Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing a supported catalytic material, wherein the said process comprises a step of heating a precursor of support material which has been impregnated with a mixture of chemical precursors, wherein the said mixture includes a nitrogen-containing reducing reagent as a precursor and a transition-metal-containing compound as a precursor.

Abstract: A process for generating power using a gas turbine, comprising the steps of: (i) vaporising and pre-heating liquid ammonia to produce pre-heated ammonia gas; (ii) introducing the pre-heated ammonia gas into an ammonia-cracking device suitable for converting ammonia gas into a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen; (iii) converting the pre-heated ammonia gas into a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen in the device; (iv) cooling the mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen to give a cooled hydrogen and nitrogen mixture; (v) introducing the cooled hydrogen and nitrogen mixture into a gas turbine; and (vi) combusting the cooled hydrogen and nitrogen mixture in the gas turbine to generate power.

Abstract: In one aspect, the disclosure relates to relates to heterogeneous catalysts useful for the synthesis of ammonia under microwave irradiation, processes for preparing the disclosed heterogeneous catalysts, and processes for synthesizing ammonia using the heterogeneous catalysts with microwave irradiation. In various aspects, the disclosed heterogeneous catalysts comprise: a metal selected from Group 7, Group 8, Group 9, Group 10, Group 11, or combinations thereof; a metal oxide support; and optionally a promoter material. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure.

Abstract: Disclosed are the ERK inhibitors of formula (1): and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Also disclosed are methods of treating cancer using the compounds of formula (I).

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed herein for synthesizing ammonia using nano-size metal or metal alloy catalyst particles. Hydrogen and nitrogen gases are passed through a system comprising, for example, a bed of magnetite supporting nano-size iron or iron alloy catalyst particles having an optional oxide layer that forms the catalyst.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The method includes heat management in the process for further converting the acetylene stream to form a subsequent hydrocarbon stream. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream can be used to transfer heat to process streams used in downstream process units, and in particular streams that are fed to endothermic reactors.

Abstract: The present invention provides a catalyst substance that is stable and performs well in the synthesis of ammonia, one of the most important chemical substances for fertilizer ingredients and the like. The catalyst substance exhibits catalytic activity under mild synthesis conditions not requiring high pressure, and is also advantageous from a resource perspective. Further provided is a method for producing the same. This catalyst comprises a supported metal catalyst that is supported on a mayenite type compound including conduction electrons of 1015 cm?3 or more and serving as a support for the ammonia synthesis catalyst. The mayenite type compound used as the support may take any form, including that of powder, a porous material, a sintered body, a thin-film, or a single crystal. Use of this catalyst makes it possible to increase the electron donating ability toward a transition metal.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed herein for synthesizing ammonia using nano-size metal or metal alloy catalyst particles. Hydrogen and nitrogen gases are passed through a system comprising, for example, a bed of magnetite supporting nano-size iron or iron alloy catalyst particles having an optional oxide layer that forms the catalyst.

Abstract: The invention provides systems and methods for producing ammonia under conditions having at least one of a temperature and a pressure that are respectively lower than the temperature and pressure at which the Haber process is performed. In some embodiments, a supercritical fluid is used as a reaction medium.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed herein for synthesizing ammonia using nano-size metal or metal alloy catalyst particles. Hydrogen and nitrogen gases are passed through a system comprising, for example, a bed of magnetite supporting nano-size iron or iron alloy catalyst particles having an optional oxide layer that forms the catalyst.

Abstract: Catalysts for ammonia synthesis based on ruthenium, directly supported over graphite having BET specific surface area in excess of 10 m2/g, preferably in excess of 100 m2/g and more preferably in excess of 280 m2/g, the graphite being characterised by X-ray diffraction pattern containing the diffraction lines characteristic of the crystalline graphite only, with exclusion of relevant bands due to amorphous carbon, to which catalysts barium, caesium and potassium are added as promoters. The graphitic supports allow to avoid the known pre-treatments and post-treatments needed in the case of supports obtained by partial graphitisation of active carbons and during use they are affected negligibly by the methanation shown by the supports obtained from active carbons. Furthermore, the catalysts of the present invention are characterised by a very high activity, even with ruthenium loadings well below the known loading.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of ammonia comprising contacting ammonia synthesis gas with one or more catalysts, at least one catalyst having supported ruthenium as the active catalytic material supported on a nitride on a secondary support. A catalyst for use in the above process is provided.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of ammonia from ammonia synthesis gas by contacting the synthesis gas with ammonia forming conditions with a catalyst comprising ruthenium as the active catalytic material supported on a carrier of boron nitride and/or silicon nitride.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of ammonia from ammonia synthesis gas by contacting the synthesis gas with ammonia forming conditions with a catalyst comprising ruthenium as the active catalytic material supported on a carrier of boron nitride and/or silicon nitride.

Abstract: This invention relates to a catalyst for ammonia synthesis. The main phase of the catalyst is a non-stoichiometric ferrous oxide expressed as Fe.sub.1-x O, which is structurally in a Wustite crystal phase form having the rock salt face-centered cubic lattice with lattice paracueter of 0.427-0.433 nm. This catalyst, which has quick reduction rate and high activity, and remarkably lowers the reaction temperature, is especially applicable as an ideal low-temperature, low-pressure ammonia synthesis catalsyt and can be widely used in ammonia synthesis industry.

Abstract: A process for producing unagglomerated single crystals of aluminum nitride having a size of at least 10 microns suitable for the reinforcement of metal and ceramic matrix composite materials. The process involves reacting alumina (or a precursor) with carbon under an atmosphere of nitrogen (or a precursor such as ammonia or an amine) at a temperature in the range of 1800.degree.-1950.degree. C. in the presence of an alkaki metal oxide (or precursor such as a carbonate) as a crystal growth promoter or catalyst. The alkali metal oxide is present in an amount required for the formation of crystals of the required size, preferably in the range of 10-60 microns. Particularly desirable crystals are produced if electrostatic precipitator dust is used as a source of the alumina, if petroleum coke or calcined anthracite coal is used as a source of the carbon and if the reaction is carried out in the presence of a porosity enhancer for the reaction mass, especially short cellulose fibres.

Abstract: A process for preparing iron-based catalysts for the synthesis of ammonia by melting of magnetite along with metal oxides as promoters, subsequent cooling of the molten mass and reduction thereof to the desired size, wherein the abovesaid cooling occurs at a rate higher than 25.degree. C./min., preferably ranging from 100.degree. C. to 1600.degree. C./min., at a temperature ranging from 1700.degree. C. to 700.degree. C.The present invention relates to a process for preparing iron-based catalysts having a high activity in the ammonia synthesis, and to the catalyst so obtained.

Abstract: A process for producing ammonia comprising selecting a catalyst precursor characterized by the formula:A.sub.y M.sub.a [M'(CN).sub.c ].sub.b .multidot.n H.sub.2 OwhereinA is an alkali or alkaline earth metal or mixture thereof;M is La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Sc, Lu and Y or mixtures;M' is a group VIII metal, preferably Fe, Co, Ni or Ru or mixtures;a=0.1 to 4;b=0.1 to 4;c=4 to 6; andprovided that the catalyst is free or substantially free of Al or the combination of Al and U, activating the precursor by heating in a non-oxidizing atmosphere and pass N.sub.2 and H.sub.2 over the activated catalyst to produce ammonia.

Abstract: The tendency of sintered iron oxide articles, particularly those wherein the iron oxide in the sintered article is in the form of haematite, containing a minor proportion of calcium oxide to cracking on reduction of the iron oxide to iron is increased by the incorporation of a minor amount of magnesium aluminate spinel into the iron oxide composition.

Abstract: High surface area, e.g. precipitated, ammonia catalyst precursors are promoted with an alkali metal salt of a transition metal acid, e.g. potassium ferrate, ferrite, permanganate, ruthenate, chromate, or ferrocyanide. The use of such promoters in place of potassium carbonate enables the catalyst to be activated at lower temperatures thus reducing the risk of sintering of the active metal.

Abstract: An ammonia synthesis catalyst precursor having a high BET surface area and containing oxides of iron, cobalt, aluminum, and an alkali metal of atomic number equal to, or greater than, 19. On reduction the precursor gives a catalyst having a high initial activity relative to that of a catalyst obtained by reduction of a standard fused, cobalt-free, precursor.The precursor may be made by precipitation followed by calcination.

Abstract: An iron oxide containing precursor to a catalyst for e.g. ammonia synthesis, having a surface area above 10 m.sup.2 .multidot.g.sup.-1 also containing alumina and an alkaline earth. The alkaline earth may be present as an alkaline earth aluminate. The composition may be made by precipitation followed by calcination. For use as an ammonia synthesis catalyst precursor, an alkali metal, e.g. potassium, is preferably incorporated into the composition to promote catalytic activity. The presence of "free" alkaline earth, as opposed to alkaline earth aluminate reduces the amount of alkali metal required.

Abstract: Catalysts as prepared by impregnating a carbon support with a halogen-containing compound of Ru, reducing the Ru to metal with hydrogen, and then depositing an alkali metal and a barium compound. The catalysts may be used for ammonia production.

Abstract: Processes for the conversion of gases into useable products as exemplified by the reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen to form paraffinic hydrocarbons, hydrogen and nitrogen to form ammonia, and water and carbon monoxide to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen may be effected at reaction conditions which include temperatures in the range of from about 200.degree. to about 700.degree. C. and pressures ranging from atmospheric to about 1000 atmospheres. The catalyst system which is to be employed to effect these reactions will comprise an iron-containing compound admixed with elemental copper, and potassium-, aluminum- and vanadium-containing compounds.

Abstract: Catalyst systems for the conversion of gases into useable products will comprise an iron-containing compound consisting essentially of elemental iron and a minimal amount of iron oxide. The system will also include the presence of from about 0.5% to about 4% by weight of elemental copper, from about 0.5% to about 4% by weight of aluminum oxide, from about 0.2% to about 5.0% by weight of vanadium oxide and from about 0.5% to about 5.0% by weight of a potassium-containing compound such as potassium oxide. This system will exhibit greater activity in the conversion of nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia, hydrogen and carbon monoxide to produce hydrocarbons, or water and carbon monoxide to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen.

Abstract: An improved catalyst for the synthesis of ammonia is described wherein a promoted iron-derived, pre-reduced catalyst is oxidatively leached with a neutral aqueous solution of potassium cyanide. Preferably an organic carboxylic acid such as citric acid is added to the aqueous solution to maintain the pH at about neutral. The resulting leached catalyst has a markedly higher activity than the unleached catalyst. The leached catalyst may be contacted with a cobalt complex or a nickel salt to incorporate cobalt or nickel therein which catalysts are also useful for ammonia synthesis.

Abstract: A method for applying electrical energy within a reactant chamber to enhance a process being carried out in said chamber. The chamber is filled solely or in part with an electrical energy-producing material which will produce electrical energy when excited. In one embodiment the electrical energy-producing material is a piezoelectric material, e.g. Rochelle salt, which is excited by a stress exerted by a piston within the chamber. In another embodiment, the electrical energy-producing material is a ferroelectric material, e.g. barium titanate, which is excited by an external electrical field applied through an electrode within the chamber. In certain processes, e.g. adsorption, catalysis, etc., the electrical energy-producing material may be mixed with an appropriate process material, e.g. adsorbent, catalyst, etc., to form the bed of material in the chamber.

Abstract: Synthesis of ammonia employing at least one salt selected from alkali metal-, an alkaline earth metal-, iron- and cobalt hexacyanocobaltate and hexacyanoruthenate on a suitable support and then heating the composition to provide it with suitable activity.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for the production of ammonia by catalyzed reaction between hydrogen and nitrogen, a new catalyst being used which is an intermetallic compound essentially consisting of at least one metal selected from the groups consisting of alkali and alkaline earth metals, with the exception of Be, and at least one metal selected from the group consisting of transition metals.

Abstract: Synthesis of ammonia employing at least one salt selected from alkali metal-, an alkaline earth metal-, iron- and cobalt hexacyanocobaltate and hexacyanoruthenate on a suitable support and then heating the composition to provide it with suitable activity.

Abstract: A spherical cerium-activated catalyst for the NH.sub.3 synthesis is prepared by: mixing magnetite with (by weight): 2-3.5% of aluminum oxide, 0.8-2% potasium hydroxide, 2-3.5% calcium oxide, 0.1-0.4% magnesium oxide and 0.2-0.5% silica; melting this mixture in a furnace at a temperature of at least 1600.degree. C.; air-cooling the molten mass, removing melted slag; crushing the deslagged mass in a crusher and pulverizing it in a rod-mill; adding in a mixer to the so obtained powder a cerium nitrate solution in quantities to obtain in the final catalyst a metallic cerium concentration of 0.5 to 2.5%; pelletizing the so added powder in a tray pelletizer to obtain a sphere shaped catalyst; drying said catalytic spheres in a furnace 100.degree.-200.degree. C.,and sintering them in an argon atmosphere at a temperature of 1250.degree.-1350.degree. C.

Abstract: A process for the production of ammonia comprises passing hydrogen and nitrogen over a catalyst comprising a transition metal, e.g. ruthenium, and a modifying metal, e.g. an alkali metal, supported on a graphite-containing carbon support having specified surface area properties. At start-up the nitrogen is supplied in stoichiometric excess and thereafter in stoichiometric proportions.

Abstract: Catalyst for the synthesis of ammonia from hydrogen comprises (1) as support on graphite containing carbon having (a) a basal plane surface area of at least 100 m 2/G (b) a ratio of BET surface area to basal plane surface area of not more than 5:1 and (c) a ratio of basal plane surface area to edge surface area of at least 5:1 and (ii) as active component (a) 0.1 to 50% by weight of a transition metal and (b) 0.1 to 4 times by weight of (a) of a modifying metal or ion selected from the alkali or alkaline earth metals or ions. The modifying metal or ion is actively associated with the transition metal rather than the support.

Abstract: The activity of conventional iron-based ammonia synthesis catalysts is enhanced by supplying alkali to the finished catalyst by vapor transpiration, either during preparation of the catalyst or during its use in synthesis operation, or during both. The catalyst used may contain one or more conventional promoters, including alkali embodied in the catalyst during its manufacture. The vapor transpiration provides increased effective alkali at the catalyst surfaces in the form of a inorganic compound, such as the hydroxide or carbonate or hydride. It avoids the problem of loss of surface area which would result from adding more alkali during manufacture of the catalyst. Vapor transpiration conditions, especially the relative temperatures of the vaporization chamber and hence the alkali vapor partial pressure in the catalyst chamber, are controlled to achieve an effective deposition while avoiding pore blockage or reduction of surface area.

Abstract: Catalyst for the synthesis of ammonia from hydrogen comprises (1) as support on graphite containing carbon having (a) a basal plane surface area of at least 100 m 2/G (b) a ratio of BET surface area to basal plane surface area of not more than 5:1 and (c) a ratio of basal plane surface area to edge surface area of at least 5:1 and (ii) as active component (a) 0.1 to 50% by weight of a transition metal and (b) 0.1 to 4 times by weight of (a) of a modifying metal or ion selected from the alkali or alkaline earth metals or ions. The modifying metal or ion is actively associated with the transition metal rather than the support.

Abstract: A transition metal catalyst suitable for use in the synthesis of ammonia is produced by doping an activated carbon support material with a solution of an alkaline earth metal compound, a solution of a compound of a transition metal from Group VIII and a solution of an alkali metal compound. Each doping is performed separately; the product of each step is baked to obtain a catalyst having a black and lustrous surface. The doping and the baking operations are preferably conducted under vacuum.The catalyst is preferably prepared with barium as the alkaline earth metal, ruthenium as the transition metal and potassium as the alkali metal. The activated carbon support material can additionally be doped with a solution of a compound of a lanthanide metal and/or a solution of a compound of a Group IIIA metal.The present family of catalysts provides good ammonia yields in the fixation of nitrogen at temperatures as low as 375.degree. C. and at pressures ranging from 27 - 67 atmospheres.

Abstract: Ammonia may be produced by the catalytic reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen, said reaction being effected in the presence of an activated transition metal macrocyclic compound. The catalyst is exemplified by cobalt phthalocyaninetetrasulfonate which has been activated by the application of a reductive potential in the range of from about -1.0 to about -3.0 volts, an example of this being by treatment with sodium borohydride. If so desired, the reaction may be effected in an inert solvent such as a paraffin, alcohol, etc.