Abstract: A gas processing vessel of cylindrical shape having a cylindrical shell of the vertical axis, a gas distribution device and a first particulate material, the distribution device being fixed in the vessel next to a gas inlet or outlet orifice recessed into a lower end wall, a cover being designed to be in contact without a weld with the lower end wall and having a diameter greater than or equal to one third of the diameter of the vessel, a second particulate material with an equivalent diameter De greater than or equal to 10 mm and greater than the dimensions of the openings in the cover, and a means for centering the cover above the inlet or outlet orifice, the means being fixed to the pipe that is connected to the orifice.

Abstract: A rocket engine has: a combustion chamber having a chamber inlet for receiving an oxidizer and a chamber outlet for expelling combustion gases in an environment outside the combustion chamber; a manifold having a manifold inlet fluidly connectable to a source of the oxidizer and a manifold outlet; a catalyst having a catalyst inlet fluidly connected to the manifold outlet and a catalyst outlet; and an injector plate having a injector inlet fluidly connected to the catalyst outlet and an injector outlet fluidly connected to the chamber inlet.

Abstract: A system and method use a converter and a movable storage silo for receiving, processing, and transporting spent catalysts. The spent catalysts can be utilized in the manufacture of cement instead of being disposed in landfills. A hydraulic sub-system remove dusts from the spent catalyst prior to storage in the silo.

Abstract: A dehydrogenation chemical reactor includes: a housing; a catalyst part made of a thermally conductive material and disposed in the housing, where the catalyst part has a panel shape, and a catalyst is coated on a surface of the catalyst part to separate hydrogen from an organic hydrogen carrier; a heat transfer pipe which is installed to contact the catalyst part, and conducts latent heat to the catalyst part while pressurized and saturated fluid is supplied therein; and an organic hydrogen carrier line which is connected to the housing to form a passage in which the organic hydrogen carrier is introduced into the housing, contacts the catalyst part to separate hydrogen, and then is discharged.

Abstract: A catalyst carrier for insertion in a reactor tube of a tubular reactor, said catalyst carrier comprising: a container for holding catalyst in use, said container having a bottom surface closing the container, and a top surface; a carrier outer wall extending from the bottom surface to the top surface; a seal extending from the container by a distance which extends beyond the carrier outer wall; said carrier outer wall having apertures located below the seal.

Abstract: A fluid dispersing device includes a tubular first wall portion with an axis extending in a first direction defined as a central axis, and a second wall portion separated downward from the first wall portion. The second wall portion includes at least one circular member and a disk-like member each having a flat surface for causing a fluid passing through an inner space of the first wall portion to collide therewith. The disk-like member is separated downward from the at least one circular member. The at least one circular member has an outer diameter equal to or smaller than an inner diameter of the first wall portion. The disk-like member has an outer diameter equal to or smaller than an outer diameter of the closest circular member.

Abstract: A device suitable for use as a distributor or collector in a radial-flow reaction vessel is described, comprising an open end and a plurality of rigid columnar portions, each columnar portion comprising a cylindrical outer screen formed from parallel spaced wires and a perforate inner screen fixed to the outer screen, said inner screen formed from a plurality of adjacent perforate support members that support the spaced wires, wherein the rigid columnar portions further comprise means for controlling a flow of a gaseous process fluid to or from the device. The device may be used in radial-flow vessels used in chemical processes such as methanol synthesis.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to methods for producing a single-walled carbon nanotube in a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor. The methods comprise contacting liquid catalyst droplets and a carbon source in the reactor, and forming a single walled carbon nanotube at the surface of the liquid catalyst droplets.

Abstract: A reforming reactor and process of using same in which a flow distributor distributes the process gas circumferentially to the reactive zone. Feed is injected into the reactor into a non-reactive zone. The non-reactive zone has two portions, a first portion receiving the feed, and a second portion receiving a purge gas. The purge gas will flow from the second portion to the first portion to prevent flow of the feed from the first portion to the second portion. The combined gas may be passed to a reaction zone for catalytic reforming. The first portion and the second portion may be separated by a flow distributor having two horizontal portions connected to opposite ends of a vertical portion.

Abstract: A method for facilitating the distribution of the flow of one or more streams within a bed vessel is provided. Disposed within the bed vessel are internal materials and structures including multiple operating zones. One type of operating zone can be a processing zone composed of one or more beds of solid processing material. Another type of operating zone can be a treating zone. Treating zones can facilitate the distribution of the one or more streams fed to processing zones. The distribution can facilitate contact between the feed streams and the processing materials contained in the processing zones.

Abstract: A method for facilitating the distribution of the flow of one or more streams within a bed vessel is provided. Disposed within the bed vessel are internal materials and structures including multiple operating zones. One type of operating zone can be a processing zone composed of one or more beds of solid processing material. Another type of operating zone can be a treating zone. Treating zones can facilitate the distribution of the one or more streams fed to processing zones. The distribution can facilitate contact between the feed streams and the processing materials contained in the processing zones.

Abstract: The hydroprocessing reactor internals (HRI) have reduced height compared to standard HRI designs. In this design, HRI height reduction is achieved by placing a mixing chamber above the collection tray. A ring quench distributor is located around the fluid collection tray between the mixing chamber and reactor shell to eliminate the vertical space occupied by the distributor. The hydroprocessing reactor quench zone internals comprise a collection tray, a mixing chamber, a ring distributor, a rough liquid distribution tray, and a vapor-liquid distribution tray. Fluid mixing occurs in the mixing chamber and above the rough liquid distribution tray.

Abstract: A method for facilitating the distribution of the flow of one or more streams within a bed vessel is provided. Disposed within the bed vessel are internal materials and structures including multiple operating zones. One type of operating zone can be a processing zone composed of one or more beds of solid processing material. Another type of operating zone can be a treating zone. Treating zones can facilitate the distribution of the one or more streams fed to processing zones. The distribution can facilitate contact between the feed streams and the processing materials contained in the processing zones.

Abstract: The invention is directed to the use of an upflow reactor for producing a dihydroxy compound, to a method for producing a dihydroxy compound, and to a method for manufacturing polycarbonate. The upflow reactor for producing a dihydroxy compound of the invention comprises: a vessel; a catalyst bed disposed in said vessel; a distributor in fluid communication with an inlet through which reactants are introduced to said distributor, said distributor being disposed at a lower end of said vessel and comprising distributor perforation(s) disposed in said distributor, at least part of which distributor perforations are in a direction facing away from said catalyst bed; and a collector through which said product dihydroxy compound is removed, said collector being disposed at an upper end of said vessel.

Abstract: An air pollution control device is an air pollution control device for reducing the amounts of NOx and Hg contained in flue gas 12 from a boiler 11. The air pollution control device includes: NH4Cl solution supply means 16 for spraying an NH4Cl solution 14 by a spray nozzle 15 into a flue gas duct 13 at the downstream of the boiler 11; a mixer 17 provided on the downstream side of a region where NH4Cl is gasified, for promoting mixing, with the flue gas 12, HCl and NH3 which are generated when NH4Cl is gasified; a reduction-denitration device 18 including a denitration catalyst for reducing NOx in the flue gas 12 with NH3 and for oxidizing Hg under the coexistence with HCl; and a wet desulfurization device 22 for reducing the amount of Hg oxidized in the reduction-denitration device 18 using a limestone-gypsum slurry 21.

Abstract: A reactor for carrying out a three-phase reaction of a liquid phase, a gaseous phase, and a catalyst over a fixed catalyst bed is disclosed. The liquid and gaseous phases are passed through the reactor via a mixing and distribution device positioned over the fixed catalyst bed. The mixing and distribution device includes a trough distributor for the liquid phase, having trough-shaped channels, outlet tubes in the trough-shaped channels for the liquid phase, a distributor plate below the trough distributor, and vertical nozzles, having one or more openings for the gaseous phase and one or more openings, arranged below the openings for the gaseous phase. For entry of the liquid phase, the nozzles are installed so that, at a predetermined liquid feed rate, the surface of the liquid on the distributor plate is below the openings for the gaseous phase and above the openings for the liquid phase.

Abstract: A flow connector creates a fluid connection between a port in a wall of a reactor vessel and an axial flow path of the reactor vessel. The flow connector has a wall defining a flow path of the flow connector. The flow path terminates in a first end opening and a second end opening. The first end opening is configured to connect to the axial flow path of the reactor vessel, and the second end opening is configured to connect to the port in a wall of the reactor. The flow connector includes a passageway extending through the wall of the flow connector to provide access to the flow path of the flow connector. A cover is dimensioned for sealing the passageway. The passageway may be dimensioned such that a person may traverse the passageway to access the flow path of the flow connector.

Abstract: A fluid distribution device is presented for the collection and distribution of fluid between reactor beds. According to various aspects, the device includes a collection tray, a mixing chamber in fluid communication with the collection tray, a rough distribution tray in fluid communication with the mixing chamber, and a fine distribution tray in fluid communication with the rough distribution tray. The rough distribution tray includes an overflow weir with an upper liquid retention baffle.

Abstract: A plate that allows the distribution of a polyphase mixture in a reactor that operates in the trickle mode and that consists of at least one gaseous phase and at least one liquid phase, with the plate (10) being located above a catalytic particle bed, comprising a number of shafts (3), and a portion of the shafts of the plate, located close to the wall of the reactor chamber, called peripheral shafts, are truncated. The plate is used in a reactor for the purpose of carrying out hydrotreatment, hydrogenation, or oxidation.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for fluid catalytic cracking feeds catalyst to a chamber of a riser. The catalyst exits the chamber and passes through a plenum and into a reaction zone through a plurality of tubes which distribute the catalyst uniformly over a cross section of the reaction zone of the riser. A hydrocarbon feed is fed to the plenum. The hydrocarbon feed passes from the plenum into the reaction zone through a plate comprising a multiplicity of openings which distribute the hydrocarbon feed uniformly over a cross section of the reaction zone of the riser. The feed is contacted with the catalyst in a reaction zone of the riser.

Abstract: Injection nozzles for use in a gas distribution device are disclosed. In one aspect, the injection nozzle may include: a tube having a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet; wherein the inlet comprises a plurality of flow restriction orifices. In another aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to an injection nozzle for use in a gas distribution device, the injection nozzle including: a tube having a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet; wherein the fluid inlet comprises an annular orifice surrounding a flow restriction device. Injection nozzles according to embodiments disclosed herein may be disposed in a gas distribution manifold used in a vessel, for example, for conducting polymerization reactions, spent catalyst regeneration, and coal gasification, among others.

Abstract: A quenching apparatus for a reactor is disclosed. The quenching apparatus includes a quenching unit (31) and a mixing unit (41). The quenching unit includes fluid distribution pipes (33) which branch off from a central portion of the quenching unit in radial directions and eject quenching fluid, and one or more first fluid outlets (35) which are formed through the bottom of the quenching unit. The mixing unit includes inclined baffles (43), one or more partitions (42) and a second fluid outlet (45). The inclined baffles are respectively disposed under the first fluid outlets. The partitions partition a space between inner and outer sidewalls of the mixing unit into a plurality of separated spaces in which the inclined baffles are respectively disposed. Fluid guided by the inclined baffles and the partitions is discharged out of the mixing unit through the second fluid outlet.

Abstract: A reactor for preparing hydrogen cyanide by the Andrussow process is provided. The reactor comprises at least one gas inlet which opens into a gas inlet region, an outlet for the reaction products and a catalyst, wherein at least one mixing element and at least one gas-permeable intermediate layer are within the reactor between the gas inlet region and the catalyst. The mixing element is arranged between the gas inlet region and the gas-permeable intermediate layer. A process for preparing HCN, in the reactor is also provided.

Abstract: In certain embodiments, a feed injector system includes an inner channel configured to convey at least one of a solid fuel feed or a liquid reactant or moderator to a reaction zone. A first oxidizer channel extends around the inner channel, wherein the first oxidizer channel is configured to convey a first oxidizer stream to the reaction zone. A second oxidizer channel extends around the first oxidizer channel, wherein the second oxidizer channel is configured to convey a second oxidizer stream to the reaction zone. Additionally, a third channel extends around the inner channel and the first and second oxidizer channels, wherein the third channel is configured to convey at least one of the solid fuel feed or the liquid reactant or moderator to the reaction zone.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods are disclosed for contacting radially flowing fluids with solid particles (e.g., catalyst) with reduced tendency for fluidization of the particles, and especially a sealing portion of the particles at the top of a particle retention zone disposed between screens at upstream and downstream positions relative to radial fluid flow. Fluidization is reduced or eliminated by offsetting openings of the screens in the axial direction, such that upstream openings in the upstream screen are above highest downstream openings in a downstream stream. The offset in openings imparts a downward flow component to radially flowing fluid, thereby reducing solid particle fluidization without the need to induce a specific pressure drop profile along the entire axial direction of the screens.

Abstract: An apparatus for contacting a bed of particulate material with a cross flowing fluid, which maintains the bed of particulate material within a retention volume. The apparatus includes partitions for retaining particles, with apertures disposed within the partitions. The apertures are covered by louvers that extend above the edges of the apertures to prevent solid particles from spilling through inlet apertures.

Abstract: Ammonia oxidizers are disclosed that can include gas distributors and distribution rings to improve the distribution of the flow of a gas feedstream across a catalyst bed in the ammonia oxidizer. The gas distributors include circular plates that have holes through which the gas feedstream is distributed across the catalyst bed. In some examples, the gas distributors also have a sidewall. The distribution rings are attached to the inner wall of the ammonia oxidizer at a predetermined distance below the gas distributor.

Abstract: Gas distribution units of fluidized bed reactors are configured to direct thermally decomposable compounds to the center portion of the reactor and away from the reactor wall to prevent deposition of material on the reactor wall and process for producing polycrystalline silicon product in a reactor that reduce the amount of silicon which deposits on the reactor wall.

Abstract: Systems, apparatus, and methods for distributing a mixed phase fluid to a monolith catalyst bed within a reactor, wherein a mixed phase fluid may be generated by a nozzle tray comprising a plurality of nozzles, the mixed phase fluid may be distributed by the nozzles to a mixed phase distributor system, and the mixed phase fluid may be further distributed by the mixed phase distributor system to a plurality of monolith channels within the reactor.

Abstract: A modular catalyst bed support can be used to increase the number of catalyst beds available in a reactor. The modular catalyst bed support can include a lattice with a plurality of lattice openings and modules inserted into the lattice openings. The modular catalyst bed support can rest on top of an underlying catalyst bed, which can reduce or eliminate the need for attachment of the modular catalyst bed support to the walls of the reactor.

Abstract: Adsorbent dust can be recovered while spraying is prevented. An apparatus is provided with a desulfurization-denitration tower body and an adsorbent discharging device. An entrance louver and an exit louver are provided for forming a packed moving bed of an adsorbent that moves downward inside the tower body, the apparatus has a throttle portion provided with a side panel that is inclined so that a spacing gradually decreases toward a discharging device, the throttle portion being provided between the tower body and the discharging device, and first partitions are provided inside the throttle portion. A second partition extending along the incline direction of the side panel is provided at a predetermined distance from the bottom end of the exit louver above the side panel, and a gap is provided between the bottom end part of the exit louver and the side panel of the throttle portion.

Abstract: One exemplary embodiment can be a process for contacting one or more fluids in a vessel. The process may include passing one or more fluids into a chamber from an overhead tray and providing a conduit outside the chamber coupling a respective spillway to a respective hole for increasing contact time inside the conduit. Typically, the chamber forms one or more sidewalls forming at least one hole and the overhead tray forms at least one spillway.

Abstract: A shell-and-tube reactor is disclosed. Contact tubes are disposed within a cylindrical housing and are secured to tube plates. Gas and liquid phases are received via a feed opening in a lower end cap and discharged via an upper end cap in the housing. A distributor device for a gas phase/liquid phase mixture is disposed below the lowermost tube plate. The distributor device includes a distributor plate and a predistributor. The distributor plate is arranged horizontally within the housing and includes an active area having through-openings and a downward-extending margin, but does not extend over the entire cross section of the housing. The predistributor includes a second distributor plate disposed between the feed opening and the first distributor plate, wherein the second distributor plate includes a second active area with second through-openings and a second downward-extending margin.

Abstract: The present invention describes a reactor (1) for continuously preparing hydrogen sulfide H2S from hydrogen and sulfur, comprising a distributor device (15) for distributing gaseous hydrogen in a sulfur melt (9) present at least in a lower part of the reactor. The distributor device (15) is arranged in the sulfur melt (9) and comprises a distributor plate (16) which is arranged in the reactor (1) and has an edge (17) extending downward and, if appropriate, has passage orifices (19). The hydrogen from a hydrogen bubble which forms below the distributor plate (16) is (for example through the passage orifices (19)) distributed in the sulfur melt (9) via the distributor plate (16).

Abstract: This invention relates to a device for cooling and distributing mixed charges on fixed catalyst beds for use in the cooling zone of descending flow reactors which comprises a flat tray fitted with collector and distributor tubes for liquid superimposed upon and connected to another flat tray of similar design to the upper tray. The device, which is of smaller size in comparison with other commercially available devices, is extremely simple to install industrially and compact, and has as its main characteristic the efficiency with which it promotes reduction of the temperature of the reaction medium when it receives the cooling fluid within the catalytic reactor.

Abstract: The present invention provides a reactor and a method for the production of high purity silicon granules. The reactor includes a reactor chamber; and the reaction chamber is equipped with a solid feeding port, auxiliary gas inlet, raw material gas inlet, and exhaust gas export. The reaction chamber is also equipped with an internal gas distributor; a heating unit; an external exhaust gas processing unit connected between a preheating unit and a gas inlet. The reaction chamber is further equipped with a surface finishing unit, a heating unit and a dynamics generating unit. The reaction is through decomposition of silicon containing gas in densely stacked high purity granular silicon layer reaction bed in relative motion, and to use remaining hear of exhaust gas for reheating. The present invention is to achieve a large scale, efficient, energy saving, continuous, low cost production of high purity silicon granules.

Abstract: An improved reactor tube which includes a reactor tube, wherein the reactor tube is at least partially filled with at least one porous media catalyst, and at least one shape memory alloy element located within the reactor tube, wherein; at a first temperature, the shape memory alloy element has a first configuration, at a second temperature, the shape memory alloy element has a second configuration is provided.

Abstract: In a method for manufacturing a dispersion which includes a dispersion medium and particles dispersed therein, the method includes bringing at least two types of liquids into contact with each other to form a reaction product comprising the particles, wherein the liquids are ejected from respective nozzles to be brought into contact with each other and then to flow in an integrated manner while forming a spiral flow.

Abstract: Disclosed is a pyrolysis reaction process. The process can be advantageously accomplished using a pyrolysis reactor that has a primary reaction zone comprised of bed packing having multiple passages through the bed packing and a secondary reaction zone having an open flow arrangement. The process includes a step of injecting a pyrolysis feed comprising a first hydrocarbon into the primary reaction zone to produce a primary pyrolysis product containing unsaturated hydrocarbon. A reactive feed comprising a second hydrocarbon is injected into the secondary reaction zone to mix with the primary pyrolysis product and produce a secondary pyrolysis product.

Abstract: There is provided a hydrogen chrolide gas ejecting nozzle 1 used in a reaction apparatus for producing trichlorosilane in which metal silicon powder is reacted with hydrogen chloride gas to generate trichlorosilane. The member is provided with a shaft portion extending in the longitudinal direction and a head portion that is provided on an end of the shaft portion and extends in a direction intersecting the longitudinal direction of the shaft portion. A supply hole extending in the longitudinal direction is formed in the shaft portion, a plurality of ejection holes are formed in the head portion, and each of the ejection holes is communicatively connected to the supply hole and opened on the outer surface of the head portion toward a direction intersecting the direction to which the supply hole extends.

Abstract: Injection nozzles for use in a gas distribution device are disclosed. In one aspect, the injection nozzle may include: a tube having a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet; wherein the inlet comprises a plurality of flow restriction orifices. In another aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to an injection nozzle for use in a gas distribution device, the injection nozzle including: a tube having a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet; wherein the fluid inlet comprises an annular orifice surrounding a flow restriction device. Injection nozzles according to embodiments disclosed herein may be disposed in a gas distribution manifold used in a vessel, for example, for conducting polymerization reactions, spent catalyst regeneration, and coal gasification, among others.

Abstract: A device for mixing and distributing two gases upstream of the catalytic zone of a reactor by producing a homogeneous mixture and a profile of velocities which are as flat as possible. The device uses a plurality of internal chambers (I) enclosed in an external chamber (II), the external chamber communicating with each of the internal chambers via orifices pierced in the wall of said internal chambers (I) at a well-defined height. The external chamber (II) is provided with a perforated plate placed at a distance H2 from the inlet pipe for said chamber (II). The device is applied to the inlet of an autothermal reactor.

Abstract: Embodiments of a nozzle reactor of the type useable to inject a first material feed stock and a second material feed stock to cause interaction between the first material feed stock and second material feed stock are described herein. According to some embodiments, the nozzle reactor may crack residual oil produced by other processing units in a refinery process. Furthermore, nozzle reactors may replace traditional processing units of a refinery process, such as cokers, hydrocrackers and deasphalting units.

Abstract: A system (8; 9; 50) is described of walls for catalytic beds of synthesis reactors (1), in which there is a wall (14) in direct contact with a catalytic bed (7) for containing it, said wall (14) having a plurality of portions (17) permeable to the gases and a plurality of portions (19; 54; 55) impermeable to the gases, said portions (17) permeable to the gases being equipped with slits (18; 52, 53; 60; 70) of a size such as to allow the free passage of the synthesis gases through them but not the passage of the catalyst, in which the slits are obtained with milling, water cutting or electro-erosion processing.

Abstract: A method of actively controlling pattern factor in a gas turbine engine includes the steps of issuing fuel into a combustion chamber of a gas turbine engine through one or more circumferentially disposed fuel injectors, determining an initial circumferential pattern factor in the combustion chamber, and adjusting fuel flow through one or more selected fuel injectors based on the initial circumferential pattern factor, to yield a modified circumferential pattern factor in the combustion chamber. The step of determining the circumferential pattern factor can include the steps of detecting a chemiluminescent signature within the combustor, correlating the chemiluminescent signature to an equivalence ratio, and computing the initial circumferential pattern factor based on the equivalence ratio.

Abstract: Isothermal vertical reactor (1) for a chemical reaction, comprising a shell (2) with internal gas-permeable walls (16, 18) defining an inlet distribution chamber (17) and a product collecting chamber (19), an open-top catalytic bed between said gas-permeable walls, and a tube heat exchanger (5) embedded in said catalytic bed, the tube heat exchanger (5) comprising a bundle of U-tubes, where an inlet (14) is disposed to direct a fresh charge in an upper chamber (21) over the catalytic bed and the U-shaped top portion of the tube bundle; a portion (F1) of the fresh charge passes through the catalytic bed with a mixed axial-transversal flow, and another portion (F2) of the fresh charge enters the inlet gas-distribution chamber (17) and passes through the catalytic bed with a substantially transversal flow.

Abstract: A tubular reactor for producing a product mixture in a tubular reactor where the tubular reactor comprises an internal catalytic insert with cup-shaped structures having orifices for forming fluid jets for impinging the fluid on the tube wall. Jet impingement is used to improve heat transfer between the fluid in the tube and the tube wall in a non-adiabatic reactor. The tubular reactor and method may be used for endothermic reactions such as steam methane reforming and for exothermic reactions such as methanation.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system for externally holding a catalyst bed in a radial flow catalytic reactor, comprising a plurality of hollow longitudinal duct elements (2) regularly distributed in a peripheral ring around a central space (3) containing the catalyst bed and having a front filtering wall (5) facing the catalyst for the radial intake of a fluid to be treated in the catalyst bed (3). Each of the duct elements (2) is laterally defined by two lateral walls (6) radially oriented in the reactor (1) and comprising an assembling means for assembly with the respectively adjacent elements (2?) of the male member in female member (7, 8) type.

Abstract: A flow cytometer is provided which includes an interrogation flow cell and a plurality of assay fluidic lines extending into the interrogation flow cell. A method of operating such a flow cytometer includes priming the interrogation flow cell with a sheath fluid and injecting different assay fluids into a flow of the sheath fluid through the plurality of fluidic lines. A fluidic line assembly is provided which includes a plurality of capillary tubes coupled to a base section configured for coupling to an interrogation flow cell assembly of a flow cytometer. The capillary tubes are dimensionally configured such that when the fluidic line assembly is arranged within the flow cytometer and fluid is dispensed from one or more of the capillary tubes at a given pressure differential with respect to an encompassing sheath fluid within the interrogation flow cell the fluid is substantially centrally aligned within the interrogation flow cell.

Abstract: Flow deflector that is capable of changing the flow direction of a fluid during passage through a duct. The duct is formed by an inner and outer duct, which creates an annular region in the duct. The flow deflector forces the fluid passing through the annular region of the duct to flow inside the inner duct, while the fluid passing through the inner duct is forced to flow through the annular region. Reactor tubes for catalytic reactors are formed by assembling tubes comprising said flow deflector and having a catalyst arranged in the inner tube.