Abstract: Chromium and vanadium can be co-extracted from alkaline solutions or leach liquors containing these metals using quaternary amine solvent mixtures. The alkaline leach liquors usually are derived by leaching of calcined ores or concentrates. The loaded solvent mixture is scrubbed with chromium solution to remove all metals except chromium, and the chromium is then recovered from the solvent phase. The vanadium can be recovered from the scrub liquor. Recovery of aluminum is also possible.

Abstract: A process for extracting metal ions from a water insoluble metal base or salt dispersed in an aqueous solution using liquid ion exchange is described. The liquid ion exchange extractant is an alkyl phosphoric acid or acid phosphate (APA) which is dissolved in a water immiscible organic solvent. In contrast to prior art processes where the metal ion is dissolved in an aqueous solution, the insoluble metal base or salt is one which is reactive from an aqueous solution with the APA to replace one of the acid hydrogens to form an alkyl phosphate metal salt (APS) in the organic solvent. The metal ion can be recovered from the APS in the organic solvent by stripping with an aqueous acidic solution so that the metal ion is removed from the APS to form a metal salt in the aqueous acidic solution and the APA in the organic solvent is regenerated for reuse.

Abstract: According to the invention a process is proposed for purifying low-melting metals from impurities, residing in that a melt of a low-melting metal is treated with an aqueous solution of an inorganic acid or an alkali in the presence of organic compounds with ionogenic groupings.The proposed invention enhances the purity degree of the low-melting metal being purified and at the same time reduces the losses thereof.

Abstract: Molybdenum is ion exchanged into a crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite, replacing metals such as sodium, calcium, and potassium, by contacting the zeolite with an aqueous solution containing molybdenyl cations (i.e., MoO.sub.2.sup.2+) and having a pH below 7.0 but higher than that which would substantially affect the crystallinity of the zeolite. The resulting zeolite, when calcined or sulfided, is useful as a catalyst for hydrocarbon conversion reactions, particularly with respect to the hydrodealkylation of toluene to benzene and methane.

Abstract: A process for the recovery of valuable metals or their compounds from an aqueous medium, such as a metals refinery process waste solution. Metals are recovered in water-insoluble form from aqueous solutions of metal salts by contacting the aqueous solution with a killed fungus of the type commonly called molds for a period of time sufficient to convert soluble metal components in the aqueous solution to a water insoluble form sequestered by the dead fungus. After treatment, metals-containing fungus is separated from the treated aqueous medium and processed for the recovery of metal values.

Abstract: A process for recovering metals from aqueous media containing metal in solution, and especially from industrial waste water. The process includes the steps of contacting the aqueous medium with fungus for a period of time sufficient to allow the fungus to extract metal in a water-insoluble form from the solution. The metal may then be recovered from the fungus. Fungi of the species Cladosporium, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Black Mycelium and Aureobasidium, have been found to be particularly useful in the process of the present invention. The process is useful, both as a water purification process and as a metals recovery process.

Abstract: Indium is recovered effectively from an aqueous leached solution containing indium ions, together with other ions such as ferric ions, zinc ions, etc. if any, by adjusting the pH of the aqueous solution to 0.25-4.5, extracting the indium ions from the aqueous solution with an organic solvent solution formed by diluting an extraction reagent containing a monoalkylphosphoric acid and/or a dialkylphosphoric acid and a trialkylphosphoric acid in 1:2-5 by volume ratio with a phase-stabilizing water-immiscible organic solvent and then back-extracting the indium ions in the organic solvent solution with an aqueous sulfuric acid solution.

Abstract: A liquid membrane process for removing ions from solution which comprises contacting a solution containing a first ion and a second ion with an emulsion, said emulsion comprising an external phase which is immiscible with said solution and contains a first complexing agent, and a second complexing agent, said first complexing agent being capable of forming a first complex with said first ion, and said second complexing agent being capable of forming a second complex with said second ion, both of said complexes being soluble in said external phase, and an internal phase, which comprises a (1) decomplexing agent, said decomplexing agent being capable of converting said first complex into said first complexing agent and said first ion and (2) an inhibiting agent which is capable of inhibiting the formation of said first complex, whereby the first ion diffuses from said solution into said internal phase, and said second ion diffuses from said solution into said external phase.

Abstract: Metal values, such as iron, may be stripped from an organic liquid medium loaded with metal ions by a process which comprises contacting the organic medium with an aqueous phase at a contact temperature which is sufficiently high to cause the metal values to precipitate as metal oxide, hydroxide or hydrate (or a mixture thereof) in the presence of the organic medium.

Abstract: Solvent extraction of metallic mineral values from aqueous acidic solutions is improved by introducing a fine dispersion of air bubbles into the acid-extractant mixture to cause solid material normally occurring at the phase interface to float to the surface. This improved process is particularly applicable to the extraction of uranium from wet process phosphoric acid.

Abstract: A silicatic complexing agent for alkaline earth ions comprising an acid activated mineral of the montmorillonite-beidellite series, said mineral charged with an alkali metal.

Abstract: A method for recovering aluminum values from fly ash comprises sintering the fly ash with a mixture of NaCl and Na.sub.2 CO.sub.3 to a temperature in the range 700.degree.-900.degree. C. for a period of time sufficient to convert greater than 90% of the aluminum content of the fly ash into an acid-soluble fraction and then contacting the thus-treated fraction with an aqueous solution of nitric or sulfuric acid to effect dissolution of aluminum and other metal values in said solution.

Abstract: The invention described herein relates to a method for improving the acid leachability of aluminum and other metal values found in fly ash which comprises sintering the fly ash, prior to acid leaching, with a calcium sulfate-containing composition at a temperature at which the calcium sulfate is retained in said composition during sintering and for a time sufficient to quantitatively convert the aluminum in said fly ash into an acid-leachable form.

Abstract: Processes for the production of alumina and cement constituents from fly ash, in which the fly ash is subjected to magnetic separation removing magnetic constituents; the remaining non-magnetic fraction of fly ash is then mixed with a calcining agent and water, pelletized, dried and calcined, cooled, and then either acid cured or subjected to a hydrothermic shock treatment in sulfuric acid; the mixture is then diluted with water, filtrated, purified by a solvent extraction process, and evaporated yielding aluminum sulfate, which is then subjected to liquid-solid separation and decomposed at an increased temperature at which the sulfur in the form of sulfur oxide gases and the water vapor is driven off, alumina remains. The leach residue of the alumina extraction yields useful material for cement production.

Abstract: Gallium values are recovered from basic aqueous solutions thereof, especially from sodium/aluminum liquors of Bayer process origin, by liquid/liquid extraction with a water immiscible organic phase comprising an organic solvent and, dissolved therein, an organic-solvent-soluble substituted hydroxyquinoline and an organic carboxylic acid compound.

Abstract: This invention relates to exchanged mordenite and catalysts employing the same.

Abstract: A method is provided for extracting at least one of the trivalent ions Fe and Al from an acid solution. The method comprises uniformly mixing the acid solution with a liquid organic extractant comprising an organophosphorus compound and an alkylaromatic sulfonic acid dissolved in a water-immiscible organic solvent, the extractant being selective to the solvent extraction of said trivalent ions under acidic conditions. The molar ratio of the sulfonic acid to the organophosphorus compound is controlled over a range of about 1:4 to 10:1 and the mixing carried out for a time sufficient to effect solvent extraction of said trivalent ions and provide a raffinate substantially impoverished in said trivalent ions and a loaded extractant containing said trivalent ions, following which the loaded extractant is separated from the raffinate.

Abstract: An improvement in processes for recovering aluminum from alunite ore which processes include roasting the ore to remove water of hydration, removing sulfur and potassium compounds from the roasted ore by a procedure including a first leaching step resulting in a residue and a solution containing potassium sulfate, effecting partial recovery of potassium sulfate from the solution by crystallization with some potassium sulfate being bled off from the mother liquor, converting aluminum values in the residue to alkali metal aluminates by digesting the residue with alkali metal hydroxide including a substantial amount of sodium hydroxide, removing silicon from the alkali metal aluminates leaving a waste desilication product, recovering aluminum values from the desilicated aluminates by precipitation, circulating the mother liquor from the precipitation step to digestion as contaminated sodium hydroxide is bled off, the improvement which comprises enhancing the economics of the overall process by introducing therei

Abstract: In the process for the preparation of pure aluminum oxide by the steps of hydrochloric acid decomposition of mechanically or thermally activated clay or alumina containing minerals, separating the insoluble residue, removing the iron from the solution, crystallizing the aluminum chloride in the iron-free solution, thermally decomposing the crystallizate to aluminum oxide and recovering the hydrochloric acid from the decomposition gases, the improvement comprising effecting the process by the steps of mechanically pretreating the clay, drying the pretreated clay, thermally or mechanically activating the clay, subjecting the activated clay to circulating leaching, separating the leached material into an SiO.sub.2 containing residue and an AlCl.sub.3 solution, extracting the AlCl.sub.3 solution to an evaporating crystallization and thermally decomposing the crystals to produce .alpha.-Al.sub.2 O.sub.3.

Abstract: Exchanged zeolite of the faujasite type is produced by exchanging the sodium zeolite at super atmospheric pressures at temperatures below about 500.degree. F. with salt solutions in ratios of cations in excess of an equivalent of the cation per equivalent of the sodium in the zeolite.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for recovering gallium from calcined clay leached with hydrochloric acid. The leach solution containing aluminum, ferric and gallium chlorides is treated by ion exchange to first remove aluminum ions, following which the solution containing ferric and gallium chlorides is treated to reduce the ferric ions to ferrous ions. The reduced solution is acidified with hydrochloric acid sufficiently to insure that the gallium is present in the form GaCl.sub.4 - ions, and is then again treated by ion exchange to separate the ferrous ions from the gallium for ultimate recovery of the latter.

Abstract: A rare earth exchanged zeolite of the faujasite type in which the equivalent of Na is less than 0.1 and the rare earth is at least 0.9 equivalents per gram atom of aluminum and catalysts including the same.

Abstract: Kerogen-containing shale is crushed and comminuted to a fineness sufficient to free kerogen and any sulphides present in said shale. To enable the shale to be finely-divided more readily, the crushed shale is subjected to a leaching treatment prior to final comminution thereof.

Abstract: This case relates to a process for producing aromatics by contacting a C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 hydrocarbon with a gallium catalyst supported on an aluminosilicate in which the ratio of silica to alumina is between 20:1 and 70:1.

Abstract: A process for the selective separation of ferric iron from an aluminum fluoride aqueous solution containing ferric iron is effected by contacting said solution with an organic extractant phase consisting essentially of a mixture of a mono (higher alkyl-substituted phenyl) phosphoric acid and a di(higher alkyl-substituted phenyl) phosphoric acid dissolved in an inert diluent to thereby transfer the ferric iron to said organic extractant phase. The efficiency of the process is further improved by adjusting the aluminum fluoride aqueous feed solution to a temperature in the range of about 140.degree. F. to about 175.degree. F. prior to contacting it with the organic extractant phase, maintaining the temperature within this range throughout the ferric iron extraction stage or stages, then heating the resulting iron-depleted aqueous raffinate to a temperature higher than 195.degree. F., and then crystallizing aluminum fluoride trihydrate out of the raffinate at this higher temperature.

Abstract: Gallium values are recovered from highly basic aqueous solutions thereof, especially from sodium/aluminum liquors of Bayer process origin, by liquid/liquid extraction with a water immiscible organic phase comprising an organic solvent and a dissolved, water-insoluble substituted hydroxyquinoline, said recovery being characterized in that at least the step of extracting the gallium values is conducted under an inert atmosphere.

Abstract: Trivalent thallium values are extractively recovered from aqueous media containing dissolved trivalent and monovalent thallium values by treating the aqueous medium with an extractant comprising a carboxylic acid medium having limited solubility in water to preferentially extract at least a portion of the dissolved trivalent thallium values into the carboxylic acid extractant medium and recovering a carboxylic acid extract containing the extracted trivalent thallium values as a separate phase.

Abstract: This invention relates to the preparation of rare earth exchanged X type faujasite zeolites in which the Na content is reduced by exchange with rare earth cations to introduce in excess of about 0.9 equivalents of rare earth cations per gram atom of aluminum and catalysts employing the same.

Abstract: Metals are removed from waste materials that contain an organic component and a bimetallic salt complex component that comprises complexes having the formula M.sub.I M.sub.II X.sub.n .multidot.Aromatic and/or the formula M.sub.I M.sub.II X.sub.n .multidot.M.sub.II OX.multidot.Aromatic, wherein M.sub.I is a Group I-B metal, M.sub.II is a Group III-A metal, X is halogen, n is the sum of the valences of M.sub.I and M.sub.II, and Aromatic is a monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon or halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon having 6 to 12 carbon atoms by contacting the waste material with water and sufficient alkali metal hydroxide to form a hydrolysis mixture which has a pH above 5 and which separates into an upper organic phase and a lower aqueous phase. After separation of the phases, there is obtained a slurry of M.sub.I oxide, M.sub.I hydroxide, and/or M.sub.II hydroxide from which the metals can be recovered or which can be discarded in ways that are not damaging to the environment.

Abstract: Metals are recovered from waste materials that contain an organic component and a bimetallic salt complex component that comprises complexes having the formula M.sub.I M.sub.II X.sub.n.Aromatic and/or the formula M.sub.I M.sub.II X.sub.n.M.sub.II OX.Aromatic, wherein M.sub.I is a Group I-B metal, M.sub.II is a Group III-A metal, X is halogen, n is the sum of the valences of M.sub.I and M.sub.II, and Aromatic is a monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon or halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, by hydrolyzing the waste material with dilute hydrochloric acid to form a hydrolysis mixture that separates into an organic phase and an aqueous phase, and, after removing the organic phase, adding to the aqueous phase sufficient aluminum or another reducing metal to precipitate the Group I-B metal. After the precipitated metal has been removed from it, the aqueous solution is treated with sufficient base to precipitate the Group III-A metal hydroxyide, which is recovered from the aqueous solution.

Abstract: From roasted products of used catalysts from hydrotreatment desulfurization of petroleum, valuable molybdenum, vanadium, cobalt and nickel are recovered easily and a high percent recovery by means of a combination of simple chemical procedures and also inexpensive chemicals. The recovered metal components can be reused for preparing new catalysts and the like.

Abstract: Trivalent thallium values are extractively recovered from aqueous media containing dissolved trivalent and monovalent thallium values by contacting the aqueous medium in the presence of an alkanoic acid, having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms per molecule and having a molecular weight of at least 74 grams per gram-mol of acid, with an inert, organic, non-acidic solvent for the alkanoic acid, said solvent having limited solubility in water, to preferentially extract at least a portion of the dissolved trivalent thallium values into the organic solvent extractant and recovering an extract comprising the organic solvent containing the extracted trivalent thallium values.

Abstract: A process for the extraction of alumina from aluminum-containing silicates is disclosed. The process comprises acid leaching of the raw material, iron extraction, precipitation of the aluminum fraction as the aluminum chloride hexahydrate, removal of sodium chloride and calcination to alumina. The process can be made continuous with substantial regeneration and recycling of process components.

Abstract: Alumina is recovered from aluminum sulfate leach liquors by treatment of the liquor with HCl gas to the point of incipient crystallization of AlCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2 O, extraction of the resulting solution with a tertiary amine to remove iron, further treatment with HHl gas to precipitate AlCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2 O and roasting of the AlCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2 O to Al.sub.2 O.sub.3.

Abstract: The inlet opening of a chamber is connected to the exhaust manifold of an internal combustion engine so that the combustion products pass through the chamber to an exit opening. The chamber contains a pair of baskets which are open at their upstream ends and closed at their downstream ends. The sides of the baskets are made up of thin copper wire strands placed side by side. The exhaust from the engine is brought into the first basket and the pulses of pressure from the engine exhaust bows the wires outward in a pulsating manner to alternately open and close the spaces between the wires allowing the gases to pass through the spaces. Atmospheric air is introduced into the first basket to mix with the combustion products. The gases emanating from the first basket are introduced into the open end of the second basket and pass through the walls of the second basket in the same manner as the first basket, and then on to the exhaust opening.

Abstract: A process of producing an ammonium zeolite of the faujasite type in which a zeolite of the faujasite type whose exchange sites are substantially entirely occupied by Na cations, is treated with an ammonium salt solution to exchange substantially all of the Na cations with NH.sub.4 cations with substantially no impairment of crystallinity by a control of the relation of the equivalents of NH.sub.4 in the solution to equivalents of Na in the zeolite.

Abstract: In this process metal ions such as Ag.sup.+, Pb.sup.2+, Co.sup.2+, Cu.sup. 2+, Fe.sup.3+, etc., are extracted through a porous membrane impregnated with the first extractant containing chelating agents. The membrane contacts with an extraction feed on one side, and with the second extractant on the other side, and the objective metal ions are transferred from the feed to the second extractant. Throughout the extraction process, the pH values of the extraction feed, the impregnated extractant solution, and the second extractant are kept in decreasing order.An apparatus used for the above objective is also provided by this invention.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method and system for ion-exchanging cations in zeolitic particles of a size useful in fluidized bed processes; for example, zeolitic microspheres of the type employed in fluidized bed hydrocarbon conversion processes. The zeolitic particles are ion-exchanged by a stagewise countercurrent contact with ion-exchange liquid as they are moved in series over a continuously moving horizontal vacuum belt filter in the form of a thin porous cake, then into an agitated tank where the cake is formed into a slurry, and to another continuously moving vacuum belt filter where the microspheres are again formed into a thin porous cake. The latter cake is contacted with incoming ion-exchange liquid that percolates through the cake, passes to the agitated tank and is charged to the cake on the first belt filter.

Abstract: Metal ions may be scavenged from solution by means of a complexing agent comprising an inorganic substrate, such as a clay mineral, with covalent organic molecules, such as onium compounds, chemically bonded to the substrate, the covalent organic molecules containing free coordinating groups. The complexing agents are particularly useful in scavenging environmentally harmful metal ions such as mercury from industrial effluents.

Abstract: Iron is removed from concentrated aluminum nitrate solution by solvent extraction with tri-n-butyl phosphate.

Abstract: The method comprises the steps of crushing of the ore, neutralization by a mixture of water and sulphuric acid, introduction of a controlled quantity of sulphur dioxide gas at a pH value between 1.5 and 4 for promoting dissolution of nickel, copper and a desired quantity of manganese, leaching of the ore with sulphuric acid at a pH value between 1 and 3 for selectively dissolving the nickel and copper, separation of the solid and liquid phases, and separation of the metals contained in the liquid phase.

Abstract: A process for the treatment of aqueous solutions containing cations and anions, including aluminum sulphate and fluoride ions, for the recovery of the fluorine contained in the aqueous solution by means of an ion exchange plant, in which the aqueous solution flows through at least a strong acid cation-exchanger filter step, then a first weak basic anion-exchanger filter step which produces an almost complete separation of the sulphate ions, and after that a second weak basic anion-exchanger filter step which separates out the fluorine ions, and the fluoride is recovered from an eluate obtained during regeneration of the second anion-exchanger filter step.

Abstract: Ferrierite ore is activated for normal paraffin conversion by exchanging with the ammonium ion, heating in air at a temperature from about 775.degree. to about 1000.degree. F and exchanging again with the ammonium ion. Activation of ammonium ferrierite for conversion of branched paraffins is accomplished (1) by treatment with HF or (2) by heating in steam at a temperature within the above range, followed by exchange with ammonium ion. Ferrierite ore per se may be treated with HF, but to complete activation for conversion of branched paraffins, the HF treated ore must be exchanged with the ammonium ion.

Abstract: An improvement in processes for recovering aluminum from alunite ore which processes include roasting the ore to remove water of hydration, removing sulfur and potassium compounds from the roasted ore by a procedure including a final leaching step resulting in a residue and a solution containing potassium sulfate, effecting partial recovery of potassium sulfate from the solution by crystallization with some potassium sulfate being bled off from the mother liquor, converting aluminum values in the residue to alkali metal aluminates by digesting the residue with alkali metal hydroxide including a substantial amount of sodium hydroxide, removing silicon from the alkali metal aluminates leaving a waste desilication product, recovering aluminum values from the desilicated aluminates by precipitation, circulating the mother liquor from the precipitation step to digestion as contaminated sodium hydroxide is bled off, the improvement which comprises enhancing the economics of the overall process by introducing therei

Abstract: A hydrochloric acid leach solution is subjected to a first cycle of extraction by an organic solvent, solvent washing and stripping so that the stripping liquor contains iron, zinc, cadmium and gallium while the liquor constituted by the first raffinate at the outlet of the extraction unit mainly contains nickel, cobalt and copper. In a second extraction cycle, the stripping liquor contains copper while the second raffinate mainly contains cobalt and nickel. In a third extraction cycle, the stripping liquor contains cobalt while the third raffinate mainly contains nickel.

Abstract: The recovery of gallium present in aqueous solution which may also contain a compound of aluminum and sodium, in which the aqueous solution is contacted with a substituted hydroxyquinoline in solution in an organic solvent immiscible with water and under highly alkaline conditions whereby gallium and sodium and aluminum, when present, go into the organic phase, and in which the gallium can be separated from the sodium and aluminum by contacting the organic phase with a concentrated dilute solution of an inorganic acid to remove sodium and aluminum from the organic phase and then contacting the remaining organic phase with a more concentrated solution of inorganic acid to remove the gallium.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an adsorbent comprising X or Y zeolite containing one or more selected cations at the exchangeable cationic sites. The method basically comprises the steps of: contacting a base material comprisng X or Y zeolite with an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution at first ion exchange conditions to effect the addition of sodium cations to said base material; treating the sodium-exchanged base material at second ion exchange conditions to effect the essentially complete exchange of sodium cations with one or more cations selected from the group consisting of Group IA, Group IIA, and Group IB of the Periodic Table of Elements; and, drying the material at conditions to reduce the LOI at 900.degree. C. to less than about 10 wt. %. The adsorbent produced by the method exhibits faster adsorption-desorption rates for a desired extract component than does an adsorbent not produced by the method.

Abstract: A process is described for the selective recovery of aluminum from an impure solution in which aluminum is dissolved, comprising contacting said solution with a symmetrical bis(3,5-C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl-substituted phenyl) hydrogen phosphate to extract the aluminum, and separating the aluminum from said extract.

Abstract: Uranium values are obtained from phosphate rock by acidifying phosphate rock containing uranium values and at least one other heavy metal with a mineral acid so as to obtain a crude acid, solvent extracting the crude acid with an organic solvent so as to separate a raffinate from a relatively pure, wet process phosphoric acid and treating said raffinate with a base so as to raise the pH to 1-2 whereby uranium hydroxide or phosphate and other heavy metal hydroxides or phosphates are coprecipitated. The uranium content of the coprecipitate after drying is at least as high as 0.3% which is comparable to that of uranium ores of the highest quality.

Abstract: A solid adsorbent useful for the separation of para-xylene from a mixture of C.sub.8 aromatic hydrocarbons. The adsorbent is prepared by the steps of: ion-exchanging a precursor mass containing type X or type Y zeolite and amorphous material with an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to effect the addition of sodium cations to the zeolite structure, ionexchanging the sodium-exchanged mass to effect the essentially complete exchange of sodium cations, and drying the resulting material at conditions to reduce the LOI at 900.degree. C. to less than about 10 wt. %. The sodium cations can be essentially completely exchanged with barium and potassium cations in a weight ratio of from about 1.5 to 200 or with barium alone. I have found that the sodium hydroxide exchange step produces an adsorbent that has faster adsorption-desorption rates for the desired para-xylene isomer and permits a suitable adsorbent to be produced which contains barium cations alone.