Abstract: Pre-ground plastics of small particle size not more than 2 mm are co-fed into a solid fossil fuel fed entrained flow partial oxidation gasifier. High solids concentrations in the feedstock stream can be obtained without significant impact on the feedstock stream stability and pumpability. A consistent quality of syngas can be continuously produced, including generation of carbon dioxide and a carbon monoxide/hydrogen ratio while stably operating the gasifier and avoiding the high tar generation of fluidized bed or fixed bed waste gasifiers and without impacting the operations of the gasifier. The subsequent syngas produced from this material can be used to produce a wide range of chemicals.

Abstract: Low-voltage rechargeable microbatteries are provided. In one aspect, a method of forming a microbattery includes: forming a cathode on a substrate, wherein the cathode includes a lithium intercalated material; forming a solid electrolyte on the cathode; forming an anode on the solid electrolyte; and forming a negative contact on the anode. A microbattery is also provided.

Abstract: [Object] Provided is a catalyst having a high catalytic activity. [Solving Means] Disclosed is a catalyst comprising a catalyst support and a catalyst metal supported on the catalyst support, wherein the catalyst support includes pores having a radius of less than 1 nm and pores having a radius of 1 nm or more, a surface area formed by the pores having a radius of less than 1 nm is equal to or larger than a surface area formed by the pores having a radius of 1 nm or more, and an average particle diameter of the catalyst metal is 2.8 nm or more.

Abstract: A tube manufacturing system is provided that is capable of manufacturing tube structures that are on the nanoscale and larger. The system provides for control as to the structure and atomic makeup of the feed sheet material used and provides motive force to the sheet material being used to continuously advance the sheet material through the various system components. After the tube structures are formed, they may be used in providing a source material for manufacturing macroscopic objects thus increasing the level of performance and capabilities of such objects due to the engineered properties of the tube structures formed within this system and method of manufacturing. Processes for manufacturing of nanotubes are also disclosed, as are nanotubes manufactured by the processes and system of the invention.

Abstract: A method for making a thin film lithium ion battery is provided. A cathode material layer and an anode material layer are provided. A carbon nanotube array is applied to a surface of the cathode material layer and pressed to form a first carbon nanotube layer on the surface of the cathode material layer to obtain a cathode electrode. A second carbon nanotube layer is formed on a surface of the anode material layer to obtain an anode electrode. A solid electrolyte layer is applied between the cathode electrode and the anode electrode to form a battery cell. At least one battery cell is then encapsulated in an external encapsulating shell.

Abstract: A stabilized composition comprising a liquid hydrocarbon fuel, such as JP-8, and a fuel additive, wherein the fuel additive comprises a graphitic carbon compound functionalized with a plurality of alkyl groups, wherein at least one alkyl group at each site of alkyl functionalization on the graphitic carbon compound has 8 or more carbon atoms, for example, poly(octadecyl)-graphene oxide. A method of increasing the energy density of a liquid hydrocarbon fuel involving adding to the fuel one or more alkyl-functionalized graphitic carbon compounds. The stabilized composition is useful for enhancing the properties of combustion processes, including energy density, thrust, flame speed, or a combination thereof, without introducing undesirable combustion effects, emissions, or combustion signature.

Abstract: Novel transition element-embedded carbon materials and methods for forming the same. The embedded transition elements can be oxides or hydroxides and may include a transition metal. In some cases the transition element-embedded materials are catalytic material suitable for use in a variety of catalytic systems. According to one specific example, the transition element that is embedded is a niobia species.

Abstract: Methods of forming carbon films, structures and devices including the carbon films, and systems for forming the carbon films are disclosed. A method includes depositing a metal carbide film using atomic layer deposition (ALD). Metal from the metal carbide film is removed from the metal carbide film to form a carbon film. Because the films are formed using ALD, the films can be relatively conformal and can have relatively uniform thickness over the surface of a substrate.

Abstract: This invention provides a hybrid nano-filament composition for use as an electrochemical cell electrode. The composition comprises: (a) an aggregate of nanometer-scaled, electrically conductive filaments that are substantially interconnected, intersected, or percolated to form a porous, electrically conductive filament network comprising substantially interconnected pores, wherein the filaments have an elongate dimension and a first transverse dimension with the first transverse dimension being less than 500 nm (preferably less than 100 nm) and an aspect ratio of the elongate dimension to the first transverse dimension greater than 10; and (b) micron- or nanometer-scaled coating that is deposited on a surface of the filaments, wherein the coating comprises an anode active material capable of absorbing and desorbing lithium ions and the coating has a thickness less than 20 ?m (preferably less than 1 ?m). Also provided is a lithium ion battery comprising such an electrode as an anode.

Abstract: Porous materials are fabricated using interpenetrating inorganic-organic composite gels. A mixture or precursor solution including an inorganic gel precursor, an organic polymer gel precursor, and a solvent is treated to form an inorganic wet gel including the organic polymer gel precursor and the solvent. The inorganic wet gel is then treated to form a composite wet gel including an organic polymer network in the body of the inorganic wet gel, producing an interpenetrating inorganic-organic composite gel. The composite wet gel is dried to form a composite material including the organic polymer network and an inorganic network component. The composite material can be treated further to form a porous composite material, a porous polymer or polymer composite, a porous metal oxide, and other porous materials.

Abstract: This invention is directed to decreasing the CO2 concentration. The invention makes use of fluids and apparatuses for diminishing CO2 concentrations of fluids.

Abstract: A method and apparatus convert carbon dioxide into chemical starting materials. Carbon dioxide is isolated from flue gas emitted by a combustion system. An electropositive metal is burned in an atmosphere of isolated carbon dioxide to reduce the carbon dioxide into chemical starting materials.

Abstract: The present invention belongs to the technical field of transparent conductive films and provides a graphene derivative, a transparent conductive film and an organic electroluminescent (EL) device. Methods are also provided for preparation of the graphene derivative and for preparation of an anode of the organic EL device. The graphene derivative exhibits a lower evaporation temperature and a higher work function.

Abstract: Non-cementitious compositions and products are provided. The compositions of the invention include a carbonate additive comprising vaterite such as reactive vaterite. Additional aspects of the invention include methods of making and using the non-cementitious compositions and products.

Abstract: A preferred embodiment of the process involves a generate a catalyst that comprises molybdenum carbide nickel material. Steps may involve heating a surface that comprises molybdenum oxide and a nickel salt while passing thereover a gaseous mixture that comprises a reductant and a carburizer. In certain embodiments, the reductant and the carburizer may both be carbon monoxide, or both be a saturated hydrocarbon. In others, the reductant may be carbon monoxide and the carburizer may be a saturated hydrocarbon.

Abstract: Provided is a rigid decorative member that has high film hardness, is excellent in scratch resistance performance and abrasion resistance performance, and has excellent color brightness and color saturation. The rigid decorative member of the present invention is a rigid decorative member wherein a reaction compound film of an alloy of Cr and a metal selected from one or two or more of Mo, W, Nb, Ta, Ti, Hf, Zr, and V, and of a non-metallic element selected from one or two or more of nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen is formed on a substrate. There is provided the rigid decorative member significantly improved in scratch resistance and abrasion resistance and having a color tone with a high quality feel; and there is further supplied a product of which the color tones of brightness and color saturation can be freely controlled.

Abstract: The present invention provides molybdenum and tungsten nanostructures, for example, nanosheets and nanoparticles, and methods of making and using same, including using such nanostructures as catlysts for hydrogen evolution reactions.

Abstract: A method of making a semiconductor device, includes providing a graphene sheet, creating a plurality of nanoholes in the graphene sheet to form a graphene nanomesh, the graphene nanomesh including a plurality of carbon atoms which are formed adjacent to the plurality of nanoholes, passivating a dangling bond on the plurality of carbon atoms by bonding a passivating element to the plurality of carbon atoms, and doping the passivated graphene nanomesh by bonding a dopant to the passivating element.

Abstract: A dual-side wafer bar grinding method and apparatus is disclosed herein that slices wafer bars from a wafer block for use in manufacturing thin film magnetic heads, for example. By grinding opposing faces of the wafer bars sliced from the wafer block, variations in flatness, perpendicularity, surface finish, and/or overall dimensions are improved.

Abstract: New magnetic materials containing cerium, iron, and small additions of a third element are disclosed. These materials comprise compounds Ce(Fe12?xMx) where x=1-4, having the ThMn12 tetragonal crystal structure (space group I4/mmm, #139). Compounds with M=B, Al, Si, P, S, Sc, Co, Ni, Zn, Ga, Ge, Zr, Nb, Hf, Ta, and W are identified theoretically, and one class of compounds based on M=Si has been synthesized. The Si cognates are characterized by large magnetic moments (4?Ms greater than 1.27 Tesla) and high Curie temperatures (264?Tc?305° C.). The Ce(Fe12?xMx) compound may contain one or more of Ti, V, Cr, and Mo in combination with an M element. Further enhancement in Tc is obtained by nitriding the Ce compounds through heat treatment in N2 gas while retaining the ThMn12 tetragonal crystal structure; for example CeFe10Si2N1.29 has Tc=426° C.

Abstract: A subject-matter of the invention is a novel process for the preparation of sulphur-modified monolithic porous carbon-based materials by impregnation with a strong sulphur-based acid, the materials capable of being obtained according to this process and the use of these materials with improved supercapacitance properties to produce electrodes intended for energy storage systems. Electrodes composed of sulphur-modified monolithic porous carbon-based materials according to the invention and lithium batteries and supercapacitors having such electrodes also form part of the invention.

Abstract: Functionalized carbon nanotubes and dispersions containing functionalized carbon nanotubes are provided. Exemplary functionalized carbon nanotubes include optionally substituted indene-based moieties. Methods of making functionalized carbon nanotubes and dispersions containing functionalized carbon nanotubes are provided. Methods of making conductive carbon nanotube dispersions, including films, are provided. Such methods include heating carbon nanotubes in a solvent in the absence of externally applied energy, to obtain an adduct that includes the solvent moiety bound to the carbon nanotube. Where the solvent includes an indene-based compound, the carbon nanotube thus prepared includes optionally indene-based moieties bound to the carbon nanotubes.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to compositions comprising free standing and stacked assemblies of two dimensional crystalline solids, and methods of making the same.

Abstract: A carbon raw material such as a green coke in which loss on heat when it is heated from 300 to 1200° C. under an inert atmosphere is no less than 5% by mass and no more than 20% by mass is pulverized and then the pulverized carbon raw material is graphitized to obtain a graphite material suitable for a carbon material for anode in a lithium-ion secondary battery or the like that enables to make electrodes having a high-energy density and a large-current load characteristic since it has a small specific surface area and a small average particle diameter while maintaining high beginning efficiency and a high discharge capacity in the first round of charging and discharging. And an electrode for batteries are obtained using the graphite material.

Abstract: A method for preparing a suspension of LDH particles comprises the steps of preparing LDH precipitates by coprecipitation to form a mixture of LDH precipitates and solution; separating the LDH precipitates from the solution; washing the LDH precipitates to remove residual ions; mixing the LDH precipitates with water; and subjecting the mixture of LDH particles and water from step (d) to a hydrothermal treatment step by heating to a temperature of from greater than 80° C. to 150° C. for a period of about 1 hour to about 144 hours to form a well dispersed suspension of LDH particles in water.

Abstract: Graphene, a method of fabricating the same, and a transistor having the graphene are provided, the graphene includes a structure of carbon (C) atoms partially substituted with boron (B) atoms and nitrogen (N) atoms. The graphene has a band gap. The graphene substituted with boron and nitrogen may be used as a channel of a field effect transistor. The graphene may be formed by performing chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method using borazine or ammonia borane as a boron nitride (B-N) precursor.

Abstract: A fiber of carbon nanotubes was prepared by a wet-spinning method involving drawing carbon nanotubes away from a substantially aligned, supported array of carbon nanotubes to form a ribbon, wetting the ribbon with a liquid, and spinning a fiber from the wetted ribbon. The liquid can be a polymer solution and after forming the fiber, the polymer can be cured. The resulting fiber has a higher tensile strength and higher conductivity compared to dry-spun fibers and to wet-spun fibers prepared by other methods.

Abstract: Heat-transfer fluids and lubricating fluids comprising deaggregated diamond nanoparticles are described herein. Also described are composites comprising deaggregated diamond nanoparticles, and methods of making such composites. Method of using deaggregated diamond nanoparticles, for example, to improve the properties of materials such as thermal conductivity and lubricity are also disclosed.

Abstract: An atomic carbon material and a preparation method thereof having ion adsorption ability superior to fullerenes and nano-tubes are provided. This atomic carbon material is in a state existing as an organic compound and in a state close to an atom with a diameter of 1 nm or less (theoretically about 1.66 angstrom), and is a bulk where they are congregated with each other with an interatomic force or a particle with a particle size of 1 nm or less. This atomic carbon material is manufactured by heating a raw material composed of an organic material which does not include carbon units in an inactive atmosphere at a predetermined temperature while sequentially increasing the temperature and by individually separating expected elements except for carbon in the aforementioned atmosphere and the organic material from being bonded with carbon by thermally decomposing in order from an element having a lower decomposition temperature at a temperature of 450 C or lower.

Abstract: To provide a method for producing a carbonate, including: growing seed crystals, wherein the seed crystals are grown in a reaction solution containing at least urea. An aspect in which the seed crystals are strontium carbonate particles, an aspect in which the reaction solution contains a metal ion source and the metal ion source is a hydroxide of strontium, and the like are favorable.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for high density nanowire growth are presented. Methods of making a nanowire growth cartridge assembly are also provided, as are nanowire growth cartridge assemblies.

Abstract: Provided are a graphite material, which has excellent bonding characteristics to semiconductor and efficiently dissipates heat generated from the semiconductor, and a method for manufacturing such material. The graphite material is provided by adding at least two kinds of elements selected from among silicon, zirconium, calcium, titanium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, calcium, yttrium, niobium, molybdenum, technetium, ruthenium and compounds containing such elements, and by performing heat treatment. The graphite material is characterized in having a thickness of the 112 face of the graphite crystal of 15 nm or more by X-ray diffraction, and an average heat conductivity of 250 W/(m·K) or more in the three directions of the X, Y and Z axes.

Abstract: A chemically treated carbon black product is provided, which includes a pellet having an agglomerated mass of carbon black aggregates densified in a generally spheroidal form. The carbon black aggregates have polysulfide adsorbed on surfaces thereof. The polysulfide is thereby distributed throughout the pellet. Elastomeric compositions containing the chemically treated carbon black are also provided, and exhibit a reduction in hysteresis and equivalent or better abrasion resistance. A method for manufacturing the treated carbon black product is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method for the individualization of a metallic material by means of a carbon-containing basic material of organic origin is proposed. The novel method makes it possible to produce individualized ornamental alloys and individualized symbolic articles, such as pieces of jewelry, in a first step a carbon-containing organic basic material, which originates from at least one specific clearly identifiable person or a clearly identifiable group of persons, being converted into a carbonized initial material, and, in a second step, a physical and chemical incorporation of at least a fraction of the carbonized initial material into the metallic material taking place. The novel method and the novel ornamental alloys make it possible to produce symbolic articles with a direct material or substantive relation to a desired person by simple means, without creative freedom being restricted.

Abstract: A method for removing impurities from carbon nanotubes is described. Impurities may be removed from the carbon nanotubes by exposing the carbon nanotubes to a temperature, and controlling the temperature such that the temperature is constantly increasing to remove at least a portion of the impurities from the carbon nanotubes.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for aftertreating carbon black, wherein the carbon black is subjected to a carrier gas flow in a fluidized bed apparatus in the lower region of the apparatus, an additional gas stream is introduced into the fluidized bed apparatus, and the carbon black is aftertreated in the fluidized bed which arises.

Abstract: A gas separation process for treating off-gas streams from reaction processes, and reaction processes including such gas separation. The invention involves flowing the off-gas across the feed side of a membrane, flowing a sweep gas stream, usually air, across the permeate side, and passing the permeate/sweep gas mixture to the reaction. The process recovers unreacted feedstock that would otherwise be lost in the waste gases in an energy-efficient manner.

Abstract: The present invention provides molybdenum and tungsten nanostructures, for example, nanosheets and nanoparticles, and methods of making and using same, including using such nanostructures as catlysts for hydrogen evolution reactions.

Abstract: Provided are a CNT-mesoporous silica composite, a CNT-mesoporous carbon composite, a supported catalyst using the CNT-mesoporous carbon composite as a support, and a fuel cell using the supported catalyst as the anode, cathode, or both anode and cathode. The CNT-mesoporous carbon composite is prepared using the CNT-mesoporous silica composite. The CNT-mesoporous carbon composite has a high electrical conductivity due to the CNTs contained therein, and thus, when the CNT-mesoporous carbon composite is used in an electrode of a fuel cell, the fuel cell has a remarkably improved performance relative to the conventional catalyst support which does not contain CNTs.

Abstract: A carbon nanotube synthesis process apparatus comprises a reaction tube in which a reaction field is formed, and a discharge pipe (32) arranged downstream of the reaction tube and discharging carbon nanotubes to the outside. A plurality of nozzles (34) are provided on the sidewall of the discharge pipe (32) in directions which are deflected with respect to the center (O) of the discharge pipe (32). When gases are discharged from the plurality of nozzles (34), a swirl flowing from the inner side surface along the inner side surface is produced in the discharge pipe (32). Adhesion of carbon nanotubes to the inner side surface of the discharge pipe (32) is prevented by the swirl flow and thus the apparatus can be operated continuously.

Abstract: A negative electrode (10) for a lithium secondary battery, including a negative electrode collector (20), and a negative electrode active substance layer (30) that is supported on the negative electrode collector (20) and includes carbon nanowalls (32) which are formed on the negative electrode collector (20), and a negative electrode active substance (36) which is supported on the carbon nanowalls (32).

Abstract: A gold-carbon compound that is a reaction product of gold and carbon, wherein the gold and the carbon form a single phase material that is meltable. The compound is one in which the carbon does not phase separate from the gold when the single phase material is heated to a melting temperature.

Abstract: Disclosed are a negative active material for a secondary lithium battery and a secondary lithium battery including the same. The negative active material for a secondary lithium battery includes an amorphous silicon-based compound represented by the following Chemical Formula 1. SiAxHy??Chemical Formula 1 In Chemical Formula 1, A is at least one element selected from C, N, or a combination thereof, 0<x, 0<y, and 0.1?x+y?1.5.

Abstract: A zinc-carbon compound that is a reaction product of zinc and carbon, wherein the zinc and the carbon form a single phase material that is meltable. The compound is one in which the carbon does not phase separate from the zinc when the single phase material is heated to a melting temperature.

Abstract: A lead-carbon compound that is a reaction product of lead and carbon, wherein the lead and the carbon form a single phase material that is meltable. The compound is one in which the carbon does not phase separate from the lead when the single phase material is heated to a melting temperature.

Abstract: A tin-carbon compound that is a reaction product of tin and carbon, wherein the tin and the carbon form a single phase material that is meltable. The compound is one in which the carbon does not phase separate from the tin when the single phase material is heated to a melting temperature.

Abstract: Nanocarbon-based materials are provided in connection with various devices and methods of manufacturing. As consistent with one or more embodiments, an apparatus includes a nanocarbon structure having inorganic particles covalently bonded thereto. The resulting hybrid structure functions as a circuit node such as an electrode terminal. In various embodiments, the hybrid structure includes two or more electrodes, at least one of which including the nanocarbon structure with inorganic particles covalently bonded thereto.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing high yields of carbon nanostructures is disclosed. The apparatus includes an electric arc furnace and a feeder that directs solid carbon dioxide into an electrical arc generated by the electric arc furnace.

Abstract: The invention discloses a method of preparing monodisperse microtablets of calcium carbonate in aqueous solutions containing calcium, gelatin and urea. Calcium carbonate powders of a unique tablet-like morphology were produced by simply ageing the prerefrigerated (at 4° C. for at least 24 hours) CaCI2-gelatin-urea solutions at 70° C. for 24 h in ordinary glass media bottles. Thermal decomposition of dissolved urea was used to supply aqueous carbonate (CO32?) ions to the calcium (Ca2+) ion and gelatin-containing solutions. Monodisperse CaCO3 microtablets have the particle sizes from 1 to 8 microns. CaCO3 microtablets were biphasic in nature and consist of 93 to 98% vaterite and 2 to 7% calcite. Identical solutions used without prerefrigeration yielded only trigonal prismatic calcite crystals upon ageing at 70° C. for 24 h.

Abstract: Lithium ion batteries having an anode comprising at least one graphene layer in electrical communication with titania to form a nanocomposite material, a cathode comprising a lithium olivine structure, and an electrolyte. The graphene layer has a carbon to oxygen ratio of between 15 to 1 and 500 to 1 and a surface area of between 400 and 2630 m2/g. The nanocomposite material has a specific capacity at least twice that of a titania material without graphene material at a charge/discharge rate greater than about 10 C. The olivine structure of the cathode of the lithium ion battery of the present invention is LiMPO4 where M is selected from the group consisting of Fe, Mn, Co, Ni and combinations thereof.