Abstract: The invention relates to an integrated process for assessing one or more properties of a catalyst. In the method, a standard chemical reactor or reactors is/are provided, and a bypass means is also provided, to transport a sample of whatever is added to the industrial reactor, to the test reactor. Both gases and liquids are transferred to the test reactor.

Abstract: An objective of this invention is to conduct an accurate quantitative analysis on the Ar element contained in a sample gas by an element analysis device comprising a heating furnace and a mass spectrometer for conducting a quantitative analysis on an element in a vacuum atmosphere. The element analysis device comprises: a heating furnace that heats a graphite crucible containing a sample while introducing a carrier gas into the heating furnace, thereby vaporizing the sample to generate a sample gas; a quadrupole mass spectrometer that conducts the quantitative analysis on the Ar element contained in the sample gas in a mixed gas comprising the carrier gas and the sample gas discharged from the heating furnace, a first pressure regulator that controls the pressure of the carrier gas to be introduced into the heating furnace, and a second pressure regulator that controls the pressure of the mixed gas discharged from the heating furnace.

Abstract: An analytical device for determining a measured variable dependent on the concentration of one or more constituents of a sample includes a decomposition reactor surrounded by an insulating tube, a heating apparatus, an oxygen production system including at least one oxygen permeable membrane, a housing, and a feed gas guiding system for supplying a feed gas to the at least one membrane of the oxygen production system. The feed gas guiding system includes a reaction space surrounding the at least one membrane and is connected with an inflow duct open to the environment such that at least two partitions are arranged coaxially within the insulating tube and surrounding the decomposition reactor, where the partitions subdivide an intermediate space arranged between the decomposition reactor and the insulating tube into annular chambers forming the feed gas guiding system, where the annular chambers are connected with one another by overflow openings.

Abstract: This document provides methods and materials involved in assessing concentrations of analytes in an environment using a diamond-containing carbon electrode. For example, methods and materials for using FSCV or paired pulse voltammetry to discriminate analytes based on their adsorption characteristics to a diamond-containing carbon electrode are described herein.

Abstract: A device and a method for detecting fluid particle characteristics. The device comprises a fluid composition sensor configured to receive a volume of fluid and a controller. The fluid composition sensor comprises a collection media configured to receive one or more particles of a plurality of particles within the fluid; and an imaging device configured to capture an image of one or more particles of the plurality of particles received by the collection media. The controller is configured to determine a particle impaction depth of each of the one or more particles of the plurality of particles within the collection media; and, based at least in part on the particle impaction depth of each of the one or more particles of the plurality of particles, determine a particulate matter mass concentration within the volume of fluid.

Abstract: A method for determining the water content in the atmosphere by image processing comprises: determining the number of particles contained in a size range; measuring the mass of particles having a size in the size range from the determined number of particles; determining the number of particles having a size equal to a threshold size; evaluating the number of particles outside of the given size range from the determined number of particles and from the threshold size; estimating the mass of particles outside of the size range from the evaluated number of particles; and determining the water content by addition of the estimated mass and the measured mass.

Abstract: A gas-phase chemical analyzer has at least one gas chromatography column in gas-flow communication with at least one gas carrying tube of an optical absorption cell, a laser for illuminating molecules in a gas mixture flowing though the at least one gas carrying tube of the optical absorption cell, and a photodetector or photodetecting apparatus for measuring absorption spectra of the gas mixture illuminated by the laser. A first module is provided for statically identifying particular molecules in the gas mixture from other molecules in said gas mixture and a second module is provided for comparing at least selected ones of the particular molecules in the gas mixture with a reference library of absorption spectra of previously identified molecules and for determining the likelihood of a correct identification of the particular molecules in the gas mixture and the previously identified molecules in the reference library.

Abstract: The invention provides apparatus and methods for determining the isotope ratio of a sample. The apparatus comprises a dynamically heated chamber (1); a reactor (4), wherein an outlet of the dynamically heated chamber is coupled to a reactor inlet; an isotope ratio spectrometer (6), wherein an outlet of the reactor is coupled to a spectrometer inlet; such that a gas flow path is provided from the dynamically heated chamber to the isotope ratio spectrometer; wherein the apparatus includes at least one selective gas trap (3,5) in the gas flow path, the gas trap being configured to selectively and reversibly trap one or more gases present in the gas flow in use.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting cation conductivity of sample water is provided. The apparatus includes a decarbonation device which receives ambient air and removes CO2 components from the ambient air to produce decarbonated ambient air. The apparatus also includes a desorption device which receives the decarbonated ambient air and sample water that includes CO2 gas. The apparatus also includes one or more control processors which cause the decarbonated ambient air to be provided to the sample water in the desorption chamber where a portion of the CO2 gas is removed from the sample water when the decarbonated air passes through the sample water. The desorption chamber utilizes gravity to implement counterflow of the sample water and the decarbonated air to efficiently produce degassed sample water. The degassed water is provided to a conductivity sensor for evaluating the corroding anionic impurities of the water.

Abstract: Provided is a biomass pyrolysis apparatus comprising: a combustion furnace that produces a heat quantity by causing a stable property fuel to combust; a pyrolysis gasification furnace that produces a torrefied material, and a pyrolysis gas by pyrolyzing woody biomass by a heat quantity produced by the combustion furnace; and a pyrolysis gas introduction passage that introduces the pyrolysis gas from the pyrolysis gasification furnace into a boiler, into which the torrefied material is introduced.

Abstract: A heating and cooling system for use with hot, cold and source fluid circuits. A conduit module couples a heating/cooling module with the fluid circuits. The conduit module includes four three-way valves to communicated fluid from and to the fluid circuits to first and second heat exchangers in the heating/cooling module. The first heat exchanger is used to heat a fluid flow and the second one chills a second fluid flow. The conduit module simultaneously supplies a hot fluid flow to a hot fluid circuit and a cold fluid to a cold fluid circuit. The source fluid is routed by the conduit module.

Abstract: There are provided methods and devices for sensing hydrogen gas. For example, there is provided a method that includes drawing a sample into a channel. The method includes passing the sample over a collection plate to remove an extraneous gas in the sample, thus yielding a purified sample. The method further includes passing the purified sample on a sensing plate and measuring a concentration of hydrogen in the purified sample using the sensing plate. The measuring can include heating the sensing plate and correlating a change in resistance of the sensing plate with a specified concentration of hydrogen. Furthermore, the method can include regenerating the collection plate following the measuring.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for extracting the contents of voids and/or pores present in a semiconductor device to obtain information indicative of the nature of the voids and/or pores, e.g. to assist with metrology measurements. The method includes heating the semiconductor wafer to expel the contents of the voids and/or pores, collecting the expelled material in a collector, and measuring a consequential change in mass of the semiconductor wafer and/or the collector, to extract information indicative of the nature of the voids. This information may include information relating to the distribution of the voids and/or pores, and/or the sizes of the voids and/or pores, and/or the chemical contents of the voids and/or pores. The collector may include a condenser having a temperature-controlled surface (e.g. in thermal communication with a refrigeration unit) for condensing the expelled material.

Abstract: In order to provide a gas chromatograph in which any adverse effects on a reduction reaction unit that are caused by the degradation of a reduction catalyst, and any adverse effects on an analyzing unit are prevented, a gas chromatograph is provided with: a column that, by causing a sample gas to pass through itself, is able to separate constituents for measurement that are contained in the sample gas; an oxidation reaction unit that uses an oxidizing gas to oxidize the sample gas that has passed through the column so as to create an oxidation sample gas; a reduction reaction unit that uses a reducing gas to reduce the oxidation sample gas created by the oxidation reaction unit so as to create an oxidation reduction sample gas; and an analyzing unit that analyzes the sample gas.

Abstract: A method for extracting shape information for particles with similar shape and corresponding system of a tandem differential mobility analyzer (DMA) and pulse field differential mobility analyzer (PFDMA) system, that executes at least generating a steady state aerosol concentration; passing aerosol flow from the aerosol concentration thru a bipolar charger to produce a known charge distribution; passing aerosol thru a DMA with set sheath and aerosol flows and a set voltage to generate a mono-mobility aerosol; passing mono-mobility aerosol thru a PFDMA system; and measuring mobility as a function of electric field by varying the duty cycle of the pulse in the PFDMA system. Alternatively, the method and system relate to separating particles with different shapes by adjusting the duty cycle of the pulse to reach a higher or lower electric field than in the DMA in which the mono-mobility aerosol was generated; and separating particles based on shape.

Abstract: A system for generating and purifying hydrogen. To generate hydrogen, the system includes inlets configured to receive a hydrogen carrier and an inert insulator, a mixing chamber configured to combine the hydrogen carrier and the inert insulator, a heat exchanger configured to apply heat to the mixture of hydrogen carrier and the inert insulator, wherein the applied heat results in the generation of hydrogen from the hydrogen carrier, and an outlet configured to release the generated hydrogen. To purify hydrogen, the system includes a primary inlet to receive a starting material and an ammonia filtration subassembly, which may include an absorption column configured to absorb the ammonia into water for providing purified hydrogen at a first purity level. The ammonia filtration subassembly may also include an adsorbent member configured to adsorb ammonia from the starting material into an adsorbent for providing purified hydrogen at a second purity level.

Abstract: A system and method for non-destructive testing of a monolith catalyst element includes a flat surface on which a monolith catalyst can be placed and a portion of the catalyst sealed against a piping arrangement located above and below the flat surface. A test fluid passes between the piping and therefore through the portion of the sealed catalyst section. Ports located in the piping allow for sampling of the fluid before and after the catalyst section. The catalyst element may then be repositioned on the flat surface for testing of a second portion of the element.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a high-temperature furnace for T(O)C measurement of a sample, which has a furnace housing which bounds a vaporization space and has a sample opening for the dropwise introduction of the sample and at least one flushing opening for introduction of a flushing liquid. According to the invention, the furnace housing is lined with a spinel ceramic on an inner side facing the vaporization space. By means of the spinel ceramic, the vaporization space is lined with a material which allows particularly high temperatures within the vaporization space and thus very complete combustion and is at the same time very resistant to temperature changes. This allows cleaning with a flushing liquid at essentially the operating temperature of the vaporization space and removal of deposited salts, in particular recrystallized organic salts, from the vaporization space in the flushing liquid in dissolved or undissolved form.

Abstract: An integrated system for determining a hemostasis and oxygen transport parameter of a blood sample, such as blood, is disclosed. The system includes a measurement system, such as an ultrasonic sensor, configured to determine data characterizing the blood sample. For example, the data could be displacement of the blood sample in response to ultrasonic pulses. An integrated aspect of the system may be a common sensor, sample portion or data for fast and efficient determination of both parameters. The parameters can also be used to correct or improve measured parameters. For example, physiological adjustments may be applied to the hemostatic parameters using a HCT measurement. Also, physical adjustments may be applied, such as through calibration using a speed or attenuation of the sound pulse through or by the blood sample. These parameters may be displayed on a GUI to guide treatment.

Abstract: An analyzing method which enables highly precise and rapid quantitative analysis of sulfur contained in a metal sample, includes: combusting a metal sample containing a sulfur component under pure oxygen gas atmosphere to oxidize the sulfur component into sulfur dioxide; and quantitatively analyzing sulfur in the metal sample through analysis, according to a UV fluorescence method, of a sulfur dioxide containing gas containing the sulfur dioxide generated by combustion of the metal sample.

Abstract: The present disclosure may include a device for testing catalysts, and a method for controlling the flow rate and temperature parameters during the process. The device may separate mass flow control through heating elements from the mass flow through the sample, as well as separate banks for mixing oxidizing elements, carbon dioxide, and diluent gas as well as reducing agents, nitric oxide, and diluent gas. The device disclosed here may also use mass control units of a sufficiently high speed so as to allow the desired testing conditions.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and to a device for sulfur characterization and quantification in a sample of sedimentary rocks or of petroleum products wherein the following stages are carried out: heating said sample in a pyrolysis oven (1) in a non-oxidizing atmosphere, oxidizing part of the pyrolysis effluents and continuously measuring the amount of SO2 generated by said part after oxidation, then transferring the pyrolysis residue of said sample into an oxidation oven (1?) and continuously measuring the amount of SO2 contained in the effluents resulting from said oxidation heating.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for combustion analysing a sample in a combustion analyzer (120,160,180), where the sample comprises a proportion of sulphur. The sample is supplied to the combustion analyzer and combusted to produce combustion products, comprising a yield of sulphur dioxide for detection. Nitrogen monoxide or a source of nitrogen monoxide is supplied to the combustion analyzer to improve the yield of sulphur dioxide in the combustion products. The yield improver may be supplied before and/or during the combusting step. A proportion of yield improver is preferably greater than the (expected) proportion of sulphur. Ozone may be supplied to the combustion products to convert at least a proportion of any nitrogen monoxide in the combustion products to nitrogen dioxide, before detection.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus and method for measuring carbon (any one or all of TC, TOC, or TIC) in a sample matrix. In an embodiment, a method for measuring carbon in a sample composition is provided. The method comprises providing an apparatus comprising a reaction chamber and a diamond coated electrode, wherein the diamond coated electrode is doped with boron. The apparatus further comprises a detector. In addition, the method comprises contacting the sample composition with the electrode. The method further comprises applying an alternating current to the electrode at a sufficient voltage to produce carbon dioxide. Moreover, the method comprises measuring the amount of carbon dioxide produced.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a high-temperature furnace for T(O)C measurement of a sample, which has a furnace housing which bounds a vaporization space and has a sample opening for the dropwise introduction of the sample and at least one flushing opening for introduction of a flushing liquid. According to the invention, the furnace housing is lined with a spinel ceramic on an inner side facing the vaporization space. By means of the spinel ceramic, the vaporization space is lined with a material which allows particularly high temperatures within the vaporization space and thus very complete combustion and is at the same time very resistant to temperature changes. This allows cleaning with a flushing liquid at essentially the operating temperature of the vaporization space and removal of deposited salts, in particular recrystallized organic salts, from the vaporization space in the flushing liquid in dissolved or undissolved form.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for producing CO2, N2 and/or SO2 from a sample for a quantitative analysis of the sample, comprising a reactor structure and metals acting in an oxidizing manner or metal oxides in the reactor. According to the invention, the reactor structure has at least two zones through which the sample can flow, which is to say a first zone with reactor metal and reservoir metal, or only reactor metal, and following the first zone, a second zone with reactor metal and reservoir metal, or only reservoir metal, wherein both metals can form oxides, and wherein the ratio of the reactor metal to the reservoir metal in the first zone is greater than in the second zone.

Abstract: A heating combustion tube 20 of the present invention is used in analysis of mercury in a heated state and includes a sample pyrolysis portion 10 in which a sample S is heated and decomposed, an oxidization portion 11 in which a fourth period metal oxide 13, which is a metal oxide in the fourth period on the periodic table, and a treating portion 12 in which an alkali metal compound and/or an alkali earth metal compound 14 is filled.

Abstract: An analyzing method which enables highly precise and rapid quantitative analysis of sulfur contained in a metal sample, includes: combusting a metal sample containing a sulfur component under pure oxygen gas atmosphere to oxidize the sulfur component into sulfur dioxide; and quantitatively analyzing sulfur in the metal sample through analysis, according to a UV fluorescence method, of a sulfur dioxide containing gas containing the sulfur dioxide generated by combustion of the metal sample.

Abstract: The invention relates to a reaction device which is used to study the behavior of a catalyst in the presence of reactants. The inventive device includes: various different mass flow regulators, which are used to supply a known controlled stream of gases, a pump which supplies the system with liquid reactants from a container, a hot box, wherein there have been placed a supply current evaporator and preheater, a valve which can be used to select the process path, a reactor into which the catalyst is introduced inside a furnace, a system which can be used to separate the liquid and gaseous products by cold condensation under pressure and which controls the pressure in the line of output gases, and a system for controlling the level in the decantation operation, the system being automated and computerized.

Abstract: Device and method for handling multi-component mixtures, comprising at least two not completely mixable fluid phases. The device comprises an arrangement of at least two high-pressure separators, being operatively connected each with a low-pressure separator. Each high-pressure separator comprises an outlet line for volatile gaseous constituents. Each low-pressure separator is operatively connected to a gas collecting container or shares at least one gas collecting container with a further low-pressure separator. At least one high-pressure separator has at least one outlet connection for gaseous constituents, being connected with a part to the analysis. The device is used in high-throughput research or in combinatory chemistry, preferably for the research of multi-component mixtures produced in experiments with catalyst, or in connection with high-pressure processes.

Abstract: Pure water is sucked from an acid adding flow line into a syringe and discharged from a drain flow line to clean the acid adding flow line, and then a carrier gas from a gas pipe is supplied to the acid adding flow line by the syringe to dry the acid adding flow line. A sample water collecting flow line is also cleaned and dried in the same manner. A TOC measurement flow line is cleaned with cleaning water sucked from a cleaning water flow line into the syringe, then a carrier gas from the gas pipe is supplied to the TOC measurement flow line by the syringe to clean and dry a flow line through which sample water flows in an organic matter oxidative decomposition unit from the TOC measurement flow line.

Abstract: An aspect provides an analyzer for validating a measurement of total organic carbon in a sample of water, including: one or more processors; and a memory storing program instructions including: instructions for measuring an amount of total organic carbon in a first sample of water using and obtaining a first measurement thereof; instructions for identifying a potential excursion event when an amount of total organic carbon in the first sample is above a predefined threshold; instructions for capturing a second sample of water in a bottle responsive to detecting the potential excursion event; instructions for introducing the second sample into a the analyzer; instructions for measuring an amount of total organic carbon in the second sample using the analyzer and obtaining a second measurement thereof; and instructions for comparing the first measurement and second measurement. Other aspects are described and claimed.

Abstract: The invention concerns a pluggable data transfer module and a method that can be used to transfer data from an analytical system to a data processing unit in a galvanically decoupled manner. This invention is particularly suitable for medical fields of application in which recently it has become more and more desirable to process analytical data of a patient.

Abstract: A total organic carbon measuring device comprises: a sample supply unit that collects and supplies sample water; an oxidative decomposition unit that is connected to the sample supply unit and oxidizes organic matter contained in the sample water supplied from the sample supply unit to carbon dioxide; a carbon dioxide separation unit that transfers carbon dioxide from the sample water that has passed through the oxidative decomposition unit to measurement water consisting of deionized water; a conductivity measuring unit that measures the conductivity of the measurement water flowing from the carbon dioxide separation unit; and an arithmetic processing unit that calculates the TOC concentration of the sample water from a measured value obtained by the conductivity measuring unit.

Abstract: Amounts of volatile organic compositions can be evaluated from vapor samples based on the time dependent response of a fuel cell contacted with the vapor sample at its anode. The time response of the fuel cell signal, e.g., voltage or current, is de-convoluted using a set of standard curves for an equivalent fuel cell configuration obtained separately for each of the volatile organic compositions of a fuel cell with an equivalent construction as the sample-evaluation fuel cell. The methodology can be implemented on a system with an appropriate vapor collection device suitable for the particular application. The method and system can be used to analyze breath samples to evaluate ethanol levels or other volatile organic composition. The system can be a breathalyzer, a vehicle interlock, a medical analysis device or a sensor of environmental or industrial interest.

Abstract: Method for determining the phosphorus content of an aqueous sample, in particular drainage-water sample, wherein the sample is subjected to thermal-oxidative decomposition and the orthophosphate content of the decomposed sample is determined photometrically in an aqueous analysis solution, such that the thermal decomposition is carried out in a single step by catalyzer-free burning of the sample as batch-decomposition in a combustion oven, the resulting combustion gas is transferred out of the combustion oven in a carrier-gas stream and the combustion/carrier gas stream is cooled to obtain the aqueous analysis solution as a condensate therefrom.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided to measure isotopic characteristics of a number of sample types. Embodiments of the invention combine novel and existing components to produce more accurate isotopic information. Further, embodiments of the invention allow for isotopic readings to be taken and analyzed outside of a laboratory. An example of such an embodiment is an apparatus comprising a combustion furnace; a reactant tube passing through the combustion furnace; an injector coupled to one, or a combination of, the combustion furnace, and reactant tube, to introduce a sample; a laser isotopic measurement device coupled to the reactant tube on the exit end; and a processor electrically coupled to one, or a combination of, the injector, the combustion furnace, the reactant tube, and the isotopic measurement device, in which a carrier gas transports the sample through the apparatus.

Abstract: An apparatus which comprises: an organic-substance oxidation part in which organic substances contained in a sample water supplied are oxidized into carbon dioxide; a carbon dioxide separation part in which the carbon dioxide contained in the sample water is caused to permeate and come into a measurement water; and a conductivity measurement part in which the conductivity of the measurement water is measured. The carbon dioxide separation part comprises: a sample water channel in which sample water flows; an intermediate water part in which intermediate water having a higher pH value in a neutral region than the sample water is present; and a measurement water channel through which the measurement water comprising deionized water flows. The sample water channel is in contact with the intermediate water part through a gas-permeable membrane, and the intermediate water part is in contact with the measurement water channel through a gas-permeable membrane.

Abstract: Process for determination of a water content material, in particular organic carbon content and/or nitrogen, in which an aqueous sample is evaporated and combusted in at least one heating vessel equipped with a heating facility and the combustion product is fed in a transport gas flow to a detector for determination of the concentration of a gaseous compound of the water content material, characterised in that calibration is performed with a predetermined volume of a calibration gas which contains a predetermined concentration of the element corresponding to the water content material, in particular carbon and/or nitrogen.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method allowing to determine at least one petroleum characteristic of a geologic sediment sample, wherein the sample is heated in an oxidizing atmosphere, its temperature being successively raised to a first, then to a second value, said first value below 200° C. being reached very quickly, then maintained substantially constant for a certain time, said second value ranging between 600° C. and 850° C. being reached with a temperature gradient ranging between 1 and 30° C./min, from said first value. According to the invention, the amount of SO2 contained by the effluent resulting from said oxidizing heating is measured continuously, every moment of the heating period of said sample.

Abstract: Method for determining the phosphorus content of an aqueous sample, in particular drainage-water sample, wherein the sample is subjected to thermal-oxidative decomposition and the orthophosphate content of the decomposed sample is determined photometrically in an aqueous analysis solution, such that the thermal decomposition is carried out in a single step by catalyzer-free burning of the sample as batch-decomposition in a combustion oven, the resulting combustion gas is transferred out of the combustion oven in a carrier-gas stream and the combustion/carrier gas stream is cooled to obtain the aqueous analysis solution as a condensate therefrom.

Abstract: A method for simply and rapidly analyzing inorganic phosphorus contained in an organic material and an apparatus for analyzing for carrying out the method of analyzing are provided. The method for analyzing inorganic phosphorus contained in an organic material includes the steps of pyrolyzing a sample composed of an organic material to gasify the sample, separating the pyrolyzed sample to fractions by gas chromatography, and detecting a fraction of a retention time corresponding to the inorganic phosphorus. The apparatus for analyzing inorganic phosphorus contained in an organic material includes gasification means for pyrolyzing a sample, and a gas chromatograph including a column for separating the pyrolyzed sample to fractions and a detector of a gas eluted from the column.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the separation, quantitative measurement, and analysis of trace species using a combination of three steps in succession. First, trace species are separated from other species that are present. Second, the trace species are chemically modified to convert them into specific species that are advantageous for the third and final step. In this last step, cavity enhanced optical detection of the converted species is performed to detect and measure the concentrations of the species of interest. Because the last step has spectroscopic resolution, the concentration of isotopologues in each converted species can be determined. Further processing can provide the ratios between pairs of isotopologues, in particular the ratio of the rare isotopologues to the most abundant isotopologue.

Abstract: In an apparatus for measuring absorbed power including an electromagnetic field probe 1 fixedly mounted within a head simulation phantom 2 which simulates the configuration and the electromagnetic characteristics of a head of a human body, and wherein the strength of an electric field or a magnetic field of a radio wave externally irradiated upon the head simulation phantom 2 is measured by the electromagnetic field probe 1, and the power of the radio wave absorbed by the head is estimated on the basis of measured values, the head simulation phantom 2 comprises a solid dielectric 10? which simulates the configuration and the electromagnetic characteristics of a head of a human body or a liquid dielectric 10 which simulates the electromagnetic characteristics of a head of a human body and which is filled in an enclosed vessel 10 which simulates the configuration of a head of a human body. The volume of the solid dielectric 10? or the volume of the enclosed vessel 11 is equal to or less than 5×105 mm3.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of testing catalysts and catalyst systems via a plurality of stations in which each station can accommodate a common reactor module in order to accomplish unattended, automated, rapid serial experimentation.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for combustion analysing a sample in a combustion analyzer (120,160,180), where the sample comprises a proportion of sulphur. The sample is supplied to the combustion analyzer and combusted to produce combustion products, comprising a yield of sulphur dioxide for detection. Nitrogen monoxide or a source of nitrogen monoxide is supplied to the combustion analyzer to improve the yield of sulphur dioxide in the combustion products. The yield improver may be supplied before and/or during the combusting step. A proportion of yield improver is preferably greater than the (expected) proportion of sulphur. Ozone may be supplied to the combustion products to convert at least a proportion of any nitrogen monoxide in the combustion products to nitrogen dioxide, before detection.

Abstract: There is provided a method and apparatus for removing selenium oxide in a sample as well as a method and apparatus for measuring mercury in coal combustion exhaust gas by using the same. The apparatus for removing selenium oxide in a sample, comprising: (1) a heating introduction path for heating a sample, (2) a primary cooling unit having a flow path through which the heated sample flows countercurrently to cooling water, whereby the heated sample is mixed with, and cooled by, cooling water, (3) a secondary cooling unit having a spiral flow path for cooling the mixed gas and having a space for gas/liquid separation at the end of the spiral flow path, (4) a regenerator for introducing condensed water from the secondary cooling unit, and (5) a condensed water-cooling path for connecting the regenerator to the primary cooling unit.

Abstract: An apparatus for analyzing the amount of gas in a solid sample such as a contained oxygen analyzing apparatus and method utilizing a preliminary reducing furnace which can be connected to an analyzing furnace by a transfer unit. A sample such as steel can be reduced in the preliminary reducing furnace and transferred to the analyzing furnace, for example, by a magnetic force, a gripping unit or a transporting sample body holder. A controller can control the application of heat and the mixing of a metal flux to provide discharge gas to an analyzer.

Abstract: An analyzer includes a reforming unit which reforms fuel containing an organic compound which contains carbon and hydrogen into a reformed gas containing hydrogen, a flame ionization detector which is connected to the reforming unit, and detects an ion generated by combusting the reformed gas supplied from the reforming unit and a sample gas, or ionizing a sample gas by reaction with the reformed gas supplied from the reforming unit, and outputs an output signal representing the ionic amount, and an analysis controller which analyzes the output signal from the flame ionization detector, and provides data capable of identifying a component contained in the sample gas.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for testing material libraries, in particular catalysts, by means of coupled use of at least two analytical methods, preferably IR thermography and mass spectrometry. Owing to the selected arrangement, the disadvantages of the two previously known individual methods are compensated for: the subsequent selectivity determination for selected sections by means of mass spectrometry invalidates the argument against IR thermography, of only being able to determine activities; the rapid integrated determination of potentially “good” materials via IR thermography prevents an excessive loss of time by needing to test all materials of a library successively with the mass spectrometer.