Abstract: A tubular reactor having an insert for improving heat transfer characteristics of the tubular reactor. The insert comprises a catalyst and metal structures consecutively arranged in a lengthwise direction of the tube. The metal structures have radially expandable side walls and orifices for squeezing fluid between the metal structures and the tube wall. The radially expandable side walls form hollows between the radially expandable side walls and the tube wall of the tubular reactor. The radially expandable side walls deform responsive to the fluid pressure difference between the inside of the metal structure and the outer space between the metal structure and the tube wall thereby maintaining the gap between the orifice opening and the tube wall to adjust for tube creep.

Abstract: The method and apparatus for improving the esterification procedure, in particular for improving the esterification procedure to obtain an ester of low carbon number such as the ethyl acetate and the isopropyl acetate, are provided. By applying the provided method and apparatus, the conversion ratio of the esterification procedure is significantly increased and hence an ester product of a relatively high purity, up to the industrial specification, is obtained.

Abstract: An internal static mixing system such as a disperser of mesh wire or expanded metal co-knit with a multi filament material selected from inert polymers, catalytic polymers, catalytic metals or mixtures in combination with a vertical reactor having a reaction zone and the disperser disposed in said reaction zone, particularly for carrying out paraffin alkylation using acid catalyst is disclosed. The wire mesh provides the structural integrity of the system as well as the open space required in reactors for the movement of vapors and liquids though the system. The disperser may be in sheets, bundles or bales or positioned within a frame.

Abstract: An apparatus is for directing a fluid into a radial reactor is and which maintains a bed of solid particulate material within a reactor. The apparatus comprises a duct for directing fluid into a reactor and has a screenless face for the egress of the fluid, while providing for the retention of solid particles.

Abstract: An apparatus for contacting a bed of particulate material with a cross flowing fluid, which maintains the bed of particulate material within a retention volume. The apparatus includes partitions for retaining particles, with apertures disposed within the partitions. The apertures are covered by shrouds that extend above the edges of the apertures to prevent solid particles from spilling through inlet apertures.

Abstract: The distribution of fluids within a radial-flow reactor is improved using vertically extended cylinders distributed around the circumference of the vessel. Cylinders with a circular cross-section provide substantial vertical strength, and the configuration minimizes low-flow areas which could cause undesirable reactions. The cylinders are isolated from particles in the reactor by a particle-retaining outer conduit. The cylinders may be fabricated in panels for ease of installation and servicing.

Abstract: A reactor for carrying out a continuous oxydehydrogenation of a feed gas stream of saturated hydrocarbons after premixing with an oxygen-comprising gas stream over a moving catalyst bed which is introduced in the longitudinal direction of their reactor between two concentric cylindrical holding devices so as to leave a central interior space and an intermediate space between the moving catalyst bed and the interior wall of the reactor to give a reaction gas mixture, wherein the reactor has two or more reactor sections which are separated from one another by disk-shaped deflection plates arranged alternately in the central interior space and divided in subregions by annular deflection plates arranged in the intermediate space between the moving catalyst bed and the interior wall of the reactor, in each case with a mixing-in device which is located upstream of the moving catalyst bed in the flow direction of the reaction gas mixture and comprises the following elements: two or three rows arranged behind one

Abstract: A radial flow reactor design is presented. The reactor has individual and interchangeable screens that are arrayed circumferentially around the inside of the reactor. The reactor includes a plurality of screens held out from the reactor wall to form a circumferential screen, with channels defined between the reactor wall and the circumferential screen.

Abstract: A chemical reactor for catalytic reactions, comprises a substantially cylindrical shell (2) closed at the opposite ends by respective covers (3 and 4), at least one reaction zone (7, 8) in which a respective catalytic bed (9, 10) and a plurality of heat exchangers (25) placed in said at least one reaction zone (7, 8) are supported.

Abstract: Disclosed is a fuel filter for removing sulfur containing compounds from an internal combustion fuel stream. In one embodiment, the fuel filter comprises at least one column comprising an adsorbent. In one exemplary embodiment the adsorbent is capable of removing sulfur containing compounds, especially sulfur containing aromatic compounds, from fuels used in internal combustion engines, especially diesel fuels. Also disclosed is an apparatus for extending the life cycle of a post combustion emission control device. In one exemplary embodiment, the apparatus comprises a fuel filter for removing sulfur containing compounds from an internal combustion fuel stream and an emission control device. Finally, a method for removing sulfur containing compounds from an internal combustion fuel stream is disclosed.

Abstract: An improved radial or cross flow moving bed regenerator or reactor, in which the solid particle residence time in the vessels can be changed in different section of the regenerator or reactor. The improvement results from the placement of one or multiple screen inserts which divides the radial or cross flow bed into separate solid flow channels. The residence time of the solid in each solid flow channels are optimized based on the regeneration or reaction requirement by changing the location, orientation and geometry of the screen inserts. As a result of the optimization of solid residence time in different section in the radial flow bed, the efficiency of a regenerator or a reactor is improved.

Abstract: A radial chemical reactor (10, 110, 210, 310) for catalytic reactions comprising: a substantially cylindrical shell (12), a first catalytic bed (18) having a substantially ring shaped cross-section, coaxially supported in said shell (12) and having a reagent gases inlet side (20) and a reaction mixture outlet side (21); a plurality of heat exchangers (22) supported and distributed in a substantially ring-shaped respective portion of said first catalytic bed (18); at least one second catalytic bed (28) with a substantially ring-shaped cross-section, supported in said shell (12) coaxially to said first bed (18) and at a predetermined distance from said first bed, said second catalytic bed (28) having a reaction mixture inlet side (30) and a reaction gaseous products outlet side (31); a plurality of heat exchangers (32) supported and distributed in a substantially ring-shaped respective portion of said second catalytic bed (28).

Abstract: An axial/radial—or radial/flow catalytic reactor has inlet and outlet ports and a bed of particulate catalyst disposed as e.g. a cylinder or cone round a central region communicating with one of the ports. For at least part of the height of the catalyst bed, the exterior surface of the catalyst bed has a diameter less than that of the reactor thus leaving space between the exterior surface of the catalyst bed and the interior walls of the reactor. This space is filled with a particulate material presenting less resistance to flow than the catalyst particles.

Abstract: The object of the present utility model is to cope with the problems of large volume of the presently known cellpacking type of reactor and the poor effect of heat transfer, and to provide a shell-type reactor with radial baffle, which transfers heat well and reduce the volume of the reactor, comprising a shell (1) and an internal cold plate assembly (2), the internal cold plate assembly (2) fixed within the shell (1); wherein a gas radial distribution vessel (9) and a radial gas cylinder (10) fixed within the shell (1); the radial distribution vessel (9) and the radial gas cylinder (10) could counterchange according to the difference of the gas flow direction; several circles of radial baffling assemblies (12) are provided between the radial distribution vessel (9) and the radial gas cylinder (10), the radial baffling assemblies (12) consisting of several baffling components fixed in an interval mode, an axial baffling through groove or hole is provided between the adjacent baffling components.

Abstract: The object of the present utility model is to cope with the problems of large volume of the presently known cellpacking type of reactor and the poor effect of heat transfer, and to provide a shell-type reactor with radial baffle, which transfers heat well and reduce the volume of the reactor, comprising a shell (1) and an internal cold plate assembly (2), the internal cold plate assembly (2) fixed within the shell (1); wherein a gas radial distribution vessel (9) and a radial gas cylinder (10) fixed within the shell (1); the radial distribution vessel (9) and the radial gas cylinder (10) could counterchange according to the difference of the gas flow direction; several circles of radial baffling assemblies (12) are provided between the radial distribution vessel (9) and the radial gas cylinder (10), the radial baffling assemblies (12) consisting of several baffling components fixed in an interval mode, an axial baffling through groove or hole is provided between the adjacent baffling components.

Abstract: The object of the present utility model is to cope with the problems of large volume of the presently known cellpacking type of reactor and the poor effect of heat transfer, and to provide a shell-type reactor with radial baffle, which transfers heat well and reduce the volume of the reactor, comprising a shell (1) and an internal cold plate assembly (2), the internal cold plate assembly (2) fixed within the shell (1); wherein a gas radial distribution vessel (9) and a radial gas cylinder (10) fixed within the shell (1); the radial distribution vessel (9) and the radial gas cylinder (10) could counterchange according to the difference of the gas flow direction; several circles of radial baffling assemblies (12) are provided between the radial distribution vessel (9) and the radial gas cylinder (10), the radial baffling assemblies (12) consisting of several baffling components fixed in an interval mode, an axial baffling through groove or hole is provided between the adjacent baffling components.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for reducing the organic sulfur content in a sulfur-containing liquid fuel, wherein the sulfur-containing fuel is first brought in contact with a hydrogen-containing gas in a presaturator and subsequently the hydrogen-enriched liquid fuel is brought in contact with a suitable adsorbent in a reactor. The adsorbent is able to adsorb at least part of the sulfur and/or of the sulfur compound from the fuel at the surface. The contact with the adsorbent can advantageously take place not only at higher temperatures of approximately 400° C., but also at moderate temperatures, as low as room temperature, because the use of liquid fuel ensures very good contact between the fuel and the surface of the adsorbent, and therefore ensures reduction of the sulfur content.

Abstract: A reactor (R) for carrying out a three-phase reaction of a liquid phase (1) and a gaseous phase (2) over a fixed catalyst bed (F), with the fixed catalyst bed (F) being arranged horizontally in the reactor (R) and the liquid phase (1) and the gaseous phase (2) being passed through the reactor (R) in cocurrent from the top downward via a mixing and distribution device (MD) over the fixed catalyst bed (F), wherein the mixing and distribution device (MD) comprises a trough distributor (TD) for the liquid phase (1) having trough-shaped channels (C) and outlet tubes (O) in the trough-shaped channels (C) for the liquid phase (1) and a distributor plate (P) which is arranged with a spacing below the trough distributor (TD) and in which vertical nozzles (N) having one or more openings (P1) for entry of the gaseous phase (2) and one or more openings (P2), which are arranged below the openings (P1) for entry of the gaseous phase, for entry of the liquid phase (1) into the nozzles (N) are installed, with the number and

Abstract: A radial flow reactor fluid duct distribution apparatus is presented. The apparatus includes a plate of sufficient thickness to impart strength to the fluid flow duct and is milled to have narrow slots allowing fluid to flow through the plate, while preventing the passage of catalyst through the plate.

Abstract: A reaction chamber enables a reaction between received elemental mercury gas and an oxidizing agent gas. The reaction chamber includes a porous (or permeable) medium through which to pass the elemental mercury gas and the oxidizing agent gas. Passing of the elemental mercury gas and the oxidizing agent gas through the porous medium supports a number of useful functions. For example, the porous medium enhances mixing of the elemental mercury gas with the oxidizing agent gas to enhance a reaction. Also, the porous medium increases an amount of surface area in a reaction chamber on which reactions (e.g., heterogeneous surface reactions) can take place between the elemental mercury gas and the oxidizing agent gas to form oxidized mercury gas. Accordingly, the reaction chamber configured to include a porous medium enhances a conversion of elemental mercury gas into oxidized mercury gas.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of forming enclosed channels within a honeycomb including the steps of providing a honeycomb structure having cells divided by walls, the cells extending along a common direction from a first end to a second of the structure and removing selected walls of the honeycomb structure from one or both of the first and second ends of the structure, to a depth sufficient to reduce the original height of the selected walls by at least 50%. Also disclosed is a method of forming enclosed channels within a honeycomb structure includes removing selected walls of the honeycomb structure from one or both of the first and second ends of the structure, to a depth sufficient to completely removed the selected walls. Other methods and devices are also disclosed.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus for synthesizing carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The apparatus includes: a vertical reaction chamber; a mixer which is disposed within the vertical reaction chamber and mixes a catalyst supplied from above; and a plurality of dispersion plates which vertically partition a space inside the vertical reaction chamber into a plurality of sections and uniformly disperse a source gas, which is supplied from above, into the sections.

Abstract: An apparatus for use in radial flow reactors is presented. The apparatus includes a plate of sufficient thickness to impart strength in supporting a solid particle bed, and is milled to have narrow slots allowing the flow of fluid through the plate, while preventing the passage of catalyst through the plate.

Abstract: A carbon nanotube filter. The filter including a filter housing; and chemically active carbon nanotubes within the filter housing, the chemically active carbon nanotubes comprising a chemically active layer formed on carbon nanotubes or comprising chemically reactive groups on sidewalls of the carbon nanotubes; and media containing the chemically active carbon nanotubes.

Abstract: Prior to adding detergent or chelant, the conductivity of water in a washing chamber is measured. The maximum concentration of hard water ions that could correspond to the measured conductivity is determined, i.e., it is assumed that all of the conductivity is from calcium and/or magnesium ions in the water even though other ions may in fact be contributing to the measured conductivity. Enough chelating agent is added to the chamber to sequester this maximum concentration of hard water ions and the conductivity is measured again. Using the two conductivity measurements, the actual concentration of hard water ions is determined. A chelant factor based on the actual concentration of hard water ions is then used to determine the amount of chelant to be added for subsequent wash cycles to sequester all of the hard water ions.

Abstract: An apparatus for contacting a bed of particulate material with a cross flowing fluid, which maintains the bed of particulate material within a retention volume. The apparatus includes partitions for retaining particles, with apertures disposed within the partitions. The apertures are covered by louvers that extend above the edges of the apertures to prevent solid particles from spilling through inlet apertures.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and device for the injection of oxygen in a reformer reactor, for example, for oxydehydrogenation, with an essentially radial throughflow of the gas mixture through a catalytic packing, whereby the incorporation and mixing of the oxygen before entry into the catalyst is significantly improved, in particular for oxydehydrogenation methods. The above is achieved, whereby the oxygen is introduced in pure form, as air, or mixed with inert gas, or with steam, into an annular distribution system (5) and injected out of a number of outlet openings (6) in the annular distribution system, at an angle to the perpendicular, onto the catalyst surface (3).

Abstract: An apparatus for contacting a bed of particulate material with a cross flowing fluid, which maintains the bed of particulate material within a retention volume. The apparatus includes partitions for retaining particles, with apertures disposed within the partitions. The apertures are covered by louvers that extend above the edges of the apertures to prevent solid particles from spilling through inlet apertures.

Abstract: Catalyst systems for preparing carboxylic acids and/or anhydrides, the catalyst system comprising a reaction zone and a layered catalyst, the reaction zone comprises a gas inlet region and a gas outlet region, the layered catalyst comprises an active composition and one or more middle layers, one or more first layers disposed on a side of the one or more middle layers toward the gas inlet region, and one or more second layers on a side of the one or more middle layers toward the gas outlet region, wherein the active composition content of one or more of the middle catalyst layers, based on total mass of the layered catalyst, is lower than the active composition content of the one or more first catalyst layers and is lower than one or more second catalyst layers; and processes for gas phase oxidation employing a layered catalyst of the present invention.

Abstract: The present invention is a chemical reactor and method for catalytic chemical reactions having gas phase reactants. The chemical reactor has reactor microchannels for flow of at least one reactant and at least one product, and a catalyst material wherein the at least one reactant contacts the catalyst material and reacts to form the at least one product. The improvement, according to the present invention is: the catalyst material is on a porous material having a porosity that resists bulk flow therethrough and permits molecular diffusion therein. The porous material further has a length, a width and a thickness, the porous material defining at least a portion of one wall of a bulk flow path through which the at least one reactant passes.

Abstract: An apparatus is shown for contacting a bed of particulate material with a cross flowing fluid, which maintains the bed of particulate material within a retention volume. The apparatus includes partitions for retaining particles, with apertures disposed within the partitions. The apertures are covered by louvers that extend above the edges of the apertures to prevent solid particles from spilling through inlet apertures. And the apparatus includes baffles to inhibit erosion of the particles by redirecting the inlet gas flow.

Abstract: Water (9) in a fuel cell accumulator (10) is kept above freezing by a hydrogen/oxygen catalytic combustor (13) fed hydrogen through a mechanical thermostatic valve (25) in thermal communication (26) with the container (10) or the air nearby, and connected to hydrogen (28), optionally in series with a timer valve (183). The combustor may comprise an ejector (32) having hydrogen through its primary inlet (31) drawing air through a secondary inlet (33), or a diffusion combustor having a catalyst (38), including TEFLON® to permit water generated by combustion to flow by gravity out of the catalyst, spaced from a heating surface (30), and a diffusion control device (40); low partial pressure of oxygen at the catalyst causing diffusion through the device.

Abstract: A diesel engine particulate filter (DPF) comprising a case cylinder with a filter space formed by the inner retention cylinder and outer retention cylinder which traverse the radial symmetry of the case cylinder. In filter space, the low temperature exothermic catalyst granules group component of precious metals, such as platinum, coexist with a mixture of medium temperature exothermic catalyst carried by granules group filter of foaming stone grains made of base metals, such as nickel and cobalt. Exhaust flow travels from the inner space of the inner side retention cylinder to the filter space where particulate matter (PM) is trapped. PM burned by the medium temperature exothermic catalyst functions by the rise in exhaust temperature obtained from the low temperature exothermic catalyst where hydrocarbon (HC) is burned. As a result, a DPF (1) that burns PM even when the exhaust temperature is low can be realized, without using an electric heater.

Abstract: A method for in-situ modernization of a heterogeneous synthesis reactor, comprises the steps of providing an unperforated cylindrical wall (15) coaxial to the gas outlet wall (8) in a catalytic bed (6) of the radial or axial-radial type, the unperforated cylindrical wall (15) extending from an upper end (8a) of the gas outlet wall (8) for a portion of the same of a prefixed length, so as to define a free-space (16) between the gas outlet wall (8) and the unperforated wall (15), for the passage of a part of the gas leaving said catalytic bed (6), and of providing means of closing the free-space (16) between the unperforated wall (15) and the gas outlet wall (8), in proximity of the upper end (8a) of the latter, preventing thereby a bypass of the catalytic bed or a recycling to the same of the gas entering respectively leaving the reactor.

Abstract: Disclosed are fuel filters and process for removing sulfur-containing compounds from a post refinery fuel stream. In one embodiment, the disclosed process requires passing the post refinery fuel stream through a fuel filter to provide a clean fuel stream having a reduced concentration of sulfur-containing compounds relative to the post-refinery fuel stream, wherein the fuel filter comprises an adsorbent comprising an inorganic oxide having a surface acidity characterized by a pKa of less than or equal to ?3.

Abstract: The distribution of fluids within a radial-flow reactor is improved using vertically extended cylinders distributed around the circumference of the vessel. Cylinders with a circular cross-section provide substantial vertical strength, and the configuration minimizes low-flow areas which could cause undesirable reactions. The cylinders are isolated from particles in the reactor by a particle-retaining outer conduit. The cylinders may be fabricated in panels for ease of installation and servicing.

Abstract: A radial flow reactor comprising a floating top cover plate assembly. A method of operating a radial flow reactor comprising floating a top cover plate assembly within the reactor.

Abstract: A screenless reactor design is presented. The reactor includes a series of overlapping vanes where solid catalyst can cascade down the vanes. Gas flows across the catalyst by flowing through the vanes contacting the catalyst and then disengaging from contact with the solid catalyst particles.

Abstract: A reaction apparatus for producing trichlorosilane in which metal silicon powder M is reacted with hydrogen chloride gas, thus generating trichlorosilane, includes: an apparatus body into which the metal silicon powder is supplied; and an ejection port for ejecting the hydrogen chloride gas into the apparatus body from the bottom part of the apparatus body, wherein a plurality of holed pieces having a through hole penetrating in the thickness direction and a plurality of pellets interposed between these holed pieces are stacked in a mixed state on the upper side of the ejection port.

Abstract: Disclosed is a catalyst reactor capable of effectively applying to a fuel cell system using a metal hydride solution as a fuel. The catalyst reactor includes a catalyst matrix including a micro-channel through which a hydrogen storage solution flows. The catalyst matrix has an open surface. The catalyst reactor also includes a gas/liquid separator covering the open surface of the catalyst matrix, and a catalyst formed on an inner surface of the micro-channel to extract hydrogen from the hydrogen storage solution.

Abstract: Methods and systems for the hydroxylation of olefenic alcohols are described herein. The methods and systems incorporate the novel use of a high shear device to promote mixing and solubility of peroxides with the olefenic alcohol. The high shear device may allow for lower reaction temperatures and pressures and may also reduce hydroxylation time with existing catalysts.

Abstract: An apparatus is for directing a fluid into a radial reactor is and which maintains a bed of solid particulate material within a reactor. The apparatus comprises a duct for directing fluid into a reactor and has a screenless face for the egress of the fluid, while providing for the retention of solid particles.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and device for the injection of oxygen in a reformer reactor, for example, for oxydehydrogenation, with an essentially radial throughflow of the gas mixture through a catalytic packing, whereby the incorporation and mixing of the oxygen before entry into the catalyst is significantly improved, in particular for oxydehydrogenation methods. The above is achieved, whereby the oxygen is introduced in pure form, as air, or mixed with inert gas, or with steam, into an annular distribution system (5) and injected out of a number of outlet openings (6) in the annular distribution system, at an angle to the perpendicular, onto the catalyst surface (3).

Abstract: A method for removing contaminants from a process stream that includes the use of reticulated material to filter the process stream in a vessel located upstream of a process unit. The reticulated material can be used with other conventional filter media within the vessel.

Abstract: A method of adapting an axial flow reaction vessel having opposed ports to an opposed axial flow reaction vessel comprises installing a process fluid collection means system within the body of the vessel in fluid communication with one or more of said ports.

Abstract: Claus sulfur recovery plants that include one or more single-stage or multi-stage compact tubular Claus catalytic reactor-heat exchanger units are disclosed. In some instances, these new or improved Claus plants additionally include one or more compact heat exchanger containing cooling tubes that are filled with a heat transfer enhancement medium. The new compact tubular Claus catalytic reactor-heat exchanger units and HTEM-containing heat exchangers are also disclosed. A process for recovering sulfur from a hydrogen sulfide-containing gas stream, employing the new tubular Claus catalytic reactor-heat exchanger unit, and in some instances a HTEM-containing heat exchanger, are also disclosed.

Abstract: A fixed bed containing a particulate catalyst or sorbent material (10) subject to operation at high temperature having a shaped boundary member (16) inclined to the direction of fluid flow through the bed that maintains the depth of said catalyst or sorbent at the boundary of the bed through a series of thermal expansion-thermal contraction cycles is described. By maintaining bed depth, the shaped boundary member (16) can prevent bypass of, e.g. ammonia through a bed of particulate ammonia oxidation catalyst.

Abstract: An apparatus for contacting a bed of particulate material with a cross flowing fluid, which maintains the bed of particulate material within a retention volume. The apparatus includes partitions for retaining particles, with apertures disposed within the partitions. The apertures are covered by louvers that extend above the edges of the apertures to prevent solid particles from spilling through inlet apertures.

Abstract: A honeycomb body for the chemical conversion of at least one component of a gas stream, in particular an exhaust-gas stream from an internal combustion engine, includes an inflow passage having an axis, and sheet-metal layers. At least some of the sheet-metal layers are structured to form two sets of crests and passages through which the gas stream can flow. Each of the sets of crests of each of the sheet-metal layers define a respective plane. The sheet-metal layers are segmented in circumferential direction of the honeycomb body. The axis and the plane include an angle of between 45° and 135°, preferably between 70° and 110°. The radial honeycomb body is particularly easy to produce.

Abstract: Replaceable outer support structure 38 for a particulate material bed 70 in a radial flow system comprises a plurality of hollow conduits 50, 250, 260, at least some of which have a generally trapezoidal cross-section. The conduits are arranged in a ring around the inside wall surface 39 of the vessel 42 and have flat or slightly concave inner wall surfaces 52 formed of segments of vertically extending screen members which have slots or openings 86 which provide uniform flow through the uniform thickness particulate bed which they help define The side walls 54, 56 of the conduits extend generally radially outwardly to engage the inner surface 39 of the outside wall 40 of the vessel and at least those of them which have a trapezoidal cross-section have their side walls formed at an included angle ? which is less than if they extended radially relative to the axis of the vessel.