Abstract: The apparatus comprises a stack of corrosible members retained in position by a support, and measurement means, for example a dial gauge, arranged to measure any change in the height of the stack when exposed to a corrosive environment. Electrical potentials and/or mechanical stress can be applied to the stack in order to ascertian the influence thereof on corrosion. The use of a plurality of corrodible surfaces enables amplification of dimensional changes and enables measurements to be obtained in a relatively short time.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for the detection of corrosion, pitting or the like in pipelines is proposed and measured results produced in an appropriate manner are digitally converted, linked with measured values concerning the place and azimuth of the individual sensors to form individual blocks, which are intermediately stored to form larger units and are finally stored in a mass store.

Abstract: The present invention is a method of rapidly and reproducibly checking the quality of zirconium base material welds and heat affected zones. In this method, weldment samples are immersed in an elevated temperature fused salt bath for a time period sufficient, at the bath temperature selected, to produce an essentially black oxide film in acceptable quality welds while producing a scaling oxide in unacceptable welds.

Abstract: A portable, environmental monitoring apparatus comprising a self-contained and internally powered data acquisition and recording device for continuously monitoring the environmental conditions in an enclosed space, preferably a computer control room. The apparatus includes sensors which measure pressure, temperature, relative humidity and the corrosive nature of the environment. The signals generated by the sensors and the atmospheric corrosion indicators are stored in a memory module included in the circuitry of the recording device. The memory module interfaces with an IBM-type PC for off loading the data and storing it on a floppy disc.

Abstract: Coated carbon composite parts to be tested for oxidation resistance are heated in a closed oven filled with an oxidizing atmosphere. During the heat cycle the carbon dioxide content of the oven atmosphere is measured by an analyzer such as a gas chromatograph. These measurements on the amount of CO.sub.2 emitted by the part provide information on the onset of oxidative failure. It forms a nondestructive test when detection of excessive carbon dioxide concentration is used to reduce the temperature and flood the oven with inert gas so the part may be saved and reprocessed. This technique can be combined with conventional weight measurements before and after oxidation to identify the part constituent, carbon composite or protective coating, that failed.

Abstract: According to the invention a piezoelectric crystal, e.g. a quartz crystal, coated with a metal or another suitable material is exposed to the action of a corrosive liquid, preferably by being immersed therein. The mass change on the crystal surface, caused by the corrosion, and the resulting change in the natural oscillation frequency of the crystal is determined and constitutes a measure of the corrosivity of the liquid. The natural oscillation frequency of the crystal can in this way also be measured in situ in the liquid, in which way the dynamic course of the corrosion reaction can be followed continuously. According to a special embodiment of the invention the sensitivity during the measurement can be increased, if the crystal is pretreated by being activated with a sulphide solution.

Abstract: A method of detecting the rate of corrosion of an existing steel structure installed in a corrosive environment is disclosed. The method includes treating a measurement surface of the member so that an AC impedance of the measurement surface, when electrochemically measured at a predetermined high frequency range of potential variation applied to the measured surface, takes a first valve within a predetermined range; and second value of the impedance is then electrochemically measured at a low frequency range of potential variation applied thereto. The difference between the first and second values is calculated to detect the corrosion-reaction resistance of the surface and the rate of corrosion is determined on the basis of the detected corrosion-reaction resistance and according to a pre-calculated relation between the rate of corrosion and the corrosion-reaction resistance.

Abstract: A device for measuring the corrosiveness of smoke, comprising a chamber, means for creating in the chamber an atmosphere of air of predetermined humitidy, heating means for heating the said atmosphere and walls of the chamber to a predetermined temperature, means for causing the combustion of a sample of material in the chamber, water circulation cooling means for condensing the smoke and products of pyrolysis generated by the said combustion onto a resistive metallic element exposed inside the chamber, the measurement of the corrosiveness of the smoke being carried out by measuring the variation in electrical resistance of the said element.

Abstract: A diffusing apparatus is adapted for vertically adjustable relation with a fog tower. A separate second corrosive fluid is emitted from plural outlets spaced approximately 45.degree. apart along the exterior of the diffusing apparatus. The outlets direct the second corrosive fluid in a generally planar direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the fog tower for optimum uniform dispersion either alone or intermixing with a first corrosive fluid emitted from the fog tower.

Abstract: A detector for detecting leaks of a corrosive liquid such as strong acids or bases is provided comprising a light guide core having a covering which generates heat upon contact with the liquid to the detected, thereby changing the light transmissivity of the light guide, which change can be measured. The covering comprises a porous polymer having a salt within its pores such as an ammonium salt which dissolves in the liquid to be detected and generates heat thereby.

Abstract: A corrosion coupon holder for inserting and removing a coupon from the interior of a pipeline while under pressure has an elongated housing with a threaded connection at one end and a removable closure device at the other end, the housing connection to be attached to a pipe entry valve which is connected as a branch to the pipeline. The housing other end also carries a guide body having a bore which guidingly and sealingly receives a rod for inserting a coupon having a safety stop element at one end to hold the coupon, the guide body having a split collet associated with the bore with a locking screw mounted to act on the collet to fixedly clamp the rod in the bore of the guide body and the housing having a bleeder valve communicating with the interior to relieve pressure from within such interior.

Abstract: A probe rod is inserted into a water main through a corporation cock. The rod has a plurality of transverse passages parallel to one another and aligned in the direction of flow. Within these transverse passages, in flush relationship to the passage walls, are inserted removable sampling rings. All but one of the rings are of the same material as the inner wall of the main. The remaining ring, used as a control, is a synthetic resin ring. The flush relationship prevents the formation of turbulent eddies at the ends of the rings. Consequently, microbial growth conditions on the rings themselves reliably simulate conditions on the interior wall of the main.Within a tubular extension on the exterior of the corporation cock an O-ring seal is provided. The length of the extension, and the position of the seal, are such that the probe rod can be partially withdrawn beyond the corporation valve without causing any of the transverse passages to pass through the O-ring.

Abstract: A sensor apparatus cooperates with an electrical system capable of delivering power to and receiving signals from the sensor. A cable housing insulated wires is connected to the sensor and disposed in proximity to a fluid possibly containing a corrosive impurity. Corrosion detecting elements are connected to the wires and are immersed in the fluid possibly containing the impurity. Further, the elements are provided with breakable regions fabricated to corrode in the presence of the corrosive impurity. To facilitate fracture, the elements are loaded in tension so the breakable regions will fracture rapidly in the presence of corrosive impurities, to thereby send an electric signal to remote electrical equipment to indicate the presence of at least one impurity.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to an apparatus and method for holding one or more test electrodes of precisely known exposed surface area. The present invention is particularly useful in a device for determining the corrosion properties of the materials from which the test electrodes have been formed. The present invention relates to a device and method for holding the described electrodes wherein the exposed surface area of the electrodes is only infinitesimally decreased. Further, in the present invention the exposed, electrically conductive surface area of the contact devices is small relative to the test electrode surface area. The holder of the present invention conveniently comprises a device for contacting and engaging each test electrode at two point contacts infinitesimally small in relation to the exposed surface area of the electrodes.

Abstract: Techniques and apparatus are described for measurement of corrosion of drill pipe in a well bore during drilling. The techniques involve the use of a test coupon attached to the external surface of a drill string. In a preferred embodiment the test coupon comprises a metal plate mounted in an insulating material such as plastic. The test coupon is preferably secured within a recess in the external surface of a sub connected between segments of a drill string.

Abstract: A method is described for testing equipment to determine whether it will continue to function when in the presence of a sodium fire, which is of much less cost than prior testing methods. The method includes spraying sodium monoxide on the equipment while it lies within an enclosure. The sodium monoxide is a fine powder, and the moisture within the chamber is maintained at a high level which is much above 20%. The moisture turns the sodium monoxide to sodium hydroxide, or lye, which is the most damaging component of a sodium fire.

Abstract: Apparatus for determining the corrosion rate of industrial condensing equipment so that corrosion inhibitors may be effectively utilized to control corrosion. The apparatus which simulates a cooling circuit for process streams which require the introduction of reagents to inhibit corrosion includes a primary condenser with automatic cooling control and more than one serially connected cooling-monitoring section, associated means for monitoring corrosion rate, temperature, and/or dewpoint and means for adjustibly controlling the process stream cooling rate of said cooling-monitoring sections. The process stream is flowed through said serial connected cooling-monitoring sections in order to cool the vapors in a manner which simulates cooling that will take place in a parallel connected heat exchanger unit.

Abstract: A corrosion test assembly adapted for operative placement in a flowing gaseous medium for subjection to corrosive materials therein, more particularly, in scrubber systems, the assembly including a support and mounting means removably attachable to an outer surface of a component containing a flowing gaseous medium wherein at least one corrosion test specimen or coupon is mounted on the support and mounting means, with the test member extendable into the gaseous medium, wherein the test specimen is subjected to corrosive action by corrosive materials in the gaseous medium.

Abstract: A sample of material which is to be exposed to a hot gas corrosion is suspended in a pipe and is irradiated with heat radiation through parabolic mirrors through the pipe. Beneath the sample of material, there is found a thermocouple element which is also arranged along the focusing line. The substance stimulating corrosion is provided in a crucible furnace which is heated separately. Through a gas connection, gas or steam is supplied in order to generate the atmosphere stimulating corrosion in the pipe. The variations in weight of the sample of material are continuously measured with a balance.

Abstract: The invention provides a sensing device and method to determine irregularities of a pipeline wall arising from corrosion, pitting, gouges, scale and deposits, and dents causing out of round conditions. This sensing device may be carried through a pipeline by a pipeline pig and comprises radial, movable spring-loaded sensing fingers adapted to continuously contact the pipeline inner surface, said sensing fingers preferably being secured to a fluid-tight drum. The sensing fingers are acoustically connected to one or more microphones, which may be confined within the interior chamber of the fluid-tight drum. The microphones, in turn, are electrically connected to a recording device for recording the audio signal the sensing fingers make as they move through the pipeline.

Abstract: An ultrasonic corrosion monitor is provided which produces an in situ measurement of the amount of corrosion of a monitoring zone or zones of an elongate probe placed in the corrosive environment. A monitoring zone is preferably formed between the end of the probe and the junction of the zone with a lead-in portion of the probe. Ultrasonic pulses are applied to the probe and a determination made of the time interval between pulses reflected from the end of the probe and the junction referred to, both when the probe is uncorroded and while it is corroding. Corresponding electrical signals are produced and a value for the normalized transit time delay derived from these time interval measurements is used to calculate the amount of corrosion.

Abstract: An apparatus is described for providing a visual display of the presence or absence of a change from the normal to the abnormal in the condition of a pipeline, for example an adverse change in the current supply to the pipeline for cathodic corrosion control purposes. In a preferred form, the apparatus consists of a transparent weatherproof housing within which is mounted two sets of vanes, one set being immovable and the other set being mounted on a rotatable central shaft which is linked to the instrument monitoring the condition of the pipeline. The vanes are painted in distinctive colors so that in the normal position, a single color or distinctive pattern can be seen by a distant observer as an indication that all is well. Upon an adverse change in condition, the central shaft is rotated so as to move the movable vanes to another position where a different color or color pattern is displayed, thus indicating the occurrence of the adverse change to the distant observer.

Abstract: A liquid water sensor, useful for indicating a corrosive condition in a natural gas pipeline, comprises a plurality of electrically conductive members spaced from each other by an insulating medium and in series with an electrical continuity detector. The conductive members are spaced at a distance sufficient to enable a droplet or film of water to bridge such conductive members to provide a conductive pathway therebetween and thereby provide a signal at the continuity detector. An electrical circuit is also provided which includes a heater for heating the conductive members to evaporate liquid water therefrom and an output circuit for indicating whether liquid water was present or another conductive material having a boiling point greater than water, e.g. ferrous sulfide, continues to provide a conductive pathway between the conductive members after cessation of heating.

Abstract: Means for discriminating the corrosion susceptibility of alloys of zirconium in an environment of a water cooled, nuclear fission reactor.

Abstract: A method for determining the variations of the internal condition of a pipeline or tubing, by propelling a pig, which is sealed against the pipeline or tubing wall, through the pipeline by means of a constant flowing driving fluid comprising the steps of continuously measuring and recording the pressure of the driving fluid or the pressure differential across the pig during pigging of the pipeline or tubing and deriving from the recorded pressure signals a plurality of quantities representative for the pressure variations in selected successive intervals of the pipeline or tubing, each interval having a predetermined length, in such a way that the total length of the pipeline or tubing to be inspected is covered, and comparing the values of the quantities thus obtained with reference data of these quantities, and deriving from comparision information as to the internal diameter variations of the pipeline or tubing being inspected.

Abstract: A hydrogen blistering corrosivity meter includes a cavity filled with a monitoring liquid. A liquid to be tested is separated from the monitoring liquid by a steel membrane. A device, which allows the volume of the measuring liquid to be monitored, is connected to the cavity. Dissolved hydrogen atoms, if any, formed by the test liquid diffuse through the steel membrane and enter the cavity, forming molecular hydrogen and causing an increase in volume in the measuring liquid which corresponds to the rate of corrosion activity.

Abstract: A device and method for measuring the antifouling coating leach rates on ps' hulls uses a spherical segment shaped shell that circulates water over a coated area. A pump connected in closed circuit with the shell assures proper flow rate. A second pump creates a partial vacuum and holds the shell on the coated surface. A combination of nozzles and outlet fittings assures that the coating is exposed to a circulating flow of water. A portion of the circulated water is passed through a cupric ion electrode sensor which provides signals representative of the dissolved copper in water over time and, hence, the leach rate of the coating.

Abstract: There is disclosed a novel mobile apparatus and process therefor including a heat transfer test assembly and related conduit and valve assemblies for connection in fluid flow communication to a heat transfer apparatus for in-situ testing of the fluid passing therethrough and including monitoring and recording apparatus. The heat transfer test assembly includes a heating member for controlled heat input and thermocouples to measure the surface temperature of the heating member to permit fouling deteminations at varying flow rates with simultaneous monitoring and recording thereof together with data, such as corrosion, pH, conductivity, and the like.

Abstract: Means for adding corrosion inhibitor to an engine cooling system utilizing a corrosion detector in contact with the circulating coolant and which is in an electronic circuit to activate a control valve which controls the feeding of corrosion inhibitor solution from a reservoir that is in selective communication with the coolant system. The corrosion detector may be in the form of a probe that measures solution potential or electrical resistance of a metal wire as it corrodes due to the corrosiveness of the coolant. The corrosion inhibitor reservoir is located either in communication with the line between the radiator and coolant reservoir or in a by-pass line parallel with the radiator.

Abstract: Corrosion of a component surface, e.g. the surface of a pipe, is monitored by monitoring the thickness, e.g. by resistance measurement, of a test element formed from the material of the component and mounted so that its exposed surface is flush with and extends over substantially all of one dimension of the component surface, e.g. substantially all round the circumference of a pipe.

Abstract: Apparatus for determining the corrosion rate of petroleum distillation equipment so that corrosion inhibitors may be effectively utilized to control corrosion. The apparatus includes a water box having a coil arranged in the box through which hydrocarbon vapors are directed. Cooling water is forced through the box in a counterflow direction to cool the vapors and simulate cooling that will take place in heat exchange units. Corrosion and temperature probes are arranged along the coil to determine corrosion rates at the various temperature levels of the hydrocarbons so that a corrosion profile can be established and related to the temperature of the vapors at various locations in the heat exchange units of the equipment.

Abstract: A process and a device for detecting the occurrence of corrosion during the operation of steam turbines are disclosed, wherein working medium is taken from the steam turbine and partially condensed. The condensate is separated from the remaining steam and the quantities of both the remaining steam and the condensate are determined. The condensate is continuously examined for aggressive materials. The condensate is then subjected to chemical and physical analysis in a test apparatus. To detect corrosivity, a prestressed metal test piece and a metal bursting disc are arranged in a condensate vessel in contact with the condensate.

Abstract: An apparatus for the accelerated testing of the corrosion resistance of a plurality of parts in an isolated environment is disclosed including a horizontally disposed support bar from which the parts to be tested depend. A reservoir of corrosive liquid media is located vertically below the support bar and a drying zone is located above the reservoir wherein the temperature is controlled within plus or minus 10.degree. C. The test unit is operated by reciprocally driving the support bar such that when the bar is in its lowermost position the parts are immersed in liquid corrosive media and when the bar is in its uppermost position the parts are in the temperature controlled drying zone. Controls are also provided to selectively retain the parts in the corrosive media and in the drying zone for predetermined, repetitive periods of time.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a method of and apparatus for determining the corrosion rate of metal by liquid flowing in a metallic pipe system by continuously bleeding off upstream and downstream liquid portions from a metallic pipe at predetermined rates for predetermined time periods and filtering therefrom both heavy metals and particulate metals, determining the rate of solution corrosion and cavitation-erosion of the metal from the amount of heavy metals and particulate metals, respectively, filtered from the upstream and downstream bled-off liquid portions, and integrating the difference between the upstream and downsteam determinations to obtain the corrosion rate of the metallic pipe system.

Abstract: A device for detecting and indicating the presence of corrosive fluids in a specified volume, as in the insulating blanket surrounding the pipes in a heavy water plant, is disclosed. The device includes a housing containing a primary indicator such as a bobbin with a long, brightly colored ribbon wrapped therearound, and a secondary indicator. A compression spring abuts the secondary indicator and is held in compression by a corrodable link anchored at one end to the housing and at the other end to the secondary indicator. The link is exposed to the volume being monitored and if there is a corrosive fluid present the fluid will corrode the link until it breaks. The spring force is released to act on the secondary indicator to project the primary indicator from the housing. The ribbon unwinds from the bobbin to provide a visual indication of the presence of the corrosive fluid.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for monitoring the corrosive effects of certain fluids by simulating the high temperature, high pressure, and flow conditions experienced in the production tubulars of oil and gas wells. A corrosion coupon constructed from an accurately machined tube is divided parallel to its axis and is held in place in a test chamber. A corrosive fluid is passed through the tube under simulated flow conditions at a controlled temperature and pressure. The tube is then dismantled for inspection so that loss of mass and the character of the loss from the divided sections due to corrosion may be determined.

Abstract: A combined temperature control is an integral part of a corrosion probe. The probe includes a corrosion measuring element as one part thereof. The integral temperature control portion acts to provide a desired temperature at the measuring element. And, the result permits creation of the worst corrosive conditions at the measuring element of the probe, irrespective of the location of the probe in the corrosive environment.

Abstract: 1,2-Ethane diphosphonates of the general formulaM.sub.2 O.sub.3 P--CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --PO.sub.3 M.sub.2wherein M is hydrogen, metal ion, ammonium, alkyl ammonium or mixtures thereof, are disclosed as inhibiting the corrosion of metals by oxygen-bearing waters. The 1,2-ethane diphosphonates can be employed either alone or in combination with certain thiols, 1,2,3-triazoles, zinc salts, chromates, silicates, inorganic phosphates, molybdates, tannins, lignins, lignin sulfonates, certain calcium and magnesium salts and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A test coupon, more particularly a deposition test coupon, for measuring the deposition rate of scale on surfaces in contact with a scale-forming medium such as industrial cooling water.

Abstract: An apparatus for inserting and removing a corrosion coupon from the interior of a pipeline while under pressure, comprises an elongated cylinder with a flange or threaded connection at one end and a closure device at the other end. The cylinder is attached to a valve which is attached as a branch to a pipeline. Inside of the cylinder are guides for the longitudinal movement of a long rack at the end of which is mounted the corrosion coupon. A pinion in operative relation to the rack is mounted on a shaft which is supported in a side pipe to the cylinder. A handwheel operating the shaft permits the longitudinal movement of a long rack within the cylinder. At the end of the rack is mounted the corrosion coupon. When the valve is open the coupon is moved through it into the pipeline so that the coupon is exposed to the fluid flowing in the pipeline. Indexing means is provided for determining the precise position of the coupon in the pipe.