Abstract: The invention relates to a process and a device for producing hydrogen gas from water and carbon. The process is characterized by introducing steam and powdered carbon in stoichiometric ratio of carbon to water into a preheated oxidization chamber (2) in such a way that a gas plasma is produced in which the steam is decomposed into its hydrogen and oxygen gas components and oxygen is combined with carbon to form carbon dioxide gas in an exothermic reaction at temperatures above 2000° C., and separating the carbon dioxide gas from the hydrogen gas. Accordingly, the device for conducting this process comprises an oxidization chamber (2) defined in a hollow body (1) made of a material withstanding temperatures above 2000° C.

Abstract: In a method for the production of carbon dioxide, an oxygen-containing first process gas is flowed along a cathode side of a first oxygen selective ion transport membrane. The membrane is at operating conditions effective to transport a first permeate oxygen portion from the cathode side to an opposite anode side. A carbon-containing second process gas is flowed along the anode side at a flow rate effective to provide a stoichiometric surplus of oxygen on combination with the first permeate oxygen portion. A first mixture of a second process gas and the first permeate oxygen portion is combusted such that substantially all of the second process gas is converted into a second mixture of water and carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide is separated from such second mixture.

Abstract: This invention relates to an improved process of producing hydrogen and carbon dioxide by the catalytical process of methanol reformation. The improvement resides in the use of catalysts made up substantially of metal oxides selected from the group consisting of Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2 and ZnO, and which catalyst is in the form of a substantially cylindrical tablet having a maximum diameter in the range from 0.8 to 2.0 mm and a maximum height in the range of from 0.5 to 2.0 mm.

Abstract: A waste renewal process in which waste material is burned without causing pollution, while exhaust products are renewed by converting them to useful by-products. The process is implemented in a furnace which has evaporation, thermal decomposition, combustion, and melting zones, and the thermal decomposition exhaust gases are converted to CO2 and synthesis gas, which may be re-utilized to produce a variety of products.

Abstract: A process for eliminating oxygen (O2) from a gas that contains nitrogen and carbon dioxide (CO2) is described in which combustion of the gas with a hydrocarbon stream is carried out in at least one catalytic combustion zone (5); at the end of the combustion zone, combustion effluents (line 9) that essentially no longer contain O2, a major portion of CO2, and water, are recovered; said combustion effluents are cooled in at least one heat-exchange zone (10) (4) (11) (12); and the cooled effluents are condensed in at least one condensation zone (13) from where condensed water (line 14) and a gas effluent (line 15) essentially no longer containing oxygen are extracted.

Abstract: A process for burning coal to produce substantially pure hydrogen for use in fuel cells, together with “sequestration ready” carbon dioxide and a stream of oxygen depleted air for powering gas turbines, characterized by using a combination of two fluidized bed reactors and a third transfer line reactor, the first reactor being supplied with coal particles or “char” and fluidized with high temperature steam; the second reactor being fluidized with high temperature steam and the third reactor being fluidized by compressed air. Solids circulated among these three reactors include a mixture of materials containing calcium compounds (present as CaO, CaCO3 and mixtures thereof) and iron compounds (present as FeO, Fe2O3 and mixtures thereof). The coal is gasified by the steam in the presence of CaO to produce CaCO3 and relatively pure hydrogen for use in fuel cells per a CO2 acceptor process.

Abstract: Provided are a preconditioned resin and methods of preparation thereof as well as methods for purifying hydrogen peroxide solutions. The method includes preconditioning an anion exchange resin, wherein an anion exchange resin bed is provided and carbon dioxide gas is passed through the resin bed.

Abstract: A process is provided for the catalytic removal of polycyclic aromatic nitro, nitroso and/or amino compounds from the exhaust gas of a combustion system, in particular a diesel engine. The exhaust gas is brought into contact with a catalytic converter which includes a catalytically active material that contains titanium dioxide, at a temperature of from 150 to 600° C. The polycyclic aromatic compounds are oxidized at the catalytic converter through the use of oxygen to form nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide and water.

Abstract: In a procedure for loading fibers contained in a pulp suspension with an additive by means of a chemical precipitation reaction, which is initiated through adding carbon dioxide, the carbon dioxide is produced with a degree of purity of ≦99%, preferably of ≦85%, and this carbon dioxide is then added to the pulp suspension.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for desalination of salt water (and purification of polluted water) are disclosed. Saline (or otherwise polluted) water is pumped to a desalination installation and down to the base of a desalination fractionation column, where it is mixed with hydrate-forming gas or liquid to form either positively buoyant (also assisted buoyancy) or negatively buoyant hydrate. The hydrate rises or sinks or is carried into a lower pressure area and dissociates (melts) into the gas and pure water. In preferred embodiments, residual salt water which is heated by heat given off during formation of the hydrate is removed from the system to create a bias towards overall cooling as the hydrate dissociates endothermically at shallower depths, and input water is passed through regions of dissociation in heat-exchanging relationship therewith so as to be cooled sufficiently for hydrate to form at pressure-depth.

Abstract: A process for the partial catalytic oxidation of a hydrocarbon containing feed comprising contacting the feed with an oxygen-containing gas in the presence of a catalyst retained within a reaction zone in a fixed arrangement, wherein the catalyst comprises at least one catalytically active metal selected from the group consisting of silver and Group VIII elements supported on a porous ceramic carrier. The porous ceramic carrier has a distribution of total pores wherein about 70% of the total pores (1) have a volume-to-surface area (V/S) ration that is within about 20% of the mean V/S value for the total pores and no pores have a V/S ration that is greater than twice the mean V/S value for the total pores; (2) have a pore-to-pore distance between neighboring pores that is within about 25% of the mean pore-to-pore distance between neighboring pores; and (3) have a pore throat area that is within about 50% of the mean pore throat are for the pores.

Abstract: A partial oxidation reforming reaction occurs at the center of a chamber in a reformer, while a steam reforming reaction occurs in a localized manner around the chamber center. Thus, the efficiency of the reforming reaction is improved while keeping a temperature in the vicinity of an outer chamber wall low. Oxygen is supplied from an inlet center of the reformer so as to enhance a concentration of oxygen in a central area of the chamber. On the other hand, steam is supplied along an outer wall of the chamber so as to enhance a concentration of steam in an outer peripheral area of the chamber. When a hydrocarbon raw material is reformed in this state, a partial oxidation reforming reaction, which is an exothermic reaction, mainly occurs in the central area, while a steam reforming reaction, which is an endothermic reaction, tends to occur in the outer peripheral area surrounding the central area. Thus, in the central area, the partial oxidation reformation can be promoted by reaction heat that is generated.

Abstract: A method, apparatus and system for treating a stream containing H2S are disclosed. A preferred method comprises mixing the stream containing H2S with a light hydrocarbon stream and an oxygen containing stream to form a feed stream; contacting the feed stream with a catalyst while simultaneously raising the temperature of the stream sufficiently to allow partial oxidation of the H2S and partial oxidation of the light hydrocarbon to produce a product stream containing elemental sulfur, H2O, CO and hydrogen, and cooling the product stream sufficiently to condense at least a portion of the elemental sulfur and produce a tail gas containing CO, H2, H2O and any residual elemental sulfur, and any incidental SO2, COS, and CS2 from the hydrocarbon stream or produced in the process. The tail gate is contacted with a hydrogenation catalyst so that CO is then reacted with water to produce CO2 and hydrogen and any elemental sulfur, SO2, COS, and CS2 in the tail gas is preferably converted into H2S.

Abstract: Methods are provided for the selective removal of CO2 from a multicomponent gaseous stream to provide a CO2 depleted gaseous stream having at least a reduction, e.g. 30 to 90%, in the concentration of CO2 relative to the untreated multicomponent gaseous stream. In practicing the subject methods, the multicomponent gaseous stream is contacted with an aqueous fluid, e.g. CO2 nucleated water, under conditions of selective CO2 clathrate formation to produce a CO2 clathrate slurry and CO2 depleted gaseous stream. A feature of the subject invention is that a CO2 hydrate promoter is employed, where the CO2 hydrate promoter is included in the multicomponent gaseous stream and/or the aqueous fluid. The CO2 hydrate promoter serves to reduce the minimum CO2 partial pressure required for hydrate formation as compared to a control. The subject methods find use in a variety of applications where it is desired to selectively remove CO2 from a multicomponent gaseous stream.

Abstract: A catalyst for the full oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOC), particularly hydrocarbons, and of CO to CO2, which comprises a compound having the formula A2B3O6±d where A is an alkaline-earth metal, an alkaline metal, a lanthanide, or a solid solution thereof, B is a transition metal, an element of group III, or a solid solution thereof, and d has a value between 0 and 1; and a method for the full oxidation of volatile organic compounds using the catalyst.

Abstract: A process for regenerating a selective oxidizer bed, by the introduction of oxygen is provided. In a single oxidizer bed environment, regeneration may be carried out on shut-down or on start-up. On start-up, the process includes providing a selective oxidizer bed as well a fuel processor. The selective oxidizer bed is heated to approximately 180° F. Air is passed through the selective oxidizer bed while maintaining the selective oxidizer bed at a temperature of approximately 180° F. for 1-2 minutes. The selective oxidizer is then purged with steam to remove residual air therefrom. Fuel is then introduced from the fuel processor into the selective oxidizer. On shut-down, residual fuel is purged from the oxidizer bed and then air is passed therethrough while maintaining the bed at a temperature between approximately 180° F. to approximately 220° F. The oxidizer is allowed to cool to ambient temperature and then heated to 180° F.

Abstract: A reformer is disclosed for converting a hydrocarbon fuel into hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide, the reformer having a first tube, a second tube annularly disposed about the first tube, and a third tube annularly disposed about the second tube. The first tube includes a first catalyst, a first tube outlet, and is adapted for receiving a first mixture of steam. The second tube is adapted for receiving a second mixture of an oxygen-containing gas and a second fuel. The third tube is adapted for receiving a first reaction reformate from the first tube and a second reaction reformate from the second tube, and for producing a third reaction reformate.

Abstract: A process is provided for production of substantially pure carbon dioxide from a CO2 off-gas stream from an ethylene glycol plant. Water is condensed from an off-gas stream which contains unsaturated hydrocarbons, saturated hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide and water. The dewatered gas stream is subjected to catalytic oxidation in the presence of excess oxygen whereby the unsaturated hydrocarbons, saturated hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons are oxidized producing an oxidation stream containing carbon dioxide, water and hydrochloric acid. The HCl is removed with an absorbent and substantially pure carbon dioxide is collected. The absorbent-contacted stream can be subjected to catalytic deoxidation in the presence of hydrogen to convert unoxidized oxygen introduced in the catalytic oxidation to water.

Abstract: Carbon monoxide is produced in a fast quench reactor. The production of carbon monoxide includes injecting carbon dioxide and some air into a reactor chamber having a high temperature at its inlet and a rapidly expanding a reactant stream, such as a restrictive convergent-divergent nozzle at its outlet end. Carbon dioxide and other reactants such as methane and other low molecular weight hydrocarbons are injected into the reactor chamber. Other gas may be added at different stages in the process to form a desired end product and prevent back reactions. The resulting heated gaseous stream is then rapidly cooled by expansion of the gaseous stream.

Abstract: A methanol reforming reactor includes a reforming reaction space into which a methanol reforming catalyst is charged. The methanol reforming catalyst is present at the start of the reforming reaction operation in a pre-aged state in the reforming reaction space. A process for pre-aging the methanol reforming catalyst comprises heating at a temperature of between approximately 240° C. and approximately 350° C. and at a load of between approximately 0.5 m3H2/h and approximately 50 m3H2/h per liter of catalyst material in a methanol/water atmosphere. The reactor may be used in fuel-cell-operated motor vehicles for generating hydrogen for the fuel cells by means of the water vapor reforming of methanol.