox, a plurality of burners arranged to form a first line of burners and a second line of burners, each line of burners positioned on opposing sides of the plurality of decoke effluent injection nozzles, a first plane of radiant coils spaced at a distance greater than the distance that the first line of burners is spaced from the centerline of the furnace floor and on the same side of the centerline as the first row of burners, and a second plane of radiant coils spaced at a distance greater than the distance that the second line of burners is spaced from the centerline of the furnace floor and on the same side of the centerline as the second row of burners.

Abstract: Catalytic cracking riser reactor extending between an inlet for hydrocarbonaceous feed and catalyst particles and an outlet for discharging cracked products and spent catalyst particles, which riser reactor has been provided with at least one contacting device, wherein the contacting device comprises a composite of refractory material and a metal structure, which metal structure is connected to the outer wall of the riser reactor. If more contacting devices have been provided, they are preferably axially spaced apart and are disposed along the inner surface of the riser reactor.

Abstract: Disclosed is an FCC apparatus and process in which spent catalyst is recycled to the base of the riser to contact fresh feed through a passage disposed within the riser.

Abstract: A charging device for a tube reactor has a plurality of metering chambers which can be filled with filling material, for example a catalytically coated carrier material. Each metering chamber is adjoined by a drop tube or some other filling device via which a tube of the filling device can be filled in each case. The metering chambers can each be filled via antechambers which are combined into one replaceable antechamber unit.

Abstract: An object of the invention is to provide a decomposing system for polyisocyanate residues that is capable of suppressing reaction of polyisocyanate residues with high temperature and high pressure water to allow smooth start-up of the operation, and a start-up method for the decomposing system for the polyisocyanate residues. The decomposing system is used for hydrolyzing the polyisocyanate residues to polyamine using high temperature and high pressure water, comprising a hydrolyzer, a water feed pipe connected to the hydrolyzer, a residual feed pipe connected to the water feed pipe, a solvent feed line for filling an organic solvent in a solvent filling portion of the residual feed pipe, and a solvent draining line. Upon start-up of the operation, the organic solvent is previously filled in the solvent filling portion via the solvent feed line and the solvent draining line, first, and then, the high temperature and high pressure water is fed from the water feed pipe to the hydrolyzer.

Abstract: To provide a mixing device capable of effectively mixing stock oil with a catalyst promptly and evenly, while increasing the amount of throughput. In a mixing device 1, when a mass flow per unit area of a moving bed is Q [kg/m2s], the difference between an outer diameter and an inner diameter of the moving bed W [m], an inner diameter of a reaction tube D [m], a linear velocity of a horizontal component of the stock oil at a jet orifice of the internal stock oil injection nozzle u1 [m/s], the stock oil being supplied from the internal stock oil supply part, and a linear velocity of a horizontal component of the stock oil at a jet orifice of the external stock oil injection nozzle u2 [m/s], the stock oil being supplied from the external stock oil supply part, the relations of 8.0?Q×(W/D)/(u1+u2), Q=300 to 2000 [kg/m2s], W/D=0.2 to 0.5, u1=5 to 300 [m/s], and u2=5 to 300 [m/s] are satisfied.

Abstract: A process for the fluid catalytic cracking of mixed hydrocarbon feeds from different sources is described, such as feeds A and B of different crackability, the process being especially directed to obtaining light fractions such as LPG and comprising injecting feed A in the base of the riser reactive section and feed B, of lower crackability, at a height between 10% and 80% of the riser, with feed B comprising between 5% and 50% of the total processed feed. The process requires that the feeds present differences in the contaminant content, improved dispersion of feeds A and B and feed B injection temperature same or higher than that of feed A.

Abstract: A riser reactor for fluidized catalytic conversion process consists of a prelift zone, a first reaction zone, a second reaction zone with enlarged diameter, an outlet zone with reduced diameter along coaxial direction form bottom to top, and the end of the outlet zone connects to a horizontal tube. The reactor is used for adjusting different operating conditions to process single or plural feedstock in each different reaction zone for producing the desired product.

Abstract: In a catalytic FCC cracking unit comprising a vertically disposed riser housing a reaction zone, the improvement comprising at least one device for redistribution of catalyst inside said reaction zone, the catalytic cracking unit being equipped at a plane with feedstock injectors, and an upper plane, with mixed temperature control (MTC) injectors, wherein said device has the general shape of a continuous ring adjacent the riser wall and along the inside periphery of said wall, said device creating a restriction in the cross section of the riser ranging between 30% and 45%, having a profile section at least partially rectilinear, and being located a) either in a zone encompassed between the plane of the feedstock injectors and the plane of the MTC injectors, b) or at a height of between 0.1 and 5 meters above the plane of the MTC injectors.

Abstract: A safe, reduced pressure apparatus for generating water vapor from hydrogen and oxygen and feeding high purity moisture to processes such as semiconductor production. The apparatus eliminates the possibility of the gas igniting by maintaining the internal pressure of the catalytic reactor for generating moisture at a high level while supplying moisture gas from the reactor under reduced pressure. A heat dissipation reactor improvement substantially increases moisture generation without being an enlargement in size by efficient cooling of the reactor alumite-treated fins.

Abstract: This invention relates to an apparatus and process for atomizing a petroleum feed. More particularly, a liquid petroleum feed is atomized with an atomization apparatus in which the apparatus has an orifice that produces a generally flat spray pattern of finely dispersed feed prior to contacting catalyst in a fluid catalytic cracking zone. The orifice has a general aspect ratio greater than 1.0 and a ratio of perimeter length-to-cross-sectional area greater than 1.5 relative to a perimeter-to-cross-sectional area ratio of a circular orifice of equivalent area. The apparatus can be used to atomize feed injected into the cracking zone of a fluid catalytic cracker.

Abstract: A feed nozzle assembly located near the bottom of an FCC riser reactor includes a plurality of feed nozzles, each feed nozzle including a discharge end which is angled toward the center of the riser. The angled discharged ends provide a combined discharge of hydrocarbon feed and atomization gas into the central portion of the riser thereby providing a desirable feed/catalyst contact condition while preventing impingement of the feed upon the riser walls.

Abstract: A riser reactor system for conversion of hydrocarbon feedstock to ethylene and propylene is described. The riser reactor system prevents riser reactors with a plurality of inlet ports for feeding gases having different compositions and for controlling the residence time of a gas catalyst within the riser reactor.

Abstract: A fluidized catalytic cracking reactor vessel having at its upper end means to separate catalyst particles from an effluent of a dilute phase fluidized catalytic cracking reactor riser, which separation means are fluidly connected to the downstream part of the reactor riser, fluidly connected with means to discharge the cleaned reactor riser effluent from the vessel and fluidly connected to means to discharge the separated catalyst to the lower end of the vessel, the vessel further having at its lower end means to discharge catalyst from the reactor vessel, wherein (a) between the side wall of the vessel and the separation means a shield is present, resulting in an exterior space between the vessel wall and the shield and an interior space within the shield, wherein the interior space is in open communication with the lower end of the reactor vessel at its lower end and wherein the exterior space and interior space are fluidly connected by means of one or more openings; and (b) means are present to supply a g

Abstract: According to this invention, there is provided a process and apparatus for catalytic cracking of various petroleum based heavy feed stocks in the presence of solid zeolite catalyst and high pore size acidic components for selective bottom cracking and mixtures thereof, in multiple riser type continuously circulating fluidized bed reactors operated at different severities to produce high yield of middle distillates, in the range of 50–65 wt % of fresh feed.

Abstract: In a cyclone separator used for separating solids from gases, we discovered placing at least one opening in a lateral surface of a gas outlet conduit on a side facing away from an inlet to the cyclone separator prevents coke deposits from forming thereon. A plurality of openings may be placed on the side of the lateral surface of the gas outlet conduit facing away from the inlet. In an embodiment, no openings are placed on a side of the lateral surface facing the inlet to the cyclone separator.

Abstract: An apparatus provides for increased feed throughput without loss of conversion or selectivity by increasing the catalyst volume in a final reactor of at least three reaction zones. The catalyst volume of the final reactor may be larger because the inner and outer screens that define a radial flow bed are extended. A low LHSV is maintained by increasing the catalyst volume in the final reactor.

Abstract: An apparatus for burning coal to produce substantially pure hydrogen for use in fuel cells, together with “sequestration ready” carbon dioxide and a stream of oxygen depleted air for powering gas turbines. The apparatus includes two fluidized bed reactors and a third transfer line reactor. The first reactor is supplied with coal particles or “char” and fluidized with high temperature steam. The second reactor is fluidized with high temperature steam and the third reactor is fluidized by compressed air. Solids circulated among these three reactors include a mixture of materials containing coal, calcium compounds (present as CaO, CaCO3 and mixtures thereof) and iron compounds (present as FeO, Fe2O3 and mixtures thereof).

Abstract: A fluid catalytic cracking unit includes a nozzle located in the bottom of a riser reactor. A first conduit provides a passageway for enabling a dispersing gas to flow therethrough and through an outlet passageway in a cap covering the end of the conduit. The outlet passageway discharges the dispersing gas into a liquid hydrocarbon feed material flowing through a second conduit spaced from and enclosing the first conduit to form an annulus therebetween, thereby providing a passageway for enabling the liquid hydrocarbon feed material to flow. A second cap covers the end of the second conduit and is spaced from the first cap thereby forming a mixing zone therebetween for mixing the liquid hydrocarbon feed and the dispersing gas. The second cap includes a continuous circular slot as an outlet passageway of the first cap and is adapted for discharging the mixture of liquid hydrocarbon feed and the dispersing gas. Hot regenerated catalyst enters the riser bottom region through a regenerator standpipe.

Abstract: A reactor comprising a body made of a heat-resistant material and having an inlet and an outlet for water/moisture gas, having a gas-diffusing member provided in an internal space of the body, and having a platinum coating on an internal wall surface of the body. Hydrogen and oxygen fed from the inlet are diffused by the gas-diffusing member and then come into contact with the platinum coating to enhance reactivity, thereby producing water. A temperature of the reactor is held to be below an ignition temperature of hydrogen or a hydrogen-containing gas. The platinum-coated catalyst layer on the internal wall of the reactor body is formed by treating the surface of the internal wall of the body, cleaning the treated surface, forming a barrier coating of a nonmetallic material of an oxide or nitride on the wall surface, and forming the platinum coating on the barrier coating.

Abstract: An apparatus for regeneration a reforming or aromatic compound production catalyst comprises a first combustion zone wherein the first combustion zone receives catalyst and an oxygen-containing gas; a successive second combustion zone; and a conduit communicating the first and second combustion zones for transferring catalysts from the first combustion zone to the second combustion zone. The first combustion zone is isolated from the second combustion zone to prevent passage of oxygen-containing gas from the first combustion zone to the second combustion zone and the severity of the operating conditions increases from the first combustion zone to the second combustion zone.

Abstract: A downflow catalytic cracking reactor, comprising: one or more catalyst delivery pipes, reactor top cover, one or more feed nozzles, reactor vessel, downflow reaction pipe, the upper end of the reaction vessel is close connected with top cover along the direction of circumference; the bottom of the reactor vessel is close connected with the outer wall of the downflow reaction pipe; the upper section of the downflow reaction pipe locates inside the reactor vessel, while the lower section extends from the bottom of the reactor vessel; feed nozzle locates on the top cover and/or side wall of the reactor vessel with the outlet of the feed nozzle being above the inlet of downflow reaction pipe; catalyst delivery pipe is fixedly jointed with the reactor vessel and communicated with catalyst lifting zone formed by the reactor vessel and the downflow reaction pipe. Besides, the present invention also provides the use of the reactor.

Abstract: A fluidized catalytic cracking system includes a riser for contacting catalyst and hydrocarbon feedstock. The riser has an inner surface that defines a central passage. The central passage acts as a flow path for the catalyst and the hydrocarbon feedstock. A plurality of ribs are disposed on the riser inner surface. The ribs increase the degree of mixing that occurs between the catalyst and the hydrocarbon feedstock within the central passage. In particular, each rib has a contoured inner wall. The contour of the inner wall forces a portion of the catalyst flow inward, toward the hydrocarbon-rich center of the central passage.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising a trickle valve positioned at the lower end of a vertical dipleg of a gas-solids separator comprising a pair of co-operable clamshell doors arranged in such a manner that mutual opposite swinging movement between a closed position wherein the doors adjoin along a midline, and an open position wherein the doors swing outwardly around a horizontal axis of rotation, is possible, and wherein either clamshell door is provided with means to press the doors together towards a closed position and at least one clamshell door is provided with an opening.

Abstract: A slurry feed of a heavy hydrocarbon feedstock and coke-inhibiting additive particles together with a hydrogen-containing gas, are fed upward through a confined hydrocracking zone in a vertical, elongated, cylindrical vessel with a generally dome-shaped bottom head. A mixed effluent is removed from the top containing hydrogen and vaporous hydrocarbons and liquid heavy hydrocarbons. The slurry feed mixture and a portion of the hydrogen-containing gas are fed into the hydrocracking zone through an injector at the bottom of the dome-shaped bottom head and the balance of the hydrogen-containing gas is fed into the hydrocracking zone through injection nozzles arranged within of the hydrocracking zone at a location above the slurry-feed injector. The combined slurry feed and hydrogen-containing gas are injected at a velocity whereby the additive particles are maintained in suspension throughout the vessel and coking reactions are prevented.

Abstract: The upstream portion of a reactor (1), contains, between the feeding area of the catalyst flow and the injection area of the charge to be cracked, at least one solid and attached packing element (6, 6′), that extends over all or part of the cross section of the reactor and consists of a network of cells through which pass the catalyst particles. This network makes it possible to create at least one step of division and recombination of the flow of catalyst particles, so as to redistribute the latter in a homogenous manner over the cross section of the reactor.