Abstract: A reactor for the production or formulation of flowable viscous products is equipped with an internal piston which assists in the removal of product from the reactor interior.

Abstract: An apparatus for preparing flowable reaction mixtures from at least two flowable reactants in which the components are injected into a mixing chamber by means of injection nozzles, the force of the reactant acting upon the nozzle needle is at least substantially compensated to avoid impairing the mixing ratio during a change-over of the nozzle needle. The rear end of the nozzle needle is provided with a chamber communicating with the component supply line.

Abstract: A novel method and apparatus is provided for treating and/or disinfecting water and/or wastewater wherein the contact chamber is sealed and under greater than atmospheric pressure having a detention time of no more than 5 minutes and further providing for generating a mixture containing chlorine dioxide having a product storage chamber connected to a first mixing chamber which is connected to a first storage chamber for storing chlorite, a second storage chamber for storing organic acid, and a third storage chamber for storing water, metering means are provided between all chambers, and means for filling are provided to these chambers. Unreacted constituents are removed from the disinfecting solution. Outlet means is provided from the product storage chamber to the pressurized contact chamber where the disinfecting solution is contacted with the water and/or wastewater.

Abstract: A two stage ozone-pulp bleaching method and apparatus are disclosed. In the first stage, high consistency pulp particles are turbulently mixed and contacted with a gaseous mixture containing ozone to mix and contact substantially all of the pulp particles with ozone to react at least a portion of the pulp particles with the ozone. Pulp particles and gaseous bleaching mixture are then directed to a second stage including a quiescent pulp bed. Pulp particles may complete their reaction in the bed, which also serves to strip ozone which was not contacted with pulp particles in the first stage from the gaseous bleaching mixture.

Abstract: Method and apparatus are provided for collecting reaction product solids entrained in a gaseous outflow from a reaction situs, wherein the gaseous outflow includes a condensable vapor. A condensate is formed of the condensable vapor on static mixer surfaces within a static mixer heat exchanger. The entrained reaction product solids are captured in the condensate which can be collected for further processing, such as return to the reaction situs. In production of silicon imide, optionally integrated into a production process for making silicon nitride caramic, wherein reactant feed gas comprising silicon halide and substantially inert carrier gas is reacted with liquid ammonia in a reaction vessel, silicon imide reaction product solids entrained in a gaseous outflow comprising residual carrier gas and vaporized ammonia can be captured by forming a condensate of the ammonia vapor on static mixer surfaces of a static mixer heat exchanger.

Abstract: Process and apparatus are disclosed for improved additive systems for polymerization processes, which improved systems comprise a slurry additive system having a high shear mixer for mixing a carrier fluid and the solid additives and maintaining them in a suspension slurry prior to injecting them into a polymerization system.

Abstract: A polymerizing apparatus for polymerizing a monomer having an ethylenically unsaturated double bond which is equipped with a polymerization vessel having an agitator and a return nozzle to a gaseous phase part and with a circulating pipeline extending from said polymerization vessel and connected to said return nozzle of the polymerization vessel through a heat exchanger, in which said return nozzle is installed such that it discharges a reaction mixture in the direction which is tangential to the circumferential wall of the vessel and in which the agitator is rotated. Scale of a polymer can be prevented from depositing in the polymerization vessel and it is possible to reduce the number of fish eyes of a molded product such as a sheet into which the polymer obtained by the present polymerizing apparatus can be worked.

Abstract: An apparatus for reducing the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere by fixing and dumping carbon dioxide which is disposed in seawater or fresh water satisfying certain temperature and pressure conditions for the formation of carbon dioxide hydrate or its clathrate comprising:a) a transport pipeline equipped with a compressor;b) a carbon dioxide source connected to said transport pipeline upstream of said compressor;c) a plurality of ejector nozzles disposed at one end of the pipeline;d) a reaction housing which allows seawater or fresh water and carbon dioxide to react with each other and form the carbon dioxide hydrate or its clathrate;e) a dispersing propeller;wherein the reaction device is provided with the ejector nozzles and the dispersing propeller at the inlet portion of the device; the concentration of the carbon dioxide is supplied into the pipeline and is discharged by the compressor into the reaction housing from the ejector nozzles under pressure to form the carbon dioxide hydrate

Abstract: Polymer activation apparatus for activating a liquid polymer emulsion in dilution water includes a first processing zone in which the polymer solution is subjected to a high mean shear rate for a predetermined period of time, and a second processing zone in which the polymer solution is subjected to a low mean shear rate for a longer period of time. The shear rates and residence times in the zones are selected to produce maximum activation in less total processing and aging time than that required in known apparatus.

Abstract: Improved mixing performance with reduced power input is obtained in an agitated oxidation reactor for converting an aromatic alkyl to the corresponding aromatic carboxylic acid by decreasing the clearance between the lowermost impeller element and the reactor bottom and by providing a flat blade turbine as the upper impeller element.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the preparation of a supported polymerization catalyst in a multi-function reactor (1) which is equipped with a mixer (2) and at the bottom of which there is fitted a downward substantially conically converging sieve tray (3), possibly detachable, and in which there are carried out, as required for the preparation of the catalyst, an activation stage, i.e. the treatment of the catalyst support with a transition metal compound, washing stages using a suitable solvent, and drying stages using an inert gas, and possibly a prepolymerization of a suitable monomer by means of the obtained activated catalyst and a co-catalyst and possible other compounds, for example a polymerization medium.

Abstract: A continuous stirred-tank reactor suitable for the liquid-phase oxidation of an aromatic alkyl to an aromatic carboxylic acid is provided with vertically disposed, relatively narrow baffles on the reactor wall and with oxidizing gas inlet means below the agitator in the reactor. The baffle width is about 0.02 to about 0.04 times the diameter of the reactor.

Abstract: A stirring reactor for a viscous material. The reactor comprises a stirring vessel; a revolvable shaft provided in the vessel; a surface layer stirring vane provided on the revolvable shaft in the vicinity of interface of the gas and the liquid to be stirred; a stirring vane having at least a pair of radially directed multiple portion blades which extend radially towards the inner wall, a first of which blade portions is fastened on the revolving shaft below the upper layer stirring vane and the other of which blade portions extends outwardly radially from said first portion to terminate close to the inner wall of the vessel; and baffle plates provided on the inner side wall at positions substantially parallel to the surface layer stirring vane, and at a height between the heights of any stirring vanes having multiple blades.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for the preparation of finely grained lead azide, in which aqueous solutions of lead nitrate and sodium azide are stirred in a vessel at constant temperature, characterized in that in a first process step the aqueous solution of lead nitrate and a small amount of an aqueous solution of sodium citrate are poured into the vessel, in a second process step, the aqueous solution of sodium azide is dosed into the vessel over a period of time of 30 to 40 minutes, the aqueous solutions poured into the vessel are agitated at a peripheral stirring speed of between 0.2 m/sec and 1.0 m/sec., and the constant temperature is set to a value of 50.degree. C. to 80.degree. C.

Abstract: The installation which is used for the preparation of starch glues comprises a vessel (1) having a substantially vertical axis (XY); that vessel is equipped with stirring means (2) acting at its lower level; it comprises furthermore pipes (8, 9, 10 and 11) to supply the vessel with all the constituents of the glue to be manufactured, the starch being introduced pneumatically in the form of powder through a pipe (12). The pipe (12) passes through the wall of the vessel from the outside to the inside of a level close to the lower portion of the vessel and in the vicinity of the stirring means (2).

Abstract: The large scale preparation of ethyl 2,2-difluoro-4- pentenoate and 2-fluorinated methyl aminoacetonitriles by reaction of 2-H-perfluoroethyl allyl ether and n-butyl lithium and fluoromethylacetonitrile and a Grignard reagent, respectively, is largly unsuccessful because of side reactions which convert intermediate products and reactants to undesired products. Applicants have overcome these problems by performing the reactions with cooling in a continuous manner in a flow reactor with short residence time.

Abstract: An apparatus for positioning a catalyst bed for converting vapors into an active hydrogen-donor solvent is disclosed. In one embodiment the catalyst bed is positioned within the upper portion vapor space of a vessel used for hydrogen-donor solvent hydrogenation. In another embodiment the catalyst bed is positioned in a separate vessel.

Abstract: A reactor for accelerating heterogeneous reactions and affording an increased yield rate per unit of time and space comprises a cylindrical reactor tube containing in its interior a piston having relatively flat profiling in its skirt in the form of annular ribs and grooves therebetween, inlet conduits leading into the interior of the reaction tube through the bottom clousre thereof, which may also be introduced from above and extend axially through the piston, an outlet tube is provided in the region of the top closure of the reaction tube, the piston is being connected via a piston rod with a vibrator imparting axial oscillatory movement of the piston, these oscillations generating turbulences in the annular piston grooves which effect a thorough mixing of the reaction participants without causing any noteworthy re-mixing of the resulting reaction products with the starting components.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided for the heat treatment of polyolefin resin particles. The apparatus is equipped with an autoclave in which the particles are heated and agitated in the presence of an aqueous medium and dispersing agent. The autoclave has a tilted bottom wall portion, over which an impeller, preferably, a turbine-type impeller is provided.

Abstract: A microreactor for use in coal-liquifaction process monitoring and process development is disclosed. The microreactor is a batch-type reactor and is moved by means of a pneumatic lift into and out of a bath to control the temperature of the microreactor. A shaft having generally vertical vanes is provided for stirring reactants in the microreactor.

Abstract: A cement kiln dust treating apparatus including a reaction chamber for receiving kiln dust, nozzles in an upper region of the reaction chamber for atomizing and discharging spray to the kiln dust, mixing blades for mixing the dust in contact with the spray, and a pelletizer for pelletizing the mixed and contacted kiln dust product.

Abstract: A counter-rotational flow of combustion gas within a carbon black reactor is created by a baffle, such as an axially aligned helix-shaped fin, to promote the mixing of combustion gas and feedstock.

Abstract: Vortex apparatus for the continuous production of a precipitate by reacting together at least two reactants wherein it comprises a rotary bowl, having a vertical axis a fixed cylinder arranged coaxially within the bowl in order to define with the latter an annular raising chamber, thus providing a fluid flow connection with a reaction chamber defined within the fixed cylinder, reactant inlet pipes issuing into the upper part of the reaction chamber in the vicinity of the axis of the bowl, at least one weir fixed to the rotary bowl at the upper end of the raising chamber and a turbine fixed to the rotary bowl in the lower part of the reaction chamber, so as to produce a vortex in the latter and ensure the raising of part of the precipitate into the raising chamber.

Abstract: Process and plant for the preparation of concentrated aqueous solutions of alkali metal hypochlorite, in which a suspension of crystals of alkali metal chloride in an aqueous solution of alkali metal hypochlorite is circulated from bottom to top in a tubular reaction chamber located in an enclosure, chlorine and an aqueous solution of alkali metal hydroxide are reacted in this suspension in the chamber, a fraction of the resulting suspension leaving the open upper part of the chamber, overflows out of the enclosure and is filtered to separate the crystals, and the remaining fraction of the suspension is kept in the enclosure where it is recycled to the base of the reaction chamber.

Abstract: A continuous-stream zeolite crystallization apparatus comprising a combination of a tubular reactor, a central stirring element contained therein, ingress and egress means for the reactor for charging crystalline zeolite forming reactants therein and recovering crystallized zeolites therefrom, respectively, recovery vessels for collecting and processing crystallized zeolites continuously, the reactor and recovery vessels optionally being subjected to a controlled pressure system.

Abstract: A down-flow apparatus for continuous crystallization of zeolites comprises a vertically-positioned reactor having at least one reactor inlet port at the top thereof and at least one product egress port at the bottom thereof. The reactor is equipped with an inside stirrer extending throughout the length of the reactor and with heating means surrounding the reactor. Product and spent liquids are collected into one or more product collectors at the bottom of the reactor wherein spent liquids are decanted from the crystalline product settling to the bottom. The entire assembly is pressurized with an inert gas, e.g., air, nitrogen, helium (He), to prevent water boiling at the reaction temperature.

Abstract: The invention provides a quick-action locking means for pressure vessels, consisting of a holder to which the top of the pressure vessel containing connections and/or measuring equipment is rigidly mounted, a presser, and a sliding spacer device positioned between the detachable lower part of the pressure vessel and the presser. The lower part of the pressure vessel positioned on the spacer device is pressed against the top by the presser. The locking means of the invention allows rapid opening and closing of the pressure vessel without using tools and without dismounting tubular ducts and fittings.

Abstract: In a plant for hydrogenating coal to form hydrocarbons, wherein coal in powder or piece form is fed from a hopper into a preparation chamber, is compressed, conveyed and heated by a rotor comprising a rotating friction element and passed, through a feed aperture, into a hydrogenation chamber wherein hydrogen is injected into it by nozzles, monitoring and controlling means are provided whereby upon the pressure in the hydrogenation chamber rising above that in the end of the preparation chamber adjacent the hydrogenation chamber, as measured by sensors and gauges, the feed aperture is closed and the rotor is stopped. Preferably the feed aperture is closed by providing a conical portion on the rotor and a conical seat on the cylinder forming the chamber, the rotor normally being held in a position to keep the feed aperture open by an hydraulic cylinder but upon the pressure sensors sensing over pressure in the chamber, the cylinder is vented by control means to close the feed aperture.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for sealing the drive end of a chamber for the preparation and hydrogenation of coal with hydrogen to form hydrocarbons in which the chamber comprises a hollow cylinder with a rotatable element therein having a conveying web thereon and in a sealing region a pressurized sealing substance such as coal particles mixed with oil is fed from a storage container through a feed passage into an annular recess at a pressure higher than that in the chamber so that the sealing substance passes through a conical annular gap which tapers towards the chamber. A further narrower gap on the drive side of the recess leads to a further annular recess from which the sealing substance can be extracted through a return pipe. Pressure comparison means control the feed pressure in the feed passage. The recesses and the annular gap can be provided by machining the rotatable element rather than the hollow cylinder and forward feed screw forms may be provided on the rotatable element in the sealing region.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process and apparatus for the manufacture of viscose products which includes a motor means having a constant torque in the viscose during ripening wherein the resistance on said motor means changes as the viscose ripens because of the change in viscosity and the temperature is adjusted in response to said change in viscosity to heat or cool the viscose, and thereby control its rate of aging.

Abstract: A multi-stage reactor for the oxidation of alkyl aromatics, e.g. a mixture of p-xylene and methyl p-toluate in a liquid phase reaction mixture with oxygen-containing gases, e.g. air, under elevated pressure and at an elevated temperature in the presence of an oxidation catalyst is in the form of an elongated closed tank with a multiplicity of neighboring reaction chambers arranged successively from one end to the other end of the tank for containing the liquid reaction mixture at predetermined levels in each chamber. The reactor is provided with an oxidizing gas feed system for introducing an oxidizing gas into each chamber, feed means for introducing at least one alkyl aromatic reactant and an oxidation catalyst into at least one of the reaction chambers, a vapor-collecting conduit means in communication with each of said chambers for removing reaction gas from each of said chambers, and a discharge means for removing the oxidized product from the reactor tank.

Abstract: In an apparatus for oxidizing an alkyl-substituted aromatic compound in the liquid phase with a molecular oxygen-containing gas in a lower aliphatic carboxylic acid solvent in the presence of an oxidation catalyst, said apparatus comprising a reaction vessel, a gas exhaust port at the top of the vessel, an inlet at the bottom of the vessel for feeding said molecular oxygen-containing gas, an inlet for feeding said solvent, an inlet for feeding said catalyst, an inlet for feeding said alkyl-substituted aromatic compound, an outlet for withdrawing the oxidation reaction product, and an agitator within the vessel, said agitator consisting of a rotating shaft provided along the axial direction of the vessel and a plurality of stages of agitating blades secured to said rotating shaft at spaced intervals; the improvement wherein at least one stage of agitating blades consists of comb-like flat blades each of which is composed of a plurality of comb tooth-like pieces aligned at spaced intervals.

Abstract: A closed reactor for the thermal cracking of heavy oils, having an internally mounted, rotatable injection pipe. The injection pipe is adapted to spurt preheated raw material under pressure against the inner wall surfaces of the reactor while rotating to remove coke which has deposited on the reactor walls during the previous cracking operation.

Abstract: An apparatus for carrying out polymerizations from the gas phase comprising a sealable reactor with a spiral stirrer which is rotatable in the reactor about a vertical axis to generate circulatory streams of the materials employed, in which the stirrer rotating within the reactor is surmounted by a stirrer rod, which extends upward beyond the uppermost flight circle of the stirrer and is attached to the stirrer at a certain distance from the axis of the stirrer, the distance of the side face of the stirrer rod from the reactor wall is at least 10 mm, and the surface of revolution of the moving rod matches the contour of the reactor in this zone.

Abstract: A turbine mixer for a polyethylene reactor of the stirred autoclave type in which a turbine rotor is mounted on a rotating stirrer shaft extending along the longitudinal axis of the reactor and a turbine stator is mounted adjacent to and upstream of the rotor. The turbine mixer is positioned in the final stage of a three-stage, stirred autoclave reactor, and a baffle plate is positioned so as to extend across the reactor at the inlet to the final zone. The mixer produces intense stirring of the reactor materials within the final stage, but does not cause significant backmixing into the reactor zone immediately upstream thereof. The turbine mixer may also be utilized in other zones of the reactor wherein intense axial mixing of the reactor materials is required, in which case the baffle plate would be omitted so as to produce intensive axial mixing of the reactor materials within that zone.

Abstract: A vertical autoclave suitable for the bulk polymerization of vinyl chloride based polymers and copolymers embodying agitation means comprising at least one agitator (A) in the form of helicoidal ribbon about a rotatable shaft in the upper portion of the autoclave and an agitator (B) having a rotatable shaft passing through the bottom portion of the autoclave with at least one arm located adjacent to and having a profile corresponding to the bottom of the autoclave, and means for independently driving the agitators (A) and/or (B).

Abstract: An apparatus for producing an aromatic dicarboxylic acid by oxidizing a benzene derivative with molecular oxygen in the liquid phase in a lower aliphatic carboxylic acid as a solvent in the presence of an oxidation catalyst, wherein a starting material liquid e.g., a benzene derivative or a solution thereof in the lower aliphatic carboxylic acid, is fed into the liquid-phase reaction system in a uniformly dispersed state by being passed through a porous material causing the pressure of the starting material liquid just after passing through said porous material to drop more than about 1 kg/m.sup.2 in relation to the pressure of the starting material liquid just before passing through said porous material. The resultant aromatic dicarboxylic acid has high purity and has good color.

Abstract: A continuous feed of alkali cellulose (AKC) is partially xanthated, and then dissolved and further xanthated to form a viscose solution, while passing continuously through a series of connected reactors and slurry vessels, wherein slurries of carbon disulfide (CS.sub.2) and alkali metal hydroxide are maintained. The AKC feed to the system may be shredded crumbs from any standard alkali cellulose system, to shredded crumbs from a continuous sheet steeping mercerization system. A portion of the xanthate AKC (cellulose xanthate) may be recycled to the various slurry vessels or zones.

Abstract: In the polymerization under pressure of liquid olefin to polyolefin using a Ziegler type catalyst, the reaction mass, comprising a mixture of catalyst and polyolefin dissolved in liquid monomer, is mixed in a mixer with water to kill the catalyst and reaction after which the highly corrosive aqueous solution of Ziegler catalyst is separated from the monomer and dissolved polymer in a settling tank. The inner wall of the mixer and/or settling tank and/or any other part of the equipment coming into contact with the aqueous Zeigler catalyst solution is lined with an acid resistant brick lining having an intermediate membrane lining between it and the inner wall. A carbon filled furan resin is used as a mortar for the brick lining and the membrane is a fiber glass reinforced furan resin to which the brick lining is cemented by a carbon filled furan resin adhesive. The membrane is also cemented to the inner wall by a carbon filled furan resin adhesive.

Abstract: Apparatus for the production of a lignocellulose material from chips, sawdust, chopped plants, bark, small fibres comprising a vertical column with a series of successively-mounted horizontal perforated plates partly abutting upon the inner surface of the column; at the free ends of said plates retaining baffles are secured for partial entrapment of coarse particles of the product; a clearance is provided between the baffle and inner surface of the column and the plates are disposed relative to each other so that baffles of each successive plate are located diametrically opposite to the baffles of each preceding plate thus forming a zigzag labyrinth along the total height of the column for increasing the time of contact of coarse particles of the raw materials with the oxygen-containing gas and alkaline reagent.A pulsator means is operably connected to the column for setting liquid reagents in the column into reciprocating vertical motion.