Abstract: This invention provides for a method of sterilizing a chemical composition contained within a closed container (20). The chemical composition is initially mechanically filtered (12) and then the containers (20) are closed and hermetically sealed within a first sealing layer (24). The first sealing layer (24) and the chemical container (20) form a single layer sealed enclosure (26) which is then encased within a second sealing layer (30) and hermetically sealed to form a second layer sealed container enclosure (32). The second layer sealed container enclosure (32) is then inserted into a carton (36) having a third sealing layer (38) lining. The carton is closed and then irradiated with gamma radiation at a predetermined dosage level to sterilize the contents of the container (20). The closed cartons (36) are then transported to operational sites where the plurality of sealing layers (24, 30 and 38) provide for optimized contamination reduction.

Abstract: An apparatus and process for accomplishing low-temperature sterilization in a plasma generated using a variety of gas molecules. The plasma is generated using a hollow cathode discharge device of design that permits the device to be of commercially practical size and provides for the generation of moderate but extremely consistent plasma density throughout the chamber, thereby assuring sterilization of all items placed therein.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of preparing a sterile medical article. A poly(vinyl chloride) or polyvinylidene chloride polymer is produced that contains about 0.001 to about 5 wt % of a metal complex having at least one anionic ligand that has at least one resonance structure in which the charge is localized on a carbon atom. A medical article is fabricated from the chlorinated polymer and the medical article is exposed to gamma radiation.

Abstract: A system for deactivating organisms in a food product employs a first electrode; an insulator section coupled to the first electrode, wherein the insulator section includes an insulator pinch, an opening, and a transition region interposed thereinbetween, and wherein the opening has a larger cross-sectional area than the insulator pinch, the insulator section including a cavity, passing through the insulator pinch, the transition region, and the opening, wherein the food product is contained during deactivating of organisms; and a second electrode coupled to the insulator section, wherein the first electrode is positioned on a first side of the insulator pinch, and the second electrode is positioned on a second side of the insulator pinch, whereby an electric field formed between the first electrode and the second electrode, when a voltage is applied across the first electrode and the second electrode, passes through the insulator pinch.

Abstract: A method for preventing microorganism multiplication, including using a gas containing a low concentration of ozone and a high concentration of ions, so that the multiplication of microorganisms can be safely and fully prevented by an additive effect of the ozone and ions. The generation of ozone is suppressed by reducing the discharge current in the ionization chamber using a pulse converter, which is provided to control the current flowing at the time of discharge, when generating the ions and ozone in the ionization chamber. Ions are produced in the ionization chamber in a high concentration to produce and supply ionized gas containing a low concentration of ozone and a high concentration of ions, which prevents microorganism multiplication on the objects.

Abstract: Cleaning apparatus includes a cleaning head, a light source and a light guide. The cleaning head has a flexible contact member including photo-activating catalyst (photocatalyst). The light source emits short wave light rays to activate the photocatalyst. The light guide transmits the light rays from the light source to the contact member(brushes). The cleaning head may have a transparent brush supporter to support a group of brushes with many photocatalyst particles. The light guide may preferably include a transparent rod and/or an optical fiber. The cleaning apparatus may be applied for a vacuum cleaner. Therefore, such dirty component can be cleaned as bacteria, molds etc. by use of the cleaning apparatus of the invention.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for electrically treating foodstuffs flowing through a treatment chamber with low energy, high voltage electrical pulses for non-thermal pasteurization and/or sterilization. Instant-charge-reversal electrical pulses are applied to a foodstuff located between two electrodes in a treatment chamber, each electrical pulse having a pulse width in a range from about 1 to 5 .mu.s with vertically rising voltage to a peak followed immediately with a decreasing voltage through zero volts and continuing to a voltage peak of opposite polarity and rising vertically back to zero volts. The electrical pulses are very low energy (0.1-25 Joules/pulse) and the field strengths are in the range 15 kVolts/cm to 120 kVolts/cm. This instant-charge-reversal electrical pulse is shown to have a much greater microbial killing power compared to other pulse waveforms used to treat foodstuff.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for sterilising a closed container (1) which is ready to be filled. The container is substantially in the form of a homogenous flat first sheet (2A) and a non-homogenous second sheet (2B) with susbtantially plane insides and with a space (14) between the first and the second sheet. A sterilisation of the insides of the container and the space (14) is achieved by means of electron exposure of the outside of the first sheet (2A).

Abstract: Treatment methods for glass medical adhesive applicators in which a glass applicator is exposed to ammonium sulfate, an acidic gas, a plasma or a silanizing agent in order to remove or coat alkalide materials trapped in the glass.

Abstract: Apparatus for continuously pasteurizing liquid by continuously flowing the liquid within a high electric field, comprises a body of electrical insulator material forming a wall, opening portions formed in the wall body as passages for the liquid therethrough, at least a pair of electrode wires laid across the opening portions, and a mechanism for applying an alternating current voltage across the pair of electrode wires. Joints and pipes may be connected to the wall body and together with the opening portions define a fluid passage through which the liquid continuously flows for being pasteurized. A method of continuous liquid pasteurization using the apparatus involves applying an alternating current voltage between the pair of electrode wires under the conditions of 2000.ltoreq.H/d.ltoreq.200 where d (mm) is the distance between the wires and H (volt) is the voltage applied thereacross, and such that the liquid is heated.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for disinfecting material such as a fluid stream, (e.g., water) or various objects (e.g., packaging, fruits, vegetables) using a high temperature expanding plasma emission source (EPES lamp) to generate intense pulses of ultraviolet light primarily in the 200-400 nm range. The EPES lamp is preferably mounted axially in a pipe through which the fluid to be disinfected is flowed or perpendicular to the direction of a fluid flow or an object conveyor. Each pulse is terminated before the resulting plasma within the EPES lamp reaches the inside surface of the EPES lamp wall so that the EPES lamp operates in an expanding plasma emission source mode rather than in a wall stabilized mode. The EPES lamp is operated at a plasma temperature of at least about 15,000.degree. K. and an energy density (Q) of at least about 300.

Abstract: A container system is disclosed which effects sterilization of devices and objects by electric field and sterilizing media in substantially less time than that required by other sterilizing methods. The container system produces a totally enclosed and secure container.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods are disclosed for irradiating products. The apparatuses and methods can be used to sterilize or reduce the microbiological contamination in materials introduced into the apparatus. The apparatus includes a biological shield made from modules. It also includes a batch operated material handling system capable of moving product into a cell area without requiring an operator to enter the cell area. The apparatus is of a size that can be constructed in existing buildings. It can be decommissioned and moved to different locations. The methods disclosed include moving products into a cell area without an operator entering the cell area and subjecting the products to radiation.

Abstract: An apparatus for storing and disinfecting a fluid includes a container (12) for containing the fluid and a cap member (16). The container (12) defines an opening (14) through which the fluid is dispensed therein and is removed therefrom. The cap member (16) removably seals the opening of the container (12). An ultraviolet source (24) is mounted to the cap member (16). The ultraviolet source (24) emits ultraviolet radiation to disinfect the fluid contained in the container (12).

Abstract: A forced hot air method and apparatus for efficiently and rapidly sterilizing dental and medical implements in a confined space. Implements to be sterilized are positioned in a removable caddy supported within a chamber. Fresh air from outside the housing; is drawn into a plenum and heated. A blower rapidly circulates hot air within the chamber to quickly sterilize the implements. Sterilization can be completed within 3 minutes at temperatures of about 325.degree. F. After sterilization, air from outside the housing is rapidly circulated within the chamber without being heated to quickly cool the implements.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a pulsed electric-field system, apparatus and method for the effective disinfecting and dewatering previously-dewatered, biologically active waste-water sludges (e.g., municipal waste-water sewage sludge) in an efficient manner, so as to dramatically reduce the resulting volume of the inert waste material which has to be disposed of by the municipality. The method employed sequentially consists of hydraulically pressurizing the previously dewatered sludge, pre-heating the previously dewatered sludge to a predetermined temperature range, exposing the previously dewatered sludge to a high energy pulsing electrical discharges, pressure separation of the resulting solids and liquid fraction, and final pressure extrusion of the separated solids through nozzles.

Abstract: A coupling assembly for the sterile transfer of sterile materials between a transportable container and a sterile enclosure includes a closeable dock of the enclosure which seals with a closeable mouth of the container to define between them a sealed connecting chamber. A UV light source mounted within the chamber is activated to generate UV light to sterilize the interior of the chamber. Closures of the container mouth and dock are then displaced to provide a communication path between the interiors of the container and enclosure.

Abstract: A method of sterilizing an intraocular lens formed of a cross-linked polymer, wherein the intraocular lens is accommodated in a sealed container which permits transmission of an electron beam therethrough but inhibits entry of microorganisms thereinto, and the intraocular lens is irradiated with the electron beam, for sterilization of the intraocular lens accommodated in the container.

Abstract: A method for hydrogen peroxide vapor sterilization of medical devices and similar instruments having long narrow lumens or diffusion restricted areas includes the step of pretreating the article to be sterilized with a dilute solution of hydrogen peroxide prior to exposure to a vacuum or a vacuum followed by plasma. The method is such that, upon vaporization of the solution caused by the vacuum, the hydrogen peroxide remains in contact with the article for a time sufficient to achieve sterilization.

Abstract: An industrial sponge device and a method of manufacturing the same. The sponge is made from a polyvinyl acetal material with a process in which the pores are formed by gas to provide an open pore structure having no fibrils. Additionally, the sponge is purified by alternating exposure of the partially cross-linked sponge to solutions of high pH and low pH. The sponge is sterilized by electron beam radiation to destroy micro organisms that can cause contamination of the final product. The resulting sponge material is formed into an industrial sponge having a cylindrical body and a plurality of projections extending from the body. The projections are tapered truncated cones having a cross-sectional radius that decreases with distance from the body.

Abstract: A deactivation approach for deactivating microorganisms in a high-strength-electric field treatment system, can be characterized as an apparatus for reducing microorganism levels in products. The apparatus has an inlet tube of substantially uniform cross-sectional area extending from a distance before a treatment zone to at least into the treatment zone; a substantially ogival electrode nose positioned in the treatment zone; and an outer electrode forming an interior of the inlet tube in the treatment zone.

Abstract: The sterilization is performed using flashing pulses of laser pump source. The apparatus comprises a control circuit, a washing and drying mechanism, and an integrated ball type sterilization mechanism. The washing and drying mechanism includes a device for injecting pressurized water, a device for injecting pressurized air, and a device for heating the compressed air. The integrated ball type mechanism is shaped as a spheroid and the inner surface of the spherical cavity is a high-reflectivity mirror surface. The laser pump source is located within the spherical cavity.

Abstract: A method sterilizes a device having a diffusion restricted area and a non-diffusion restricted area. The method includes the steps of vaporizing a first solution of hydrogen peroxide within the diffusion restricted area and vaporizing a second solution of hydrogen peroxide outside of the diffusion restricted area, with the first solution having a lower concentration of hydrogen peroxide than the second solution.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for holding and cleaning non-permeable contact lenses which includes the application of an electromagnetic field about the contact lenses which are held in a cavity containing a conductive solution and an adsorbent membrane to capture the contaminants being removed from the lenses. Proteins, lipoproteins and other contaminants adhere to the surface of non-permeable lenses. An adsorbent is positioned between the lens and an electric current source so that current flows from the current source through the adsorbent and over the surface of the contact lens so that contaminants on the lens are loosened and migrate to the adsorbent to which they adhere, thus permitting effective removal from the solution.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for sterilization of objects including the steps of placing the object that should be sterilized in a closed vessel; placing the closed vessel between two high voltage electrodes; applying a high voltage between the electrodes and converting the oxygen in the air inside the closed vessel into ozone; and keeping the sterilized object inside the closed vessel as long as needed. A "closed vessel" includes also any form of closed container or any closed plastic bag. The closed vessel may or may not have internal electric conductors. Furthermore, the invention provides a device for ozone sterilization of objects for use in the method.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method for the packaging and handling of sterile syringes. More specifically, a syringe and a syringe package are sterilized. The sterilized syringe is placed into the sterilized syringe package, which package is sealed to enclose the sterilized syringe. A fluid is introduced into the sterilized syringe. The sterilized syringe with fluid is then delivered into a sterile field by removing the syringe from the syringe package. The syringe package is preferably a peal-open sheath with a fitting member at one end. The fitting member extends partially into and partially out of the syringe package. It has a connector inside the syringe package for connecting to the sterile syringe, which connector is fluidly connected to an exterior connector. Thus, the fitting member provides a fluid connection from outside the syringe package to the enclosed sterile syringe.

Abstract: A method for disinfecting an airstream containing microorganisms by electrostatic precipitation by passing the airstream through the space between at least one grounded collection plate having at least one electrode spaced apart therefrom connected to a source of electrical potential, wherein the improvement comprises contacting the airstream with a photocatalyst having a predetermined band gap energy coated on the surface of each grounded collection plate and illuminated with photons having a wavelength corresponding to the band gap energy of the photocatalyst, so that at least a portion of the microorganisms that collect on the grounded collection plate are destroyed by photocatalytic oxidation. Devices embodying disinfecting methods are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method for sterilizing collagen containing tissue includes crosslinking the tissue to form a crosslinked biological tissue. The tissue is maintained in a hydrated state. The crosslinked, collagen-containing tissue is sterilized by irradiating the tissue with a beam of accelerated electrons. The biological tissue exposed to accelerated electrons is suitable for surgical implantation. The irradiated biological tissue is not significantly degraded following irradiation. The irradiation can be performed on tissue that has been packed in a container in a hydrated state.

Abstract: An apparatus and process that utilize a low temperature nonequilibrium plasma reactor, for improving the particulate removal efficiency of an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) are disclosed. A portion of the flue gas, that contains a low level of SO.sub.2 O.sub.2 H.sub.2 O, and particulate matter, is passed through a low temperature plasma reactor, which defines a plasma volume, thereby oxidizing a portion of the SO.sub.2 present in the flue gas into SO.sub.3. An SO.sub.2 rich flue gas is thereby generated. The SO.sub.3 rich flue gas is then returned to the primary flow of the flue gas in the exhaust treatment system prior to the ESP. This allows the SO.sub.3 to react with water to form H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 that is in turn is absorbed by fly ash in the gas stream in order to improve the removal efficiency of the EPS.

Abstract: A microwave applicator chamber to effectively sterilize animal waste having a series of rotating chamber sectors carrying the waste under a source of intense radio frequency energy. The animal waste emerges free of pathogens and odor causing bacteria, ready for incorporation into plant fertilizers.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for rendering infectious and medical waste safe through heating and the disposal of said waste includes a body portion with a chamber to receive a container of medical waste. The chamber is connected with a filter for biological materials which escape from the waste container during heating. The contaminants are directed toward the filter by flowing out gas from the container in a predetermined direction as the waste container is heated to a temperature of preferably not less than 350.degree. F. and preferably not more than 385.degree. F. to render the waste biologically safe and unreusable.

Abstract: Sterile interconnection between disassociated segments of thermostable, compressible fluid conduit tubing is achieved by arranging within the bore of the free end of each segment a conductive hollow metal tube so as to establish a connected fluid flow path from one segment to the other, through the metal tube, and then sterilizing the connection by induction heating.

Abstract: A system for reducing biological organisms in a liquid effluent to no-viable organic molecules that includes: a stunning chamber (38) that applies a voltage potential across biological organisms to break cell membranes and disable the defense mechanisms of viral organisms to ultraviolet radiation; a cavitation chamber (86) to physically destroy any remaining membranes of biologicals in the effluent that may play host to viral organisms or allow such to hide therein, the action of the stunning and cavitation chambers releasing interferons; and a molecularly implanted stimulated emitter (MISE) chamber (108) in which high levels of ultraviolet radiation and electromagnetic energy are applied to virions and spores that remain at frequencies that are readily absorbed and operate to dissociate any viable DNA and RNA strands remaining, to thereby cause "death". The resulting effluent is pulsed through the stunning, cavitation, and MISE chambers to gain maximum effect thereof.

Abstract: A deodorizing and disinfecting apparatus having catalyst deterioration detection function of the present invention comprises: an air supply portion for inhaling air inside; an ozone generating portion for discharging ozone to the inhaled air: a catalyst for accelerating deodorizing and disinfecting actions and decomposition of the ozone disposed downstream from the ozone generating portion; an ozone sensor for detecting the concentration of remaining ozone disposed downstream from the catalyst; and means for repeating a cycle including stop of ozone discharge from the ozone generating portion for a predetermined time period when the concentration of the remaining ozone reaches a predetermined concentration or more, and for determining that the catalyst is deteriorated when a condition wherein an interval between times when the concentration of the remaining ozone is not less than a predetermined concentration becomes shorter than a predetermined time period is recognized at a predetermined frequency, and then

Abstract: A process for the scrubbing of undesirable substances from an exhaust gas stream which comprises passing the stream through a hollow cathode.

Abstract: An electron beam gas processing apparatus includes a single vacuum vessel maintained at vacuum by means of a vacuum pump and first and second lenses are disposed in the vacuum vessel. An electron beam emitted from an electron source is focused by each of the lenses, and the electron beam is irradiated onto a processing gas in a duct. When the current value of the electron beam is increased as the concentration of NOx in the processing gas increases, the focal distance is decreased by increasing the intensity of magnetic fields or the intensity of electric fields of the lenses in accordance with the current value of a filament, the current value of an arc power supply and the gas pressure in a gas reservoir and the first lens is moved toward a draw-out electrode and the second lens is moved toward the duct, so that a parallel electron beam of constant diameter is formed and the electron beam can be prevented from being increased in focusing diameter.

Abstract: The MHD sterilization system invention is a method involving the use of magnetohydrodynamics, (MHD) for the specific purpose of destroying populations of micro-organisms occurring in, within or on fluid, semi-fluid, semi-solid or solid materials.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for treating a biological fluid with light and for inactivating contaminants in biological fluid. The biological fluid is contacted with a light source providing a high intensity light to the biological fluid. The biological fluid may include a quantity of a photochemical agent that when activated by light is operable to cause inactivation of at least some of the contaminants.

Abstract: Applying electrical energy to a microorganism through a liquid, gas or solid having electrical energy causes an increase in an electric charge in excess of the limit of intracellular and extracellular electrostatic capacity possessed by the microorganism, which results in an irreversible change in the microorganism cells and/or explosively destroys the border membrane of the microorganism cells.

Abstract: A device for sterilizing the inner surfaces of pressure sensitive containers with ionized particles has an evacuable chamber which takes up the containers. The electrodes allocated to a container and charged by an alternating voltage, are arranged outside of but closely surround the respective container. The container is subject to equal pressure from the inside and the outside, and the inner surface of the container to be sterilized is also essentially the plasma-limiting wall.

Abstract: A method of deactivating microorganisms in food products, packaging material, water, air, and other products involves illuminating the microorganisms using at least one short-duration, high-intensity pulse of broad-spectrum polychromatic light. In variations of this embodiment, the light has an intensity of at least 0.1 J/cm.sup.2, the pulse duration is from between about 10 nanoseconds and 10 milliseconds, and/or at least 50% of the at least one pulse's energy is transmitted in light having wavelength from between about 170 and 2600 nanometers. Advantageously, the microorganisms may be Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, Bacillus pumilus spores or poliovirus.

Abstract: Articles which it is intended to sterilize are placed into a confined volume and are subjected to neutral species of an electrical discharge while maintaining the volume glowless and substantially field free by interposing a barrier between the articles and the discharge, the barrier being transparent to neutral species and opaque to charged species emanating from the discharge.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a pulsed electric-field system, apparatus and method for the effective disinfecting and dewatering previously-dewatered, biologically active waste-water sludges (e.g., municipal waste-water sewage sludge) in an efficient manner, so as to dramatically reduce the resulting volume of the inert waste material which has to be disposed of by the municipality. The method employed sequentially consists of hydraulically pressurizing the previously dewatered sludge, pre-heating the previously dewatered sludge to a predetermined temperature range, exposing the previously dewatered sludge to a high energy pulsing electrical discharges, pressure separation of the resulting solids and liquid fraction, and final pressure extrusion of the separated solids through nozzles.

Abstract: An ionizer for treating swimming pool water including an enclosure and an electrode housing. The electrode housing is removably secured to a wall of the enclosure and integrally includes a mounting bracket, a hollow cylindrical body, a sensor well, and a projection. The projection sealingly receives a pair of ion-producing electrodes. A vibration sensor is attached to an interior surface of the housing, and is operable to sense when water is flowing through the electrode housing. A method for determining and indicating when the electrodes need replacement is also disclosed.

Abstract: Biological fluids, e.g. bodily fluids such as plasma/serum, semen, milk or blood, can be treated efficiently with ozone to inactivate certain viruses, bacteria, fungi etc. To effect and enhance the contact of such fluids with ozone, or another disinfecting or deactivating gas, the fluids are thoroughly nebulized, or atomized, i.e. dispersed into minute droplets. Nebulization has been found to afford a faster O.sub.3 -fluid reaction rate than other known methods. It is proposed to create a fine "rain" of droplets to fall through a controlled atmosphere of O.sub.3 /O.sub.2 and/or O.sub.3 /inert gas mixture. Electric and magnetic fields are superimposed over the space through which the droplets are passed.Three types of nebulizers/atomizers are described: compressed gas (O.sub.3 /O.sub.2 mixture) atomizer, ultrasonic nebulizer, and rotary nebulizer.The invention was tested on coliphage MS2 which is safe, easy to handle, and more resistant to chemical disinfections than viruses such as HIV. More than 7 log.sub.

Abstract: A novel process for sterilizing an article made from polymeric material by radiation sterilization. The article is enclosed in a gas impermeable package together with an oxygen absorber for a time sufficient to consume substantially all the oxygen in the package and the oxygen dissolved in the polymeric material. The article is prefereably intended for medical use and can contain a radiation sterilizable parenterally administerable preparation.

Abstract: An apparatus and process for hydrogen peroxide vapor sterilization of medical instruments and similar devices make use of hydrogen peroxide vapor released from a substantially non-aqueous organic hydrogen peroxide complex, such as a urea-peroxide complex. Optionally, a plasma can be used in conjunction with the vapor. A method for preparing substantially non-aqueous hydrogen peroxide complexes is also provided. These complexes are useful as a source of peroxide vapor in hydrogen peroxide vapor sterilizers and as a component of self-sterilizing packaging materials.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for sterilization of liquids using a steady-stage glow discharge apparatus, at one atmosphere.

Abstract: An apparatus for receiving harmful substances from a cigarette includes a heating chamber provided with a heating element heating a treating solution consisting of 75% alcohol and 25% of hydrogen peroxide so that the latter evaporates and by transversing the cigarette, carries away the harmful substances from the chamber.

Abstract: An arrangement for sterilizing objects in which a quantity of liquid and one or more objects to be sterilized are introduced into a pouch formed of flexible sheet material at least partially transparent to microwave radiation whereupon the pouch is sealed to form a gas-tight assembly. The gas-tight assembly is situated in an inner rigid cavity of an enclosure which is at least partially formed of material that is substantially transparent to microwave radiation. The enclosure is irradiated with microwave radiation which passes into the cavity and then into the gas-tight pouch assembly situated therein to vaporize the liquid to produce an atmosphere of hot vapor under pressure in the pouch. The pouch expands under pressure until the sheet material of which it is formed presses against the rigid inner surfaces of the enclosure cavity.