Abstract: Techniques regarding electrically heating a reactor are provided. For example, one or more embodiments described herein can comprise a reaction tube positioned within a reactor body. The apparatus can also comprise a plurality of electric heating elements positioned within the reactor body and adjacent to the reaction tube. The plurality of electric heating elements can be arranged parallel to each other and perpendicular to the reaction tube.

Abstract: Known catalyst systems for the catalytic combustion of ammonia to form nitrogen oxides consist of a plurality of catalyst gauze layers which are knitted, woven or braided from platinum-based precious metal wire, which form a catalyst package when arranged after one another when viewed in a fresh gas flow direction. In order to provide a catalyst system on this basis for use in a medium-pressure system, with which a yield of the main product NO comparable to the industry standard can be achieved despite the reduced precious metal use, according to the invention, the catalyst package is formed from a front assembly with three catalyst gauzes with a first average mass per unit area and a downstream assembly of catalyst gauze layers arranged after the front assembly and having a second average mass per unit area, wherein the average mass per unit area of the front assembly has a short weight in the region of 1.

Abstract: A system, method, and apparatus for ameliorating deposits in selective catalytic reduction systems for the reduction of nitrogen oxide emissions in steam methane reformers. The system includes positioning a dual stage refractory particulate (RP) filter placed in an upstream airflow from a Selective Catalytic Reduction System (SCRS). The first stage is formed of a perforated steel plate with a second stage formed of a wire mesh screen. The system may employ air cannons to clean each of the first stage and the second stages.

Abstract: In a method for producing hydrogen cyanide by passing a feed mixture comprising ammonia and methane through reaction tubes, coated on the inner surface with a catalyst comprising platinum, at a reaction temperature of 1000° C. to 1400° C., operated for a time period of at least 100 h, the concentration difference between the ammonia concentration and the methane concentration in the product gas mixture is maintained in a range of from 1.05 % by volume to 3.0% by volume for at least 80% of the time.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing a product gas comprising acetonitrile and/or hydrogen cyanide from a feed stream comprising ammonia and methanol over a solid catalyst comprising a support, a first metal and a second metal on the support, wherein the first metal and the second metal are in the form of a chemical compound, wherein the first metal is Fe, Ru or Co and the second metal is Sn, Zn, or Ge. The pressure is ambient pressure or higher and the temperature lies in a range from about 400° C. to about 700° C. Thus, the process for producing acetonitrile and/or hydrogen cyanide from ammonia and methanol may be catalyzed by a single catalyst and may be carried out in a single reactor. The invention also relates to a catalyst, a method for activating a catalyst and use of a catalyst for catalysing production of acetonitrile and/or hydrogen cyanide from ammonia and methanol.

Abstract: A catalyst for preparing chlorine gas by hydrogen chloride oxidation, comprising the following components calculated according to mass content based on the total weight of the catalyst: 0.5-20 wt % copper; 2-10 wt % manganese; 0.05-2 wt % boron; 0.01-3 wt % chromium; 0.1-10 wt % rare earth metal; 0.1-10 wt % potassium; and 3-15 wt % titanium; also comprising 0.02-1.1 wt % phosphorus; and 0.03-1.9 wt % iron; the carrier content is 55-90 wt %. In the case of a fluidized bed reactor, the present catalyst can achieve a one-way hydrogen chloride conversion rate of 80-85%. Almost all of the 0-1000 mg/kg of chlorinated benzene contained in hydrogen chloride gas can be converted into CO2 and H2O without generating polychlorinated benzene.

Abstract: The invention relates to a catalyst material comprising a support, a first metal and a second metal on said support. The first and second metals are in the form of a chemical compound. The first metal is Fe, Co or Ni, and the second metal is selected from the group consisting of Sn, Zn and In. The invention also relates to a process for the preparation of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) from methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3), wherein the methane and ammonia are contacted with a catalyst according to the invention.

Abstract: Integrated systems and methods for onsite wastewater treatment in which a portion of onsite energy demands may be driven by energy harvested from the wastewater. Thermal energy of wastewater may be transferred from an onsite wastewater treatment system to an onsite heat pump to recover thermal energy, at least a portion of which may then be delivered to an onsite energy demand.

Abstract: A catalytic composition useful for the conversion of an olefin selected from the group consisting of propylene, isobutylene or mixtures thereof, to acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, and mixtures thereof. The catalytic composition comprises a complex of metal oxides comprising bismuth, molybdenum, iron, cerium and other promoters, wherein the ratio of bismuth to cerium ratio in the composition is greater than or equal to 0.45 and less than or equal to 1.5.

Abstract: The invention includes an apparatus and process for the catalytic production of HCN from a feed gas of ammonia and a hydrocarbon gas by means of heat tubes supplying heat to the feed gas stream and heat tubes for removal of heat from the products. The invention further includes a process for N2O abatement comprising transferring heat from an exothermic N2O degradation reaction through a heat pipe.

Abstract: A reactor for preparing hydrogen cyanide by the Andrussow process is provided. The reactor comprises at least one gas inlet which opens into a gas inlet region, an outlet for the reaction products and a catalyst, wherein at least one mixing element and at least one gas-permeable intermediate layer are within the reactor between the gas inlet region and the catalyst. The mixing element is arranged between the gas inlet region and the gas-permeable intermediate layer. A process for preparing HCN, in the reactor is also provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to a hydrocyanic acid containing bioresourced carbon, and to a method for producing a raw material mainly containing the same by reacting ammonia with methane or methanol optionally in the presence of air and/or oxygen, characterized in that at least one of the reagents selected from ammonia, methane and methanol is obtained from a biomass. The invention also relates to the uses of the raw material for producing acetone cyanohydrin, adiponitrile, methionine or methionine hydroxyl-analog, and sodium cyanide.

Abstract: A metal fiber based on one or several elements from the group of platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, and iridium with 0 to 30% by weight of one or several additional alloy elements from the group of nickel, cobalt, gold, rhenium, molybdenum, and tungsten, contains 1 to 500 ppm by weight of boron or phosphorus. A non-woven material or netting, in particular for the production of nitrogen oxide or for the production of hydrocyanic acid, is made of such fibers. For the production of fibers based on noble metals having up to 30% by weight of additional alloy metals by drawing the fibers from a melt, the melting point of the metal is reduced by at least 400 ° C., before drawing of the fibers, by additionally alloying with boron or phosphorus, and the boron or the phosphorus is removed again from the fibers.

Abstract: The invention includes an apparatus and process for the catalytic production of HCN from a feed gas of ammonia and a hydrocarbon gas by means of heat tubes supplying heat to the feed gas stream and heat tubes for removal of heat from the products. The invention further includes a process for N2O abatement comprising transferring heat from an exothermic N2O degradation reaction through a heat pipe.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a catalytic porous layer for oxygen activation that can be used in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) and dense ceramic membranes for oxygen separation at a high temperature. This porous layer is mainly composed of an electron and oxygen ion mixed conductive material and has a structure selected from simple perovskite-type structures, double perovskite-type structures or perovskite-related structures, i.e. structures such as the Ruddlesden-Popper, Dion-Jacobson and Aurivillius type.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a reactor (1) for preparing hydrogen cyanide by the Andrussow process, comprising a reactor vessel (2), at least one gas inlet (3) which opens into a gas inlet region (4), an outlet for the reaction products (5) and a catalyst (6), wherein at least one mixing element (7) and at least one gas-permeable intermediate layer (8) are provided within the reactor vessel (2) between the gas inlet region (4) and the catalyst (6), the mixing element (7) being arranged between the gas inlet region (4) and the gas-permeable intermediate layer (8). The present invention further relates to a process for preparing HCN, in which an inventive reactor is used.

Abstract: The invention relates to a hydrocyanic acid containing bioresource carbon, and to a method for producing a raw material mainly containing the same by reacting ammonia with methane or methanol optionally in the presence of air and/or oxygen, characterized in that at least one of the reagents selected from ammonia, methane and methanol is obtained from a biomass. The invention also relates to the uses of the raw material for producing acetone cyanohydrin, adiponitrile, methionine or methionine hydroxyl-analog, and sodium cyanide.

Abstract: A process for the ammoxidation of an alcohol feed, such as methanol, or a nitrile feed, such as propionitrile, or a mixture thereof, to form hydrogen cyanide uses a modified Mn—P catalyst having the following empirical formula: MnaP1AbOx where A=one or more of K, Ca, Mo, Zn, Fe or mixtures thereof; a=1 to 1.5; b=0.01 to 1.0 and x is a total number of oxygen atoms determined by the oxidation states of the other elements present.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing hydrogen cyanide by the Andrussow process by reacting methane-containing gas, ammonia and oxygen-containing gas over a catalyst at elevated temperature, wherein the proportion by volume of oxygen in relation to the total volume of nitrogen and oxygen (O2/(O2+N2)) is in the range of 0.2 to 1.0 and the reaction is performed with a non-ignitable reactant gas mixture.

Abstract: The inventors have discovered catalyst ignition promoters comprising one or more activated metals. The catalyst ignition promoters are easily prepared from a number of metal sources, including spent catalysts, are activated quickly and provide effective catalyst ignition independent of the quality of the metals that comprise the catalytic converter. The one or more activated metals comprising the ignition promoter are prepared by contacting them with one or more chemical treatments. The activated metal components are prepared into suitable articles, referred to as ignition strips, that are placed in contact with one or more oxidative coupling catalysts, typically in the form of gauzes. The ignition promoters reduce the activation energy for catalyst ignition (also referred to “light off”), enabling ignition of catalyst gauzes that are new, used, contaminated, damaged and combinations thereof at a relatively low auto-ignition temperatures.

Abstract: A process for the ammoxidation of an alcohol feed, such as methanol, or a nitrile feed, such as propionitrile, or a mixture thereof, to form hydrogen cyamide uses a modified Mn—P catalyst having the following empirical formula: MnaP1AbOx where A=one or more of K, Ca, Mo, Zn, Fe or mixtures thereof; a=1 to 1.5; b=0.01 to 1.0 and x is a total number of oxygen atoms determined by the oxidation states of the other elements present.

Abstract: The invention relates to an improvement to the BMA process for the production of hydrogen cyanide from methane and ammonia in the presence of a platinum-containing catalyst. The problem of sooting, and thus the decrease in activity, of the catalysts can be reduced, or the activity increased, in that the catalyst is doped with an element from the series Cu, Ag, Au, Pd and W. The doping is preferably in the range of 0.01 to 20 mole % doping element, based on Pt.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a catalytic device for the implementation of a reaction in a gaseous medium at high temperature, such as, for example, the synthesis of HCN or the oxidation of ammonia, comprising: at least one textured material (1) which is effective as catalyst for the said reaction, a support (2) comprising at least one ceramic part (3), the structure of which makes possible the passage of the gases, the said part (3) of the said support (2) having a corrugated face (6), so that the increase in surface area (?) produced by the corrugations with respect to a flat surface is at least equal to that (?) calculated for sawtooth corrugations and of between approximately 1.1 and approximately 3, the said textured material (1) being positioned so that it is held against the corrugated face (6) of the said part (3) of the said support (2) and follows the form thereof.

Abstract: A conical reactor head for use in chemical processes or other systems is provided. The reactor head includes a robust internal insulator to boost efficiency while maintaining safety by allowing the reactor head to self-radiate at high temperatures. The reactor head also includes a plurality of support lugs to protect its bottom flange from scratches or other damage when the reactor head is set on the ground. The reactor head is adapted to connect to a catalyst-containing barrel which is specially designed to facilitate easy installation and removal of catalysts or other equipment from outside the barrel. The reactor may be coupled with a rotation vane to induce laminar flow at the inlet of the reactor to increase reactor efficiency and prolong catalyst life.

Abstract: A process for the production of hydrogen cyanide is provided, wherein hydrogen cyanide is synthesized by reacting methane or methane-containing natural gas, ammonia and oxygen-enriched air or oxygen in the presence of a catalyst comprising platinum or a platinum alloy; wherein the reactants are present in the following molar ratios [ O 2 ] [ O 2 + N 2 ] = 0.25 ? ? to ? ? 1.0 ; [ CH 4 ] [ NH 3 ] = 0.95 ? ? to ? ? 1.05 ; and where a molar ratio of ammonia to the sum of oxygen and nitrogen obeys the following relationship: Y=m·X?a, wherein Y = [ NH 3 ] [ O 2 + N 2 ] X = [ O 2 ] [ O 2 + N 2 ] m=1.25 to 1.40; and a=0.05 to 0.14.

Abstract: Disclosed are means for improving the service-life of indirect tubesheet type heat exchangers used in chemical reactors, particularly those exposed to reducing, nitridizing and/or carburizing environments. Such means include the use of certain ferrules within the heat exchange tubes and/or weld types used in construction of these heat exchangers.

Abstract: A process for the production of hydrogen cyanide is provided, wherein hydrogen cyanide is synthesized by reacting methane or methane-containing natural gas, ammonia and oxygen-enriched air or oxygen in the presence of a catalyst comprising platinum or a platinum alloy; wherein the reactants are present in the following molar ratios 1 [ O 2 ] [ O 2 + N 2 ] = 0.25 ⁢   ⁢ to ⁢   ⁢ 1.0 ; [ CH 4 ] [ NH 3 ] = 0.95 ⁢   ⁢ to ⁢   ⁢ 1.

Abstract: A process for the production of hydrogen cyanide is provided, wherein hydrogen cyanide is synthesized by reacting methane or methane-containing natural gas, ammonia and oxygen-enriched air or oxygen in the presence of a catalyst comprising platinum or a platinum alloy; wherein the reactants are present in the following molar ratios [ O 2 ] [ O 2 + N 2 ] = 0.25 ⁢   ⁢ to ⁢   ⁢ 1.

Abstract: A process for removing unreacted ammonia from an effluent of a catalyst bed used in a hydrocarbon ammoxidation reaction is provided. The process includes a step of providing a fluidized bed reactor. The reactor includes the catalyst bed for reacting ammonia and hydrocarbons therein. The reactor also includes a dilute phase of the catalyst bed disposed above the catalyst bed. The reactor further includes a set of internals disposed at least partially within the dilute phase of the catalyst bed. The reactor additionally includes an inlet of a first-stage cyclone separator disposed above the set of internals. The process also includes a step of removing the unreacted ammonia from the effluent of the catalyst bed by passing the effluent through the set of internals. The ammonia and hydrocarbons present in the effluent contact the dilute phase of the catalyst bed and react therein.

Abstract: A process increasing the yield of both HCN and acetonitrile produced during the manufacture of acrylonitrile comprising introducing a hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of propylene and propane, a crude ketone and/or a mixture of at least two ketones, ammonia and air, into a reaction zone containing an ammoxidation catalyst, reacting the. hydrocarbon, the ketone, ammonia and oxygen over said catalyst at an elevated temperature to produce acrylonitrile, hydrogen cyanide and acetonitrile, and recovering the acrylonitrile, hydrogen cyanide and acetonitrile from the reactor.

Abstract: A catalytic process and apparatus therefor for the manufacture of hydrogen cyanide. In the process an oxygen rich oxidant stream and at least one oxidant-free feed steam containing methane and ammonia are separately preheated and rapidly mixed to form a detonable mixed stream at a temperature which is at least 50° C. below the autoignition temperature of the mixed stream. The mixed stream is then conveyed to a catalyst capable of catalysing the formation of hydrogen cyanide at such a velocity that detonation is avoided. The process is more energy efficient and gives rise to an effluent stream containing more hydrogen than the conventional Andrussow process.

Abstract: A process for increasing the yield of acetonitrile produced during the manufacture of acrylonitrile comprising introducing a hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of propylene and propane, a carboxylic acid, ammonia and air into a reaction zone containing an ammoxidation catalyst, reacting the hydrocarbon, carboxylic acid, ammonia and oxygen over said catalyst at an elevated temperature to produce acrylonitrile, hydrogen cyanide and acetonitrile, and recovering the acrylonitrile, hydrogen cyanide and acetonitrile from the reactor.

Abstract: A conical reactor head for use in chemical processes or other systems is provided. The reactor head includes a robust internal insulator to boost efficiency while maintaining safety by allowing the reactor head to self-radiate at high temperatures. The reactor head also includes a plurality of support lugs to protect its bottom flange from scratches or other damage when the reactor head is set on the ground. The reactor head is adapted to connect to a catalyst-containing barrel which is specially designed to facilitate easy installation and removal of catalysts or other equipment from outside the barrel.

Abstract: A process increasing the yield of both HCN and acetonitrile produced during the manufacture of acrylonitrile comprising introducing a hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of propylene and propane, a crude ketone and/or a mixture of at least two ketones, ammonia and air, into a reaction zone containing an ammoxidation catalyst, reacting the hydrocarbon, the ketone, ammonia and oxygen over said catalyst at an elevated temperature to produce acrylonitrile, hydrogen cyanide and acetonitrile, and recovering the acrylonitrile, hydrogen cyanide and acetonitrile from the reactor.

Abstract: Elevated temperature, gas-phase, catalyzed processes for preparing HCN in which induction heating is used as a source of energy, and novel apparatus for carrying out said processes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a catalytic device for the implementation of a reaction in a gaseous medium at high temperature, such as, for example, the synthesis of HCN or the oxidation of ammonia, comprising: at least one textured material (1) which is effective as catalyst for the said reaction, a support (2) comprising at least one ceramic part (3), the structure of which makes possible the passage of the gases, the said part (3) of the said support (2) having a corrugated face (6), so that the increase in surface area (&bgr;) produced by the corrugations with respect to a flat surface is at least equal to that (&agr;) calculated for sawtooth corrugations and of between approximately 1.1 and approximately 3, the said textured material (1) being positioned so that it is held against the corrugated face (6) of the said part (3) of the said support (2) and follows the form thereof.

Abstract: A process for the synthesis of hydrogen cyanide by the Andrussow process by reaction of methane or methane-containing natural gas, ammonia and oxygen or oxygen-enriched air on a catalyst at an elevated temperature, wherein O 2 O 2 + N 2 = 0.25 - 1.0 ⁢   ⁢ ( vol / vol ) .

Abstract: A reactor for performing endothermic catalytic reactions is disclosed formed of a monolithic counterflow reactor with parallel heating and reaction channels. The internal walls of the reaction channels are coated with a catalyst for the catalytic reaction to be performed, while the internal walls of the heating channels have a catalyst for the catalytic combustion of a fuel gas/air mixture.

Abstract: A catalytic process and apparatus therefor for the manufacture of hydrogen cyanide. In the process an oxygen rich oxidant stream and at least one oxidant-free feed stream containing methane and ammonia are separately preheated and rapidly mixed to form a detonable mixed stream at a temperature which is at least 50° C. below the autoignition temperature of the mixed stream. The mixed stream is then conveyed to a catalyst capable of catalyzing the formation of hydrogen cyanide at such a velocity that detonation is avoided. The process is more energy efficient and gives rise to an effluent stream containing more hydrogen than the conventional Andrussow process.

Abstract: A catalytic process and apparatus therefor for the manufacture of hydrogen cyanide. In the process an oxygen rich oxidant stream and at least one oxidant-free feed steam containing methane and ammonia are separately preheated and rapidly mixed to form a detonable mixed stream at a temperature which is at least 50° C. below the autoignition temperature of the mixed stream. The mixed stream is then conveyed to a catalyst capable of catalysing the formation of hydrogen cyanide at such a velocity that detonation is avoided. The process is more energy efficient and gives rise to an effluent stream containing more hydrogen than the conventional Andrussow process.

Abstract: The use of ceramic meshes is offered for spacing catalyst meshes apart from one another in the production of HCN, especially by the Andrussov process.

Abstract: A process increasing the yield of both HCN and acetonitrile produced during the manufacture of acrylonitrile comprising introducing a hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of propylene and propane, a crude ketone and/or a mixture of at least two ketones, ammonia and air, into a reaction zone containing an ammoxidation catalyst, reacting the hydrocarbon, the ketone, ammonia and oxygen over said catalyst at an elevated temperature to produce acrylonitrile, hydrogen cyanide and acetonitrile, and recovering the acrylonitrile, hydrogen cyanide and acetonitrile from the reactor.

Abstract: A process for the production of hydrogen cyanide is provided, wherein hydrogen cyanide is synthesized by reacting methane or methane-containing natural gas, ammonia and oxygen-enriched air or oxygen in the presence of a catalyst comprising platinum or a platinum alloy; wherein the reactants are present in the following molar ratios 1 [ O 2 ] [ O 2 + N 2 ] = 0.25 ⁢   ⁢ to ⁢   ⁢ 1.0 ; [ CH 4 ] [ NH 3 ] = 0.95 ⁢   ⁢ to ⁢   ⁢ 1.

Abstract: A process for the synthesis of hydrogen cyanide by the Andrussow process by reaction of methane or methane-containing natural gas, ammonia and oxygen or oxygen-enriched air on a catalyst at an elevated temperature, wherein 1 O 2 O 2 + N 2 = 0.25 - 1.0 ⁢   ⁢ ( vol / vol ) .

Abstract: A catalytic process and apparatus therefor for the manufacture of hydrogen cyanide. In the process an oxygen rich oxidant stream and at least one oxidant-free feed stream containing methane and ammonia are separately preheated and rapidly mixed to form a detonable mixed stream at a temperature which is at least 50° C. below the autoignition temperature of the mixed stream. The mixed stream is then conveyed to a catalyst capable of catalysing the formation of hydrogen cyanide at such a velocity that detonation is avoided. The process is more energy efficient and gives rise to an effluent stream containing more hydrogen than the conventional Andrussow process.

Abstract: A reactor for performing endothermic catalytic reactions is disclosed formed of a monolithic counterflow reactor with parallel heating and reaction channels. The internal walls of the reaction channels are coated with a catalyst for the catalytic reaction to be performed, while the internal walls of the heating channels have a catalyst for the catalytic combustion of a fuel gas/air mixture.

Abstract: A process increasing the yield of both HCN and acetonitrile produced during the manufacture of acrylonitrile comprising introducing a hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of propylene and propane, a crude ketone and/or a mixture of at least two ketones, ammonia and air, into a reaction zone containing an ammoxidation catalyst, reacting the hydrocarbon, the ketone, ammonia and oxygen over said catalyst at an elevated temperature to produce acrylonitrile, hydrogen cyanide and acetonitrile, and recovering the acrylonitrile, hydrogen cyanide and acetonitrile from the reactor.

Abstract: This invention relates to an improved catalyst system utilizing flow through radiation shielding of the reaction zone and to processes for using the catalyst system for the production of hydrogen cyanide. The process has decreased methane usage while maintaining yield of cyanide.

Abstract: This invention relates to improvements in processes and catalysts for elevated temperature, gas phase, catalyzed reactions in general; it is particularly illustrated by reference to the manufacture of hydrogen cyanide.

Abstract: Hydrogen cyanide is produced by reacting ammonia and a hydrocarbon gas in the presence of a platinum-group-metal catalyst while the catalyst is heated by induction heating at a frequency of 0.5 to 30 MHz.