Abstract: A method of removing carbon dioxide from flue gas is disclosed. The method comprises mixing the flue gas with ammonia; and contacting the gas mixture with calcium nitrate solution to produce calcium carbonate precipitates and ammonium nitrate solution; or contacting the gas mixture with sodium nitrate solution to produce sodium carbonate precipitates and ammonium nitrate solution. The carbonate/bicarbonate precipitates are recovered by separating the carbonate/bicarbonates (s) from said solutions. An apparatus for performing the above method is also disclosed. The apparatus comprises a reaction vessel with an inlet to receive said solution and an inlet to receive and deliver a flue gas-ammonia mixture to a gas-liquid contactor which is configured to diffuse said gas mixture into either calcium nitrate or sodium nitrate solution.

Abstract: Devices and methods for reacting carbon dioxide with ammonia to produce an ammonium bicarbonate containing product are disclosed. Further disclosed are methods and devices pertaining to the handling of ammonia, ammonium bicarbonate products, and waste products associated with that production.

Abstract: A continuous countercurrent flow process for converting FGD gypsum to ammonium sulfate and calcium carbonate including countercurrent flows with internal recycle of liquids to maximize the purity of reaction products while minimizing reaction times, and further include embodiments of the process that provide a yield of both ammonium sulfate and calcium carbonate to be 97 to 100%, and embodiments that provide for processes having a total time of reaction being 8 to 12 minutes, the invention further including processes for removing contaminants from the FGD gypsum employing an acid rinse process and/or a slurry tank reactor process.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of preparing a nano metal salt, including providing a metal cation solution, and providing hydroxide anions and carbonate anions to the metal cation solution to precipitate a nano metal salt. The nano metal salt has the hydroxide anion and the carbonate anion. The nano metal salt can be used to prepare an absorption layer of a solar cell.

Abstract: A method for preparing a suspension of LDH particles comprises the steps of preparing LDH precipitates by coprecipitation to form a mixture of LDH precipitates and solution; separating the LDH precipitates from the solution; washing the LDH precipitates to remove residual ions; mixing the LDH precipitates with water; and subjecting the mixture of LDH particles and water from step (d) to a hydrothermal treatment step by heating to a temperature of from greater than 80° C. to 150° C. for a period of about 1 hour to about 144 hours to form a well dispersed suspension of LDH particles in water.

Abstract: A system and a process for capture and absorption of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide by an ammonia method at normal pressure are disclosed.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for the combined production of (i) a fertilizer selected from the group consisting of ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphates or a combination thereof, (ii) a concentrated stream of CO2 through an indirect neutralization of ammonia with an acid selected from the group consisting of nitric acid, phosphoric acid, a salt thereof and a combination thereof; said method comprising: (I) reacting a carbonate product with a reagent selected from the group consisting of nitric acid, phosphoric acid, a salt thereof, and a mixture thereof to form CO2, and a fertilizer containing an ammonia component; and (II) separating at least a portion of said carbon dioxide from said fertilizer in a condensed and relatively concentrated stream.

Abstract: The methods are utilized to recover ammonium from waste water using CO2 acidified absorption water. The process is particularly suited for utilization of cellular matter and a CO2 rich tail gas from a syngas fermentation process and derives significant benefit from the recovery of ammonium bicarbonate and ammonium carbonate. Ammonia and ammonium are recovered from the treatment of the syngas as an ammonium rich solution, at least a portion of which is recycled to the fermentation zone to aid in the production of liquid products. A carbon dioxide rich gas produced by fermentation is used to capture the ammonia and ammonium, forming the ammonium rich solution.

Abstract: The processes are utilized to recover ammonium from waste water using CO2 acidified absorption water. The process is particularly suited for utilization of cellular matter and a CO2 rich tail gas from a syngas fermentation process and derives significant benefit from the recovery of ammonium bicarbonate and ammonium carbonate. Ammonia and ammonium are recovered from the treatment of the syngas as an ammonium rich solution, at least a portion of which is recycled to the fermentation zone to aid in the production of liquid products. A carbon dioxide rich gas produced by fermentation is used to capture the ammonia and ammonium, forming the ammonium rich solution.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the production of a layered double hydroxide comprising carbonate by preparing a divalent and trivalent metal ion source-containing slurry, which is subsequently treated solvothermally. If the slurry does not contain a divalent metal ion source containing carbonate, a carbonate source is added during or after the solvothermal treatment.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for permanent deformation of keratin fibers comprising the steps of : providing the keratin fibers with mechanical fibers a composition comprising one or several sources of ions of formula: wherein X is a group selected from the group consisting of O?, OH, NH2, O—OH, and O—COO?; then placing the keratin fibers in an occlusive space; and then heating the keratin fibers. The present invention also relates to an agent and a kit to be used for the above process.

Abstract: An objective of the present invention is to provide a glycan releasing method which can be applied to construction of a system for automation of glycan analysis, and particularly a glycan releasing method capable of analyzing an O-linked glycan. The objective could be achieved as a result of finding that the pH is lowered by using an ammonium salt or ammonium ion in the absence of concentrated aqueous ammonia, not using concentrated aqueous ammonia, thus drastically avoiding an undesired side reaction such as a peeling reaction or the like.

Abstract: The present invention provides an essentially dry method for preparation of enhanced alumina powders. The first step involves rapid calcination of an aluminum compound to produce alumina powder. The alumina powder is mixed with solid ammonium carbonate and a small amount of water. This mixture heats itself although some external heat is helpful to produce ammonium aluminum hydroxycarbonate (dawsonite-type) NH4AlCO3(OH)2 upon curing which is then decomposed to produce enhanced alumina having a specific desired morphology and nano-sized dimensions.

Abstract: The invention concerns a capture tank for capturing a captive target compound from a gaseous and/or vaporous mixture comprising at least the captive target compound and one other material, or for capturing, concentrating or crystallising a target compound from a liquid mixture or solution comprising the target compound and at least one other material, the capture tank comprising an enclosure having a top region, a bottom region and at least one side defining the enclosure, the enclosure being at least partly open in its top region in order to communicate in use of the capture tank with the gaseous and/or vaporous mixture and for permitting ingress of a gaseous and/or vaporous mixture into the enclosure; the enclosure communicating in its bottom region with a reservoir for receiving the captured captive target compound; having means associated with its at least one side and/or its bottom region for permitting egress from the enclosure of the gaseous and/or vaporous mixture in at least partially captive target

Abstract: A method for producing ammonium carbonate from urea having the steps of providing a urea solution; hydrolyzing the urea solution to produce NH3, CO2 and water vapor at a chosen temperature; contacting the NH3, CO2 and water vapor with an ammonium carbonate solution; and maintaining the concentration of ammonium carbonate between 5 and 30% by weight by adding water to the solution.

Abstract: The invention pertains to removing soluble alkali metal or ammonium salt of a divalent anion from brine comprising following steps: obtaining brine with NaCl-concentration between 150g/L and saturation in the presence or absense of a cyrstal growth inhibitor for NaCl(GCI-NaCl),or with NaCl concentration above saturation in the presence of a CGI-NaCl, said brine optionally comprising a crystal growth inhibitor for the alkali metal or ammonium salt of the divalent anion(CGI-DA); if necessary, acidify the solution to pH<11.5; if the concentration of CGI-DA is less than 20 mg/L, adding CGI-DA to obtain at least 20 mg CGI-DA/L; subjecting the solution to a membrane filtration; if the concentration of CGI-DA in the concentration from the separation is less than 20 mg/L, adding CGI-DA to obtain at least 20 mg CGI-DA/L; crystalling the concentration; removing the crystallized alkali metal or ammonium salt of the divalent anion.

Abstract: A novel method of producing metal chlorates is described which involves the reaction of ammonium chlorate with metal carbonates and/or metal bicarbonates. The reaction yields extremely pure metal chlorate, as well as ammonia and carbon dioxide by-products. These by-products combine to produce ammonium bicarbonate. The ammonium bicarbonate may then be reacted with sodium chlorate to produce ammonium chlorate, which may be recycled for use in the production of metal chlorates.

Abstract: A method of producing a zinc-ammonia-carbonate complex solution includes heating a solution made from urea with added zinc from a zinc source in a first vessel to produce zinc and impurities dissolved in the solution and a residual; cementing the solution by adding zinc dust to form a slurry; filtering the slurry to remove a first precipitate and to produce a first filtrate; optionally heating the first filtrate to form a second precipitate in the first filtrate; and filtering the first filtrate to remove the second precipitate and to produce a second filtrate which comprises the zinc-ammonia-carbonate complex solution.

Abstract: Industrial combustion facilities are integrated with greenhouse gas-solidifying fertilizer production reactions so that CO2, CO, NOx, and SOx emissions can be converted prior to emission into carbonate-containing fertilizers, mainly NH4HCO3 and/or (NH2)2CO, plus a small fraction of NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4. The invention enhances sequestration of CO2 into soil and the earth subsurface, reduces N03− contamination of surface and groundwater, and stimulates photosynthetic fixation of CO2 from the atmosphere. The method for converting CO2, CO, NOx, and SOx emissions into fertilizers includes the step of collecting these materials from the emissions of industrial combustion facilities such as fossil fuel-powered energy sources and transporting the emissions to a reactor. In the reactor, the CO2, CO, N2, SOx, and/or NOx are converted into carbonate-containing fertilizers using H2, CH4, or NH3.

Abstract: A novel method of producing metal chlorates is described which involves the reaction of ammonium chlorate with metal carbonates and/or metal bicarbonates. The reaction yields extremely pure metal chlorate, as well as ammonia and carbon dioxide by-products. These by-products combine to produce ammonium bicarbonate. The ammonium bicarbonate may then be reacted with sodium chlorate to produce ammonium chlorate, which may be recycled for use in the production of metal chlorates.

Abstract: A method for producing potassium carbonate using a continuous countercurrent exchange system. A continuous ion exchange system with resin in the ammonium form is flushed with a saturated potassium chloride solution which displaces the ammonium ion and replaces it with potassium. Ammonium carbonate is then passed through the ion exchanger to place the ammonium in the reserve form, by displacing the potassium, and produce a concentrated potassium carbonate solution. This process is done in a continuous countercurrent manner which allows maximum recovery of the potassium carbonate as a 15-18% by weight solution with minimum impurities, and at high throughput rates. The potassium carbonate solution is then removed, evaporated, dried, sized and stored for subsequent shipment.

Abstract: High molecular weight buffering compositions and polymeric buffering compositions incorporating such compositions are described. The compositions are useful in applications where lower molecular weight buffers are unsatisfactory because of their tendency to leak out of an encapsulating membrane. Methods of making such compositions are described, as well as a particular application in a fiber optic carbon dioxide physiological probe.

Abstract: A process for the removal and recovery of ammonia from liquid waste, characterized essentially by the following operations:reacting the liquid waste with pure carbon dioxide, or with a gaseous mixture rich in carbon dioxide, or with at least one carbonate, to give ammonium carbonatereacting the resulting ammonium carbonate with calcium chloride to give calcium carbonate and ammonium chloride;causing the resulting calcium carbonate to undergo thermal decomposition to give calcium oxide and carbon dioxide;using, optionally, the carbon dioxide formed after thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate for said reaction with the liquid waste; andusing the calcium oxide, formed after thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate, for the production of pure ammonia, by reaction with the ammonium chloride obtained in said reaction between ammonium carbonate and calcium chloride.The figure shows a flow sheet of a plant allowing the operations of an embodiment of the above process.

Abstract: Ammonium carbamate, in solution with urea, water and ammonia and under high temperature and pressure is cooled to below its crystallization temperature while being subjected to an elevated pressure. The crystallized substance formed is then dried, crushed, and pelletized with the aid of a binding agent to produce pellets having substantial strength and stability, and having particular utility as a deicer for roadways.

Abstract: Production of sodium bicarbonate from natural soda deposits that may occur as natural brines or solid soda salts is disclosed. The alkalinity in these natural soda deposits consists of carbonates and bicarbonates. The carbonates are converted to bicarbonates by reacting sodium carbonate with ammonium bicarbonate which acts as a carbon dioxide carrier until all the sodium carbonate is exhausted. The solubility of the sodium bicarbonate is lowered by the presence of non-alkaline sodium salts, e.g., sodium chloride. The regeneration of the cyclic reagent (NH.sub.3) is done using the sodium bicarbonate formed by the double decomposition of sodium chloride and ammonium bicarbonate giving a final soda free brine exempt of contaminants foreign to its original components.

Abstract: The invention process provides a metal oxide, or oxides of more than one more metal, wherein the oxides have a mean particle size less than 1 micron. The oxides are made by steps including (1) reacting an aqueous solution of a metal salt (or salts) that form insoluble carbonate(s), thereby to form a carbonate precipitate, followed by (b) recovering the precipitate, e.g., by filtration; (c) redispersing the precipitate in water to form a second very dilute slurry; (d) spray-drying said second slurry; (e) calcining the spray-dried product at a low temperature (e.g., 540.degree. C.), followed by a final calcination in atmosphere consisting of flowing oxygen initially under reduced pressure (e.g., 2 Torr). The spray-dried spheroids comprise particles having a mean particle size less than one micron, a property carried over into the products of both calcinations.

Abstract: Modifications are made to the standard process for the manufacture of ammonia and related compounds, resulting in lower operating costs through reduced total energy consumption. In one aspect of the invention, this is achieved by directing ammonia gas through one feed line, and carbon dioxide gas and steam through another feed line, into a closed reaction chamber to form ammonium carbonate. The formation of this solid compound results in a reduced pressure in the chamber. This reduced pressure can be used to drive heat engines in the reactant feed lines. In another aspect of the invention, the cost of running the potassium carbonate loop while the rest of the system is down is reduced by constructing an alternate pathway along part of the loop. The carbon dioxide gas and water vapor formed by the heating of the potassium bicarbonate flow through a heat engine and are cooled. The cooled water vapor and carbon dioxide gas are then recycled.

Abstract: An extremely pure oxide containing two or more metals, homogeneous at the atomic level, is prepared by (1) reacting in water, soluble salts of two or more metals with quaternary ammonium carbonate; the metals being those that form water-insoluble carbonates, thereby to precipitate mixed carbonates of the metals; (2) recovering and drying the precipitate; (3) calcining the precipitate to provide an oxide of mixed metals homogeneous at the atomic level and substantially free from extraneous contaminants. The calcined oxide can be shaped and compressed as greenware and sintered to form useful ceramic products.

Abstract: A process for producing acidic boratozirconium chloride sols which comprises: reacting a zirconium compound with a boron compound in molar ratios of B/Zr of 0.3-1.2 together with a compound of a metal M other than boron, the metal M being selected from the group consisting of divalent, trivalent, tetravalent and pentavalent metals in molar ratios of M/Zr of about 0.01-1 in water in the presence of chloride ions in molar ratios of Cl/Zr of not less than about 1.The acidic boratozirconium chloride sol may be converted to basic boratozirconium sols by reacting the acidic sol with a basic carbonate compound such as ammonium carbonate.The sols, either acidic or basic, are readily gelled by contact with a dehydration solvent such as methanol or acetone.The gel is calcined at relatively low temperatures to provide zirconia which is either very pure or stabilized in varied degrees.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for separating at least one harmful substance such as SO.sub.2, HCl or NO.sub.x where x is 1 or 2, from combustion exhaust gases containing the same. The exhaust gases are contacted with at least one particulate adsorbent which, at a release temperature below 400.degree. C., releases at least one of water, ammonia, or carbon dioxide, for reaction with the harmful substances. This reactant leaves the adsorbent in activated condition. Thus, the reactant and activated adsorbent serve to remove harmful substances from the flowing exhaust gas.

Abstract: A process for distillation-crystallization of a zinc carbonate which is characterized in that a distillation column having a plurality of plates or trays is used for crystallizing basic zinc carbonate (2ZnCO.sub.3.3Zn(OH).sub.2 or ZnCO.sub.3.3Zn(OH).sub.2 H.sub.2 O) from a solution of basic zinc ammonium carbonate (Zn(NH.sub.3).sub.4 CO.sub.3); said solution is fed to an upper portion of the distillation column, while heating a bottom portion of the distillation column, to effect a distillation operation.

Abstract: This invention concerns a treatment for preserving or protecting moist wood against attacks from microorganisms (fungi) with the use of evaporable or sublimable ammonium salts. The protection is obtained by distributing the salts close to the wood so that the salts form an atmosphere around the wood in which the microorganisms cannot develop. The treatment is of special interest for moist wood during a storage period until it has been dried and is not further attached by fungi.

Abstract: Shaped titanium oxide catalysts/carriers useful, e.g., for sulfur recovery via Claus catalysis, are prepared by (i) intimately admixing powdered, poorly crystalline and/or amorphous titanium oxide, said titanium oxide powder being characterized by a weight loss on ignition ranging from 1 to 50%, water and from 0 to about 15% by weight of a shaping additive, (ii) next shaping the intimate admixture which results, and (iii) thence, optionally after drying, calcining the product shaped article.

Abstract: In stripping ammonia and carbon dioxide from an aqueous ammonium carbonate solution including organic ammonium salts, inorganic base is introduced into the column at a point below the point of the feed introduction and above the column bottom to liberate ammonia from the ammonium salts and thereby produce a bottoms of reduced ammonium content.

Abstract: The process for producing ammonium salt of carbonic acid according to the present invention comprises interaction of gaseous ammonia, carbon dioxide and water vapors in the presence of a hydrogen halide.

Abstract: A method of condensing a gaseous mixture of ammonia carbon dioxide gas and water vapor to produce an ammonium carbonate solution with minimum formation of ammonium carbamate includes passing the gaseous mixture into a condenser and cooling the condensing surface to cause the gaseous mixture to condense to form ammonium carbonate solution at a temperature at which formation of solid ammonium carbamate may occur. An aqueous liquid is discharged onto the condensing surface of the condenser, the liquid having an ammonia concentration below about 260 grams per liter to maintain the concentration of ammonia and carbon dioxide on the condensing surface below a concentration at which ammonium carbamate tends to form.

Abstract: Flue gas containing sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide and other acidic components is desulfurized by washing it with an aqueous washing solution to which ammonia has been added in the stoichiometrically necessary amount for reaction with the sulfuroxides. The addition of the ammonia is so controlled that a predetermined amount of ammonium carbonate is maintained in the washing solution.

Abstract: An osmotic system is disclosed for dispensing a beneficial agent. The system comprises (1) a first wall of a semipermeable material that surrounds a compartment containing a drug formulation, and has a passageway through the wall for releasing agent from the compartment, (2) a second wall positioned distant from the first wall, said second wall a microporous or hydrogel material that extends around the first wall, and (3) a distribution zone interposed between the first and second wall and initially housing a compound soluble in an external fluid that enters the system.In operation, agent is dispensed from the system by fluid passing through the second wall into the zone from which fluid is further being imbibed through the first wall into the compartment forming a solution that is released through the passageway into the zone, and then through the second wall to the exterior of the system.

Abstract: This is a continuous process for producing ammonia synthesis gas and includes the partial oxidation of particles of solid carboniferous fuels entrained in nitrogen. In the process, air is separated into high pressure nitrogen and substantially pure oxygen. A first stream of said nitrogen is used as a safe pneumatic vehicle in a grinding and transport operation which introduces ground, finely divided solid carbonaceous fuel into a venturi injector where the particles of solid fuel are dispersed in a second stream of said nitrogen. The solid fuel-nitrogen gaseous dispersion is then reacted with a free-oxygen containing gas preferably in the absence of supplemental H.sub.2 O, other than any moisture normally found in the reactants, in a freeflow partial oxidation synthesis gas generator. The nitrogen stream serves as a carrier for the particles of solid carbonaceous fuel and as a temperature moderator in the gas generator. After cleaning, shifting, and purifying the raw synthesis gas, a gaseous mixture of N.sub.

Abstract: An improved process for preparing a metallic sulphate in a reaction zone from mixing of the corresponding metallic sulphide concentrates with ammonium sulphate and heating. Heating preferably includes directly contacting the mixture with products of combustion of a heating fuel at temperatures between about 150.degree. C and about 480.degree. C. The products of combustion may be diluted with a gas, and the metallic sulphate of the corresponding metallic sulphide may be initially mixed with the mixture to inhibit the development of semi-fluid conditions in the reaction of the metallic sulphide concentrates with ammonium sulphate.

Abstract: Method of production of synthetic fluorite with a selected specified grain size to be obtained, by submitting the calcium carbonate to a reaction with fluoride ions present in an aqueous solution, consists therein that calcium carbonate is used having a grain size substantially the same as the selected grain size for the synthetic fluorite to be obtained. The fluoride ions for the reaction with the calcium carbonate are supplied in the form of a solution of ammonium fluoride and/or potassium fluoride and/or sodium fluoride. The process is conducted at a temperature chosen within the range of 50.degree. C to 150.degree. C, under a pressure reduced, atmospheric or elevated, within the range of 0.5 to 10 atm, and preferably at the boiling temperature or at a temperature not too far from the boiling point, especially in a reaction system containing ammonium fluoride.

Abstract: A carbonating tower for the production of sodium bicarbonate magma has a hollow casing accommodating perforated plates arranged one above another which divide the inner space of the casing into a separation compartment and reaction compartments communicating with one another via overflow pipes. Each reaction compartment has an annular baffle coaxial therewith arranged adjacent to the upper end of the overflow pipe, the baffle being adapted to define a zone for accumulation of solid crystalline phase in the magma. There are also provided means for removing said magma from one reaction compartment into the next compartment. The provision of the accumulation zone and the means for removal of magma contributes to the reduction of supersaturation of the solution with sodium bicarbonate, whereby crystals of uniform shape and size are obtained.

Abstract: Process for the removal of phosgene from an off-gas in which it is present in small quantities, by washing with an aqueous solution of alkali and ammonia.

Abstract: Aqueous solutions of R zirconium carbonate in which R is selected from ammonium and potassium have a carbonate: zirconium molar ratio not greater than 2.05 and can impart thixotropic properties to aqueous dispersions of polymers and copolymers, such as emulsion paint. The solutions may be prepared by reacting zirconium basic carbonate with ammonium or potassium carbonate solution and have a good storage stability, especially at high concentrations. They may be stabilized further by the addition of an acid selected from tartaric and gluconic acid.

Abstract: A method for generating hydrogen. Metallic zinc or metallic zinc coated with a film of a dissimilar metal, a dissimiliar metal oxide, or a dissimiliar metal oxide complex is contacted through the medium of an aqueous solution of (i) neutral ammonium carbonate, (ii) neutral ammonium carbonate and an ammonium salt of an inorganic acid, (iii) an ammonium salt of an inorganic acid and ammonia water, or (iv) neutral ammonium carbonate, an ammonium salt of an inorganic acid and ammonia water with an ammonium complex salt of a metal other than zinc.