Abstract: A Renewable Fischer Tropsch Synthesis (RFTS) process is disclosed for producing hydrocarbons and alcohol fuels from wind energy, waste CO2 and water. The process includes (A) electrolyzing water to generate hydrogen and oxygen, (B) generating syngas in a reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reactor, (C) driving the RWGS reaction to the right by condensing water from the RWGS products and separating CO using a CuAlCl4-aromatic complexing method, (D) using a compressor with variable stator nozzles, (E) carrying out the FTS reactions in a high-temperature multi-tubular reactor, (F) separating the FTS products using high-pressure fractional condensation, (G) separating CO2 from product streams for recycling through the RWGS reactor, and (H) using control methods to maintain the temperatures of the reactors, electrolyzer, and condensers at optima that are functions of the flow rate. The RFTS process may also include heat engines, a refrigeration cycle utilizing compressed oxygen, and a dual-source organic Rankine cycle.

Abstract: A method for generating CO using an off-gas as a source is provided. This method includes providing an off-gas feed stream, wherein said off-gas feed stream comprises CO2 and H2. This method also includes introducing said off-gas feed stream into a reactor, thereby producing an intermediate gas stream comprising CO and H2O. And this method includes separating said intermediate gas stream in a first separation device, thereby producing a product gas stream comprising CO.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to a method for processing carbon dioxide gas (“CO2”). The method includes introducing a solution which includes a cation and a hydroxide and/or oxide to the CO2 to form a cation-containing carbonate salt; reacting the cation-containing carbonate salt with an acidic solution including a rare earth element to form a substantially solid, ionic rare earth element-containing carbonate salt material, the rare earth, cation-containing carbonate being substantially stable in the acidic solution such as to resist substantial formation of compounds selected from the group consisting of oxide, hydroxide and mixtures thereof; separating the rare earth element-containing carbonate salt material from the acidic solution; and reducing the rare earth element-containing carbonate salt material to a carbon-containing compound selected from the group consisting of carbon monoxide gas, elemental carbon and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: Method and apparatus of making 99.99% pure gaseous carbon monoxide comprising the steps of degassing liquid formic acid producing degassed liquid formic acid; reacting the degassed liquid formic acid or a degassed gaseous formic acid with a liquid mineral acid at an elevated temperature producing a gas phase comprising carbon monoxide gas and water vapor and a liquid phase; condensing the gas phase producing liquid water and gaseous carbon monoxide; scrubbing the carbon monoxide gas producing a gaseous 99.99% pure carbon monoxide having a purity of at least 99.99%, and, compressing the gaseous 99.99% pure carbon monoxide producing the 99.

Abstract: Techniques, systems, apparatus and material are disclosed for generating renewable energy from biomass waste while sequestering carbon. In one aspect, a method performed by a reactor to dissociate raw biomass waste into a renewable source energy or a carbon byproduct or both includes receiving the raw biomass waste that includes carbon, hydrogen and oxygen to be dissociated under an anaerobic reaction. Waste heat is recovered from an external heat source to heat the received raw biomass waste. The heated raw biomass waste is dissociated to produce the renewable fuel, carbon byproduct or both. The dissociating includes compacting the heated raw biomass waste, generating heat from an internal heat source, and applying the generated heat to the compacted biomass waste under pressure.

Abstract: Reactor vessels with transmissive surfaces for producing hydrogen-based fuels and structural elements, and associated systems and methods. A chemical reactor in accordance with a particular embodiment includes a reactor vessel having a reaction zone, a hydrogen donor source coupled in fluid communication with the reaction zone, and a steam source coupled in fluid communication with the reaction zone. The reactor further includes a transmissive surface at the reaction zone, with the transmissive surface being transmissive to a reactant entering the reaction zone and/or radiant energy entering the reaction zone.

Abstract: An apparatus for forming nano-structures of carbon solids includes a reactor chamber into which extends a plasma torch configured to generate a plasma plume that extends into the interior of the reactor chamber. CO2 from is applied to the plasma plume where the CO2 is dissociated into carbon and oxygen. A plurality of nozzles also extends into the reactor chamber, which sprays liquid water on the plume, cooling at least a portion of the carbon causing it to form solid carbon nano-structures in a mixture of liquid water. The mixture is conveyed to a flocculation tank.

Abstract: A method for the treatment of a first gaseous effluent including carbon dioxide and of a second gaseous effluent including steam, the method includes the following stages: generation of a first gas stream having carbon monoxide by passing the first gaseous effluent through a first layer of redox reactive material including high-temperature carbon components; generation of a second gas stream essentially including dihydrogen by passing the second gaseous effluent through a second redox layer of reactive material including high-temperature carbon components; and utilization of at least one of the first and second gas streams; at least some of the second redox layer being provided by transfer or recovery of at least some of the high-temperature carbon components of the first layer.

Abstract: A process and system for producing an effluent gas containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen is presented. The process includes introducing a fuel gas including a hydrocarbon and a reformer gas into a reactor system. The reformer gas may include steam, CO2, or a mixture thereof. Under steam reforming temperatures and pressures, the gases are reacted in the presence of reactant solids. The reaction process produces a carbon monoxide and hydrogen containing effluent, which may be withdrawn from the reactor system.

Abstract: A process is presented whereby hot Carbon Monoxide (CO) gas is generated under pressure in an external Combustor by the partial oxidation of a carbon-based solid fuel. This pressurized, hot CO gas or CO gas mixture is then transferred to a desulfurizing vessel containing a second carbon-based solid fuel. The hot CO laden gas and solid material contact in a counter-flow arrangement where the CO reacts with and removes sulfur impurities from the second carbon fuel. The temperature of the pressurized CO laden gas from the Combustor is controlled by varying the oxidizer feed gas composition. The Combustor also contains a means for desulfurizing its feed fuel by flowing a portion of the hot CO gas generated up through the inlet solid fuel feed line. The desulfurizer vessel is comprised of three stages, a preheat stage, a desulfurizing stage, and a cooling stage. Hot CO gas from the Combustor enters the desulfurizer section where it mixes with a recycle gas stream coming up from the cooling stage below.

Abstract: The present invention provides improved methods and apparatus for producing syngas from any carbon-containing feed material. In one aspect, a multi-zone reformer system is provided. A first reaction zone can reduce the presence of refractory tars, while a second reaction zone in communication with the first reaction zone can steam-reform methane and other components from the first reaction zone, to generate high-quality syngas suitable for conversion to liquid fuels, such as ethanol. Other embodiments employ a plurality of reaction zones for added system functionality.

Abstract: A method for producing a synthesis gas containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen from a source gas containing light hydrocarbons, includes the steps of: performing low temperature steam reforming by adding steam to the source gas and converting hydrocarbons of carbon numbers of 2 or higher in the source gas to methane; and performing a catalytic partial oxidation by adding oxygen after the low temperature steam reforming.

Abstract: A method of producing synthesis gas is provided. A reactor vessel having a single reaction zone is provided. A catalyst is placed in the single reaction zone. A feed stream is introduced into the single reaction zone, the feed stream comprising a hydrocarbon gas and an oxygen-containing gas. The hydrocarbon gas and the oxygen-containing gas are reacted in the single reaction zone to form a synthesis gas. The synthesis gas is withdrawn from the single reaction zone in a synthesis gas stream.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for improving biomass gasification. By the present invention, volatile organometallics are contacted with a biomass before or during gasification. By this method, the biomass improves gas yields while reducing solid (tar) and liquid yields. In addition, the volatile organometallics interact with lignin in the biomass to produce methanol, which, in turn, results in a stable liquid or oil by-product or otherwise stabilizes the gasification process of the biomass. The presently disclosed method can also lead to increased syngas production and is potentially CO2 neutral. The energy input to the gasification is correspondingly reduced to reduce costs and the environmental impact associated with the gasification process.

Abstract: A hot solids process operable selectively for combustion purposes and gasification purposes wherein a pre-identified product is selected from a group of products to be generated through the use of the hot solids process. Based on the nature of the pre-identified product, which is to be generated through the use of the hot solids process, a specific fuel from which the pre-identified product is capable of being derived is selected from a group of fuels. Then, from a group of reactors there is selected a first reactor, which is operable for generating in the first reactor the pre-identified product as an output from the first reactor. Thereafter, from a group of reactors, there is selected a second reactor, which is operable for effecting in the second reactor the conversion of air and of a predetermined carrier selected from a group of carriers to produce a predefined output from the second reactor.

Abstract: A system and process for maximizing the generation of electrical power from a variety of hydrocarbon feedstocks. The hydrocarbon feedstocks are first gasified and then oxidized in a two-chamber system and process using oxygen gas rather than ambient air. Intermediate gases generated in the system and process are recirculated and recycled to the gasification and oxidation chambers in order to maximize energy production. The energy produced through the system and process is used to generate steam and produce power through conventional steam turbine technology. In addition to the release of heat energy, the hydrocarbon feedstocks are oxidized to the pure product compounds of water and carbon dioxide, which are subsequently purified and marketed. The system and process minimizes environmental emissions.

Abstract: In a gas generator for gasifying solid granular fuels to obtain combustible gaseous compounds for producing synthesis gas or H2-suitable raw gas, a fluidized bed formed of the fuels moves through a closed reaction vessel with a sluice mounted at the top for continuously introducing the fuels and with a closure mounted below the funnel-shaped constriction of the bottom for discharging the ash formed into an ash sluice, wherein above the funnel-shaped constriction of the bottom a revolving grate is arranged, through which the gasifying medium can be introduced from below into the fluidized bed, and through which the ash formed can be discharged into the ash sluice via the funnel-shaped constriction and an adjoining tubular portion. To achieve a continuous operation of the revolving grate, a bulk-material slide valve is mounted in the tubular portion.

Abstract: A process for initiating a reaction between methanol and a peroxide to produce a gas, which comprises contacting methanol and peroxide in the liquid phase and at a pressure equal to, below or above atmospheric pressure in the presence of a catalyst comprising at least one group 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11 transition metal.

Abstract: A Renewable Fischer Tropsch Synthesis (RFTS) process produces hydrocarbons and alcohol fuels from wind energy, waste CO2 and water. The process includes (A) electrolyzing water to generate hydrogen and oxygen, (B) generating syngas in a reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reactor, (C) driving the RWGS reaction to the right by condensing water from the RWGS products and separating CO using a CuAlCl4-aromatic complexing method, (D) using a compressor with variable stator nozzles, (E) carrying out the FTS reactions in a high-temperature multi-tubular reactor, (F) separating the FTS products using high-pressure fractional condensation, (G) separating CO2 from product streams for recycling through the RWGS reactor, and (H) using control methods to maintain temperatures of the reactors, electrolyzer, and condensers at optima that are functions of the flow rate. The RFTS process may also include heat engines, a refrigeration cycle utilizing compressed oxygen, and a dual-source organic Rankine cycle.

Abstract: Processes are disclosure which comprise alternately contacting an oxygen-carrying catalyst with a reducing substance, or a lower partial pressure of an oxidizing gas, and then with the oxidizing gas or a higher partial pressure of the oxidizing gas, whereby the catalyst is alternately reduced and then regenerated to an oxygenated state. In certain embodiments, the oxygen-carrying catalyst comprises at least one metal oxide-containing material containing a composition having one of the following formulas: (a) CexByB?zB?O?, wherein B=Ba, Sr, Ca, or Zr; B?=Mn, Co, or Fe; B?=Cu; 0.01<x<0.99; 0<y<0.6; 0<z<0.5; and 1<?<2.2; (b) SrvLawBxB?yB?zO?, wherein B=Co or Fe; B?=Al or Ga; B?=Cu; 0.01<v<1.4; 0.1<w<1.6; 0.1<x<1.9; 0.1<y<0.9; 0<z<2.2; and 3<?<5.5).

Abstract: An improved oxidization process may be used to oxidize a wide variety of feedstocks. Oxidation takes place in a reactor where the feedstock is mixed with an oxidizing acid, such as nitric acid. The reaction mixture may also include a secondary oxidizing acid such as sulfuric acid as well as water and/or dissolved and mechanically mixed oxygen gas. The reactor may be maintained at an elevated pressure such as at least approximately 2070 kPa or desirably at least approximately 2800 kPa. The temperature of the reaction mixture may be maintained at no more than 210° C.

Abstract: An improved oxidization process may be used to oxidize a wide variety of feedstocks. Oxidation takes place in a reactor where the feedstock is mixed with an oxidizing acid, such as nitric acid. The reaction mixture may also include a secondary oxidizing acid such as sulfuric acid as well as water and/or dissolved and mechanically mixed oxygen gas. The reactor may be maintained at an elevated pressure such as at least approximately 2070 kPa or desirably at least approximately 2800 kPa. The temperature of the reaction mixture may be maintained at no more than 210° C.

Abstract: 1-100 nm metal ferrite spinel coatings are provided on substrates, preferably by using an atomic layer deposition process. The coatings are able to store energy such as solar energy, and to release that stored energy, via a redox reaction. The coating is first thermally or chemically reduced. The reduced coating is then oxidized in a second step to release energy and/or hydrogen, carbon monoxide or other reduced species.

Abstract: A method for producing a mixture of ethylene and carbon monoxide by contacting ethane and an oxygen source with a catalyst comprising synthetic cryptomelane or octahedral molecular sieve. The method further comprises condensing the alkyl propionate with formaldehyde to produce an alkyl methacrylate.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the generation of electrical energy and byproducts from the gasification of biomass and/or environmental waste materials. Environmental waste and/or renewable biomass is processed by three separate stages of gasification. The first stage is a pyrolysis chamber with firebox which gasifies solid material into gaseous and liquid hydrocarbon compounds at temperatures below 800 F. The second stage is a fixed bed chamber gasifier which produces the acetylene and hydrogen gases at approximately 1400 F. The third stage is a high temperature reactor which produces molten calcium carbide at 3500 F. Various solid, liquid, and gaseous byproducts are produced along the way. The second stage gases include carbon monoxide, methane, hydrogen, acetylene and other biogases which are used to generate electricity in an internal combustion engine.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing carbon monoxide by cryogenic distillation is presented.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for simultaneously producing hydrogen and carbon monoxide consisting in generating a synthesis gas and in processing it by decarbonising and removing water and remaining carbon dioxide by passing said gas through a bed of adsorbents, in separating remaining components by forming at least one H2 rich flow, a CO flow containing at least one type of impurity selected from nitrogen and argon, a methane-rich purge gas flow and a flash gas flow. The inventive method also consists in regenerating the bed of adsorbents by passing a regeneration gas comprising at least one non-zero proportion of the formed H2 flow and in recycling at least the purge and flash gases for feeding the synthesis gas generation stage.

Abstract: Use of physical vapor deposition methodologies to deposit nanoscale gold on activating support media makes the use of catalytically active gold dramatically easier and opens the door to significant improvements associated with developing, making, and using gold-based, catalytic systems. The present invention, therefore, relates to novel features, ingredients, and formulations of gold-based, heterogeneous catalyst systems generally comprising nanoscale gold deposited onto a nanoporous support.

Abstract: The present invention provides catalysts, reactors, and methods of steam reforming over a catalyst. Surprisingly superior results and properties obtained in methods and catalysts of the present invention are also described. For example, a coated catalyst was demonstrated to be highly stable under steam reforming conditions (high temperature and high pressure of steam). Methods of making steam reforming catalysts are also described.

Abstract: Partial oxidation process of liquid and/or gaseous fuels, by means of a catalytic system, preferably consisting of oxides, nitrides or oxynitrides containing one or more elements selected from Rh, Ru, Ir, Pt, Ni, Fe, Co, Cr and Cu, comprising the following steps: —premixing and, upon start-up, preheating the reagents consisting of natural gas, oxygen or air or air enriched in oxygen, optionally vapour and/or CO2, to temperatures ranging from 150 to 600° C., below the flash-point values, so that the surface rate of the reaction gases is maintained above the flame rate and the temperature of the reagent mixture in the area preceding the catalytic bed is below its flash point; —reacting the reagent mixture in the reaction zone by interaction of the catalyst, activating it at temperatures ranging from 150 to 600° C. and at space velocities ranging from 50,000 to 5,000,000 Nl reagents/L cat×h, reaching temperatures ranging from 600 to 1350° C.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of treating patients suffering from, or at risk for, intimal hyperplasia and/or arteriosclerosis. The treatment includes administering a pharmaceutical composition that includes carbon monoxide to the patient.

Abstract: A method and catalysts for producing a hydrogen-rich syngas are disclosed. According to the method a CO-containing gas contacts a water gas shift (WGS) catalyst, in the presence of water, preferably at a temperature of less than about 450° C. to produce a hydrogen-rich syngas. Also disclosed is a water gas shift catalyst formulated from: a) Pt, its oxides or mixtures thereof, b) at least one of Fe and Rh, their oxides and mixtures thereof, and c) at least one member selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, Re, Co, Ni, Pd, Ge, Sn, Sb, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, and Eu, their oxides and mixtures thereof. The WGS catalyst may be supported on a carrier, such as any one member or a combination of alumina, zirconia, titania, ceria, magnesia, lanthania, niobia, yttria and iron oxide. Fuel processors containing such water gas shift catalysts are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for use in producing high-pressure hydrogen from natural gas, methanol, ethanol, or other fossil fuel-derived and renewable hydrocarbon resources. The process can produce hydrogen at pressures ranging from 2000 to 12,000 pounds per square inch (psi) using a hydrogen carrier, with or without high-pressure water, and an appropriate catalyst. The catalyst reacts with the hydrogen carrier and, optionally, high-pressure water, in a catalytic reformer (20) maintained under desired temperature and pressure conditions.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing carbon monoxide consisting, during an adsorption step, in using N adsorbers (4A, 4B), wherein N is equal to greater than two, each of which follows, at an offset; the same period T cycle during which adsorption and regeneration phases succeed each other, in exposing, at the beginning of the adsorption phase, each adsorber to an eluting phase during which only a part of a nominal flowrate of the mixture is transferred to the adsorber until said adsorber is substantially carbon monoxide saturated while at least the second adsorber is maintained in the adsorption phase and a purified gaseous mixture is partially liquefied for producing a liquefied gaseous mixture, in storing said mixture in a capacity (7) and in transferring the liquefied gaseous mixture from the capacity to at least one column (11) for the separation thereof into a carbon monoxide rich product and, during at least one part of the adsorber eluting phases, the liquid level in the container is decrea

Abstract: Reactive diluent fluid (22) is introduced into a stream of synthesis gas (or “syngas”) produced in a heat-generating unit such as a partial oxidation (“POX”) reactor (12) to cool the syngas and form a mixture of cooled syngas and reactive diluent fluid. Carbon dioxide and/or carbon components and/or hydrogen in the mixture of cooled syngas and reactive diluent fluid is reacted (26) with at least a portion of the reactive diluent fluid in the mixture to produce carbon monoxide-enriched and/or solid carbon depleted syngas which is fed into a secondary reformer unit (30) such as an enhanced heat transfer reformer in a heat exchange reformer process. An advantage of the invention is that problems with the mechanical integrity of the secondary unit arising from the high temperature of the syngas from the heat-generating unit are avoided.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for producing carbon dioxide by cryogenic distillation is provided.

Abstract: A method for rendering a contaminated biomass inert includes providing a first composition, providing a second composition, reacting the first and second compositions together to form an alkaline hydroxide, providing a contaminated biomass feedstock and reacting the alkaline hydroxide with the contaminated biomass feedstock to render the contaminated biomass feedstock inert and further producing hydrogen gas, and a byproduct that includes the first composition.

Abstract: An apparatus designed to form syn gas from carbonaceous materials such as coal includes a devolatilization reactor in combination with a reformer reactor which subsequently forms syn gas. The reformer reactor, in turn, is in communication with a particulate separator. The devolatilization reactor is fed with material using a compression feeder which drives air from the feed material, compresses it in a feed zone forming a seal between the feed hopper and the devolatilization reactor. The reformer reactor, as well as the particulate separators, are maintained in a heated furnace so that the temperature of the formed syn gas does not decrease below the reaction temperature until particulate material has been separated.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for generating carbon monoxide and in particular a device for testing carbon monoxide detectors which utilises the method and apparatus for generating carbon monoxide. A layer of Activated Carbon Cloth is heated so that it produces small quantities of carbon monoxide. The Activated Carbon Cloth may be provided in a removable cassette.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method for utilizing CO2 waste comprising recovering carbon dioxide from an industrial process that produces a waste stream comprising carbon dioxide in an amount greater than an amount of carbon dioxide present in starting materials for the industrial process. The method further includes producing hydrogen using a renewable energy resource and producing a hydrocarbon material utilizing the produced hydrogen and the recovered carbon dioxide.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for purifying a gas flow containing hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO), in addition to at least one nitrogen oxide (NOx), as impurities. According to said method, the gaseous flow is brought into contact with at least one catalyst containing copper and/or palladium, at a temperature between 100 DEG C. and 200 DEG C., in such a way as to eliminate at least part of the nitrogen oxide.

Abstract: Disclosed are a vanadia-titania aerogel catalyst having high specific surface area and porosity, a method of preparing the same and a method of completely oxidatively-decomposing a chlorinated aromatic compound using the catalyst under air condition. The vanadia-titania aerogel catalyst of the invention is an aerogel form having many porosities and a high specific surface area obtained by performing a supercritical drying of vanadia-titania wet gel, which is prepared by a sol-gel method, with carbon dioxide and then firing the dried vanadia-titania, with a micro porosity structure being maintained, consists of vanadia and titania wherein a content of the vanadia is 1˜15 wt % of an overall catalyst weight. In addition, according to the invention, the vanadia-titania aerogel catalyst may further comprise a manganese oxide of 1˜5 wt % or a sulfur component of 0.0001˜1 wt %.

Abstract: An exhaust gas purifying method for a fuel cell vehicle comprises preparing an exhaust gas purifying system for the fuel cell vehicle, the exhaust gas purifying system including a methane removal catalyst for accelerating the conversion of methane into hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The methane removal catalyst comprises a catalytic ingredient including at least one of rhodium, platinum and palladium.

Abstract: A method for controlling the output composition from a gasification device for use in the gasification of biomass using a gasifier in which the biomass and gas both flow in a downward direction. The method combines the use of steam and oxygen as a mixed oxidation stream to control the processes occurring within the gasifier. The oxidants are introduced into the gasifier using a number of injection rings. Each injection ring is comprised of a number of injection nozzles each radially distributed at the same vertical height and possibly connected to the same supply source. Particularly satisfactory results can be achieved through the use of three injection rings, one at the top of the gasifier, one at the interface of the oxidation and reduction zone and one a small distance below the grate assembly. The produced syngas also contains extremely low concentrations of tar and low molecular weight hydrocarbons.

Abstract: Photo-oxidation catalysts and methods for cleaning a metal-based catalyst are disclosed. An exemplary catalyst system implementing a photo-oxidation catalyst may comprise a metal-based catalyst, and a photo-oxidation catalyst for cleaning the metal-based catalyst in the presence of light. The exposure to light enables the photo-oxidation catalyst to substantially oxidize absorbed contaminants and reduce accumulation of the contaminants on the metal-based catalyst. Applications are also disclosed.

Abstract: Ion transport membrane oxidation system comprising an enclosure having an interior and an interior surface, inlet piping having an internal surface and adapted to introduce a heated feed gas into the interior of the enclosure, and outlet piping adapted to withdraw a product gas from the interior of the enclosure; one or more planar ion transport membrane modules disposed in the interior of the enclosure, each membrane module comprising mixed metal oxide material; and a preheater adapted to heat a feed gas to provide the heated feed gas to the inlet piping, wherein the preheater comprises an interior surface. Any of the interior surfaces of the enclosure, the inlet piping, and the preheater may be lined with a copper-containing metal lining. Alternatively, any of the interior surfaces of the inlet piping and the preheater may be lined with a copper-containing metal lining and the enclosure may comprise copper.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for producing hydrogen by passing a hydrocarbon-containing gas over a ceramic monolith at a temperature sufficient to produce hydrogen; and passing an oxygen-containing gas over the ceramic monolith at a temperature sufficient to react with the carbon on the ceramic monolith and to produce carbon monoxide. The process is performed cyclically using one or more beds in a manner such that hydrogen is produced followed by carbon monoxide production.

Abstract: Planar ceramic membrane assembly comprising a dense layer of mixed-conducting multi-component metal oxide material, wherein the dense layer has a first side and a second side, a porous layer of mixed-conducting multi-component metal oxide material in contact with the first side of the dense layer, and a ceramic channeled support layer in contact with the second side of the dense layer.

Abstract: Disclosed are a vanadia-titania aerogel catalyst having high specific surface area and porosity, a method of preparing the same and a method of completely oxidatively-decomposing a chlorinated aromatic compound using the catalyst under air condition. The vanadia-titania aerogel catalyst of the invention is an aerogel form having many porosities and a high specific surface area obtained by performing a supercritical drying of vanadia-titania wet gel, which is prepared by a sol-gel method, with carbon dioxide and then firing the dried vanadia-titania, with a micro porosity structure being maintained, consists of vanadia and titania wherein a content of the vanadia is 1˜15 wt % of an overall catalyst weight. In addition, according to the invention, the vanadia-titania aerogel catalyst may further comprise a manganese oxide of 1-5 wt % or a sulfur component of 0.0001-1 wt %.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for producing a synthesis gas for use as a gaseous fuel or as feed into a Fischer-Tropsch reactor to produce a liquid fuel in a substantially self-sustaining process. In one embodiment, a slurry of carbonaceous material in water, and hydrogen from an internal source, are fed into a hydro-gasification reactor to generate methane rich producer gases which are fed into a steam pyrolytic reformer to generate synthesis gas comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide. A portion of the hydrogen is used as the internal hydrogen source. The remaining synthesis gas is either used as fuel to produce electricity and/or process heat or is fed into a Fischer-Tropsch reactor to produce liquid fuel. In another embodiment of the invention, carbonaceous material can be heated simultaneously in the presence of both hydrogen and steam to undergo steam pyrolysis and hydro-gasification in a single step.