Abstract: A synthetic graphite material, in which a size L (112) of a crystallite in a c-axis direction as calculated from a (112) diffraction line obtained by an X-ray wide angle diffraction method is in a range of 4 to 30 nm, a surface area based on a volume as calculated by a laser diffraction type particle size distribution measuring device is in a range of 0.22 to 1.70 m2/cm3, an oil absorption is in a range of 67 to 147 mL/100 g, a spectrum derived from carbon appearing in an electron spin resonance method as measured using an X band is in a range of 3200 to 3410 gauss, and ?Hpp, which is a line width of the spectrum as calculated from a first derivative spectrum of the spectrum at a temperature of 4.8K, is in a range of 41 to 69 gauss.

Abstract: Provided herein are devices comprising one or more cells, and methods for fabrication thereof. The devices may be electrochemical devices. The devices may include three-dimensional supercapacitors. The devices may be microdevices such as, for example, microsupercapacitors. In some embodiments, the devices are three-dimensional hybrid microsupercapacitors. The devices may be configured for high voltage applications. In some embodiments, the devices are high voltage microsupercapacitors. In certain embodiments, the devices are high voltage asymmetric microsupercapacitors. In some embodiments, the devices are integrated microsupercapacitors for high voltage applications.

Abstract: Systems and methods of production for consistently sized and shaped optically anisotropic mesophase pitch from vacuum residue, one method including supplying processed vacuum residue to an extruder; heating the processed vacuum residue throughout a horizontal profile of the extruder from an inlet to an outlet of the extruder; venting hydrocarbon off-gases from the extruder along the horizontal profile of the extruder from the inlet to the outlet of the extruder; and physically shaping the consistently sized and shaped mesophase pitch at the outlet of the extruder for production of carbon fibers.

Abstract: Systems and methods for production for consistently sized and shaped petroleum coke from vacuum residue, one method including supplying processed vacuum residue to an extruder; heating the processed vacuum residue throughout a horizontal profile of the extruder from an inlet to an outlet of the extruder; venting hydrocarbon off-gases from the extruder along the horizontal profile of the extruder from the inlet to the outlet of the extruder; and cutting consistently sized and shaped petroleum coke at the outlet of the extruder.

Abstract: A negative electrode active material which includes a core including artificial graphite, and a carbon coating layer disposed on the surface of the core, wherein an edge plane of the negative electrode active material has a specific surface area of 1.0 m2/g to 1.9 m2/g, a negative electrode including the same, and a secondary battery including the negative electrode.

Abstract: A method for enrichment of a mixture of graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) may include providing GNP into a column. The method may also include passing the GNP through an electrostatic field in a drift column to separate thinner GNP from thicker GNP to increase the content of the thinner GNP. The method may further include coupling a feeder to the drift column to accept the GNP and providing electrical charge to the GNP by the drift column with a charging module. The method may still further include generating the electrostatic field with an electrostatic field generator in the drift column to increase the content of GNP with smaller thickness.

Abstract: Described are structural electrode and structural batteries having high energy storage and high strength characteristics and methods of making the structural electrodes and structural batteries. The structural batteries provided can include a liquid electrolyte and carbon fiber-reinforced polymer electrodes comprising metallic tabs. The structural electrodes and structural batteries provided can be molded into a shape of a function component of a device such as ground vehicle or an aerial vehicle.

Abstract: Methods for the bottom-up growth of graphene nanoribbons are provided. The methods utilize small aromatic molecular seeds to initiate the anisotropic chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth of graphene nanoribbons having low size polydispersities on the surface of a growth substrate. The aromatic molecular seeds include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), functionalized derivatives of PAHs, heterocyclic aromatic molecules, and metal complexes of heterocyclic aromatic molecules.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a carbon-based electrode material that has been graphitized to hold ions in the electrode of a battery and more particularly include carbide or carbide and nitride surfaces that protect the graphite core. The preferred batteries include metal ion such as lithium ion batteries where the carbon-based electrode is the anode although the carbon-based electrode may also serve in dual ion batteries where both electrodes may comprise the graphitized carbon-based electrodes. The electrodes are more amorphous than conventional graphite electrodes and include a carbide or nitride containing surface treatment.

Abstract: A method of producing a graphene suspension, comprising: (a) mixing multiple particles of a graphitic material and multiple particles of a solid carrier material to form a mixture in an impacting chamber of an energy impacting apparatus; (b) operating the energy impacting apparatus with a frequency and an intensity for a length of time sufficient for peeling off graphene sheets from the graphitic material and transferring the graphene sheets to surfaces of the carrier material particles to produce graphene-coated carrier particles inside the impacting chamber; and (c) dispersing the graphene-coated carrier particles in a liquid medium and separating the graphene sheets from the carrier material particles using ultrasonication or mechanical shearing means and removing the carrier material from the liquid medium to produce the graphene suspension. The process is fast (1-4 hours as opposed to 5-120 hours of conventional processes), environmentally benign, cost effective, and highly scalable.

Abstract: A process for exfoliating graphene, includes a step of irradiating a first substrate comprising graphene on its surface, with a helium or hydrogen plasma containing ions of energy comprised between 10 and 60 eV. A process for fabricating graphene on the surface of a second substrate, comprising the exfoliating process.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for the production of graphene-structured products. The method generally comprises contacting at a conversion temperature ranging from about 850° C. to about 1100° C. in an inert atmosphere coal with a molten salt to produce a graphene-structured product. In an alternate embodiment, the method comprises contacting at a conversion temperature ranging from about 850° C. to about 1100° C. in an inert atmosphere coal with a molten salt to produce a graphene-structured product; and, separating a rare earth element from the graphene-structured product.

Abstract: A composition can include a carbon nanofiber, wherein a precursor for the carbon nanofiber includes an alcohol and an aldehyde crosslinked by a primary amine. In certain embodiments, the carbon nanofiber can be biotemplated. Biotemplating enables precise control of morphology at the nanometer scale, while molecular templating allows control of carbon nanotexture and structure at the sub-nanometer scale.

Abstract: A negative electrode active material including artificial graphite secondary particles comprising artificial graphite primary particles having an average particle diameter (D50) of 10 nm to 9 ?m, said artificial graphite secondary particles being formed by granulating said artificial graphite primary particles, wherein a value (V1) obtained by dividing a minimum particle diameter (Dmin) of the secondary particles by the average particle diameter (D50) of the initial particles is 0.50 to 0.8, and a value (V2) obtained by dividing the minimum particle diameter (Dmin) of the secondary particles by an average particle diameter (D50) of the secondary particles is 0.23 to 0.4.

Abstract: A method of producing isolated graphene oxide sheets directly from a graphitic material, comprising: a) mixing multiple particles of a graphitic material, an optional oxidizing liquid, and multiple particles of a solid carrier material to form a mixture in an impacting chamber of an energy impacting apparatus; b) operating the energy impacting apparatus with a frequency and an intensity for a length of time sufficient for peeling off graphene sheets from the graphitic material and transferring the graphene sheets to surfaces of the solid carrier material particles to produce graphene-coated solid carrier particles inside the impacting chamber; and c) sequentially or concurrently oxidizing and separating the graphene sheets from the solid carrier material particle surfaces to produce isolated graphene oxide sheets. The process is fast (1-4 hours as opposed to 5-120 hours of conventional processes), has low or no water usage, environmentally benign, cost effective, and highly scalable.

Abstract: Provided are graphene nanosheets having a polyaromatic hydrocarbon concentration of less than about 0.7% by weight and a tap density of less than about 0.08 g/cm3, as measured by ASTM B527-15 standard. The graphene nanosheets also have a specific surface area (B.E.T.) greater than about 250 m2/g. Also provided are processes for producing graphene nanosheets as well as for removing polyaromatic hydrocarbons from graphene nanosheets, comprising heating said graphene nanosheets under oxidative atmosphere, at a temperature of at least about 200° C.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and devices of the various embodiments provide for the creation of holey graphene meshes (HGMs) and composite articles including HGMs. Various embodiments provide solvent-free methods for creating arrays of holes on holey graphene-based articles formed from dry compression (such as films, discs, pellets), thereby resulting in a HGM. In further embodiments, a HGM can used as part of a composite, such as by: 1) embedding a HGM into another matrix material such as carbon, polymer, metals, metal oxides, etc; and/or (2) the HGM serving as a matrix by filling the holes of the HGM or functionalizing the HGM body with another one or more materials. In various embodiments, HGM can also be made as a composite itself by creating holes on dry-compressed articles pre-embedded with one or more other materials.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for the manufacture of reduced graphene oxide from Kish graphite.

Abstract: An ultrathin, carbon-based memristor with a moiré superlattice potential shows prominent ferroelectric resistance switching. The memristor includes a bilayer material, such as Bernal-stacked bilayer graphene, encapsulated between two layers of a layered material, such as hexagonal boron nitride. At least one of the encapsulating layers is rotationally aligned with the bilayer to create the moiré superlattice potential. The memristor exhibits ultrafast and robust resistance switching between multiple resistance states at high temperatures. The memristor, which may be volatile or nonvolatile, may be suitable for neuromorphic computing.

Abstract: An embodiment is directed to an electrode composition for use in an energy storage device cell. The electrode comprises composite particles, each comprising carbon that is biomass-derived and active material. The active material exhibits partial vapor pressure below around 10?13 torr at around 400 K, and an areal capacity loading of the electrode composition ranges from around 2 mAh/cm2 to around 16 mAh/cm2.

Abstract: Carbon dioxide can be converted into a higher energy product by contacting carbon dioxide with a polarized monocrystalline magnesium oxide producing at least in part carbon. Further a novel crystalline magnesium oxide carbon composite comprising crystalline magnesium oxide and crystalline carbon having graphene structure which are interwoven is provided.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides supercapacitors that may avoid shortcomings of current energy storage technology. Provided herein are materials and fabrication processes of such supercapacitors. In some embodiments, an electrochemical system comprising a first electrode, a second electrode, wherein at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode comprises a three dimensional porous reduced graphene oxide framework.

Abstract: Provided is a lithium ion secondary battery that has excellent cycle characteristics and employs a silicon material for a negative electrode. This lithium ion secondary battery is characterized by having a negative electrode comprising a plate-like artificial graphite and a material comprising silicon as a constituent element, wherein at least some of particles of the plate-like artificial graphite are bent and have a crease on a plate face.

Abstract: A packaging device includes a first portion and a second portion connected to the first portion by way of a first fold line. The first portion includes a first primary edge opposite the first fold line. First and second secondary edges extend between the first fold line and the first primary edge, and an attachment mechanism is provided adjacent the first primary edge. The second portion includes a second primary edge opposite the first fold line. Third and fourth secondary edges extend between the first fold line and the second primary edge. An arm is defined by two cut lines extending from a section of the second portion closer to the first fold line than the second primary edge, and ending in a tab that extends beyond a distal end of the second primary edge.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel nanocomposite materials, methods of making nanocomposites and uses of nanocomposite materials. In particular, the invention relates to composite materials which contain two-dimensional materials (e.g. graphene) in multi-layer form i.e. in a form which has a number of atomic layers. The properties of a composite material containing two-dimensional material is in multi-layer from are shown to be superior to those which contain the two-dimensional material in monolayer form.

Abstract: A gasket sealing material for a fuel cell comprising: at least 25% dry w/w chemically exfoliated vermiculite; and at least 15% dry w/w plate-like filler; wherein the plate-like filler has an average particle size of less than or equal to 10 ?m. Gaskets, fuel cells, uses of the gasket and sealing material are also defined.

Abstract: A method of producing isolated graphene sheets from a layered graphite, comprising: (a) forming an alkali metal ion-intercalated graphite compound by an electrochemical intercalation which uses a liquid solution of an alkali metal salt dissolved in an organic solvent as both an electrolyte and an intercalate source, layered graphite material as an anode material, and a metal or graphite as a cathode material, and wherein a current is imposed upon a cathode and an anode at a current density for a duration of time sufficient for effecting the electrochemical intercalation of alkali metal ions into interlayer spacing; and (b) exfoliating and separating hexagonal carbon atomic interlayers (graphene planes) from the alkali metal ion-intercalated graphite compound using ultrasonication, thermal shock exposure, exposure to water solution, mechanical shearing treatment, or a combination thereof to produce isolated graphene sheets.

Abstract: Methods that expand the properties of laser-induced graphene (LIG) and the resulting LIG having the expanded properties. Methods of fabricating laser-induced graphene from materials, which range from natural, renewable precursors (such as cloth or paper) to high performance polymers (like Kevlar). With multiple lasing, however, highly conductive PEI-based LIG could be obtained using both multiple pass and defocus methods. The resulting laser-induced graphene can be used, inter alia, in electronic devices, as antifouling surfaces, in water treatment technology, in membranes, and in electronics on paper and food Such methods include fabrication of LIG in controlled atmospheres, such that, for example, superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic LIG surfaces can be obtained. Such methods further include fabricating laser-induced graphene by multiple lasing of carbon precursors. Such methods further include direct 3D printing of graphene materials from carbon precursors.

Abstract: A protective conduit for high power laser applications in light guide cables and provides a protective conduit that surrounds a light guiding fiber for high-power laser applications in light guide cables, wherein the protective conduit includes at least one plastic laser safety layer filled with at least one allotrope of carbon or filled with cork, chipped wood, wood, or wood powder, wood particles.

Abstract: Provided are methods of directly growing a carbon material. The method may include a first operation and a second operation. The first operation may include adsorbing carbons onto a substrate by supplying the carbons to the substrate. The second operation may include removing unreacted carbon residues from the substrate after suspending the supplying the carbons of the first operation. The two operations may be repeated until a desired graphene is formed on the substrate. The substrate may be maintained at a temperature less than 700° C. In another embodiment, the method may include forming a carbon layer on a substrate, removing carbons that are not directly adsorbed to the substrate on the carbon layer, and repeating the two operations until desired graphene is formed on the substrate. The forming of the carbon layer includes supplying individual carbons onto the substrate by preparing the individual carbons.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method for repairing defect of graphene, including: firstly introducing a composite fluid containing a reactive compound and a supercritical fluid to a reactor where the graphene powder has been placed, and impregnating the graphene powder with the composite fluid to passivate and repair the defect of graphene, wherein the reactive compound includes carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, silicon or oxygen element; and separating the composite fluid from the graphene powder, simultaneously using molecular sieves to absorb the graphene from the composite fluid. The present disclosure further provides the graphene powder prepared by the method above. With the method of the present disclosure, it effectively reduces the ratio of the defect of the graphene, increases the content of the graphene, and has less-layer graphene with high thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity.

Abstract: A lithium secondary battery includes a cathode, an anode and a non-aqueous electrolyte. The anode includes an anode active material which contains a mixture of an artificial graphite and a natural graphite. A sphericity of the natural graphite is 0.96 or more. The lithium secondary battery including the anode has improved life-span and power properties.

Abstract: The present invention provides a modified graphite negative electrode material, preparation method thereof and a secondary battery. The modified graphite negative electrode material includes a graphite and a multilayer graphene. The multilayer graphene are dispersed in the graphite. The multilayer graphene are loaded with a conductive agent by bonding of a binder. The modified graphite negative electrode material can achieve a higher compaction density for the negative electrode, and can effectively improve the lithium precipitation of the negative electrode of the secondary battery while improving the cycle performance of the secondary battery when being applied to the secondary battery.

Abstract: Methods for synthesis of active M-N—C catalysts utilizing thermo-chemical synthesis of chemically defined precursors and materials made thereby.

Abstract: A method for forming a graphene-reinforced polymer matrix composite is disclosed. The method includes distributing graphite microparticles into a molten thermoplastic polymer phase; and applying a succession of shear strain events to the molten polymer phase so that the molten polymer phase exfoliates the graphite successively with each event until at least 50% of the graphite is exfoliated to form a distribution in the molten polymer phase of single- and multi-layer graphene nanoparticles less than 50 nanometers thick along the c-axis direction.

Abstract: A method to make free-standing graphene sheets and the free-standing graphene sheets so formed. The method includes the steps of exfoliating partially oxidized graphene from a carbon-containing electrode into an aqueous solution, acidifying the aqueous solution, and separating from the acidified solution partially oxidized graphene sheet. The partially oxidized graphene is then dried to yield free-standing graphene sheet having a carbon-to-oxygen ratio of at least about 8.0.

Abstract: Provided is a graphite plate, consisting essentially of: graphite; and pores, wherein said graphite plate has a porosity from 1% to 30%. Further provided is a method for producing a graphite plate, including: applying welding pressure to at least one glass-like carbon material in a state in which said at least one glass-like carbon material is maintained in an inert atmosphere under heating conditions, to produce a graphite plate having a porosity from 1% to 30%.

Abstract: A sensitive and selective, in-line method to measure and validate the sulfur content at ppb levels in both the liquid and gas phase of fuel. The method includes etching graphene, for example to form a mesa structure comprising horizontal or vertical lines or an array of multidentate star features; functionalizing the etched graphene and attaching metal oxide nanoparticles to the functionalized graphene to form a device; exposing the device to a fuel in the gas or liquid phase; detecting a change in conductivity when sulfur is present in the fuel; and recovering the device for future use. Also disclosed is the related in-line graphene-based ppb level sulfur detector for fuels.

Abstract: An emission control device for a vehicle, which includes an open cell carbon foam substrate having a geometric surface area of at least about 5000 m2/m3, wherein the substrate has a catalytic metal.

Abstract: Provided is a graphite laminated body having excellent properties such as excellent mechanical properties, excellent heat resistance, and excellent thermal conductivity. In particular, provided is a graphite laminated body comprising a graphite film, a non-thermoplastic polyimide film, and an adhesive layer for bonding the graphite film to the non-thermoplastic polyimide film, the adhesive layer being made of a thermoplastic polyimide or a fluororesin.

Abstract: A method for adjusting and controlling a boundary of graphene, comprising: providing an insulating substrate and placing the insulating substrate in a growth chamber; and feeding first reaction gas into the growth chamber, the first reaction gas at least comprising carbon source gas, and controlling a flow rate of the first reaction gas to forming a graphene structure having a first boundary shape on a surface of the insulating substrate through controlling a flow rate of the first reaction gas. The present invention realizes the controllability of the boundary of the graphene by adjusting the ratio of the carbon source gas to catalytic gas in the growth process of graphene on the surface of the substrate; the present invention can enable graphene to sequentially continuously grow by changing growth conditions on the basis of already formed graphene, so as to change the original boundary shape of the graphene.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of reduced graphene comprising the steps of: providing an expandable graphite intercalated with oxygen containing groups; heating the expandable graphite under conditions sufficient to cause expansion of the expandable graphite and formation of an expanded graphite comprising oxygen containing groups; and contacting the expanded graphite with carbon monoxide to reduce at least a portion of the oxygen containing groups and form a reduced expanded graphite comprising an array of reduced graphene. The process of the invention enables large volumes of high quality graphene to be produced.

Abstract: A method of preparing graphene from coal can include thermally processing raw coal and, after the coal has been at least partially cooled from thermal processing, forming reduced graphene oxide from the coal.

Abstract: A graphene preparation method includes steps of: thoroughly mixing flake graphite powder with a intercalating agent through electrically string, then adding a reagent solution into a mixture of the flake graphite powder and the intercalating agent and thoroughly stirring for acting, so as to obtain no more than five layers of graphene; wherein the flake graphite powder, the intercalating agent and the reagent solution form a coexistence state of the three electronic phases; electronic phase resonance is induced among the materials, releasing a large amount of energy in the form of vibration and heat across interfaces between layers of carbon atoms, resulting in exfoliation of graphene. The thorough permeation of the intercalating agent ensures the electronic phase resonance can be induced in most layer interfaces, achieving few layer graphene which is equivalent to 5 layers or less.

Abstract: A method of forming nanocrystalline graphene by a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition process is provided. The method of forming nanocrystalline graphene includes arranging a protective layer on a substrate and growing nanocrystalline graphene directly on the protective layer by using a plasma of a reaction gas. The reaction gas may include a mixed gas of a carbon source gas, an inert gas, and hydrogen gas.

Abstract: Provided are plasma processes for producing graphene nanosheets comprising injecting into a thermal zone of a plasma a carbon-containing substance at a velocity of at least 60 m/s standard temperature and pressure STP to nucleate the graphene nanosheets, and quenching the graphene nanosheets with a quench gas of no more than 1000° C. The injecting of the carbon-containing substance may be carried out using a plurality of jets. The graphene nanosheets may have a Raman G/D ratio greater than or equal to 3 and a 2D/G ratio greater than or equal to 0.8, as measured using an incident laser wavelength of 514 nm. The graphene nanosheets may be produced at a rate of at least 80 g/h. The graphene nanosheets can have a polyaromatic hydrocarbon concentration of less than about 0.7% by weight.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and devices of the various embodiments provide for the creation of holey graphene meshes (HGMs) and composite articles including HGMs. Various embodiments provide solvent-free methods for creating arrays of holes on holey graphene-based articles formed from dry compression (such as films, discs, pellets), thereby resulting in a HGM. In further embodiments, a HGM can used as part of a composite, such as by: 1) embedding a HGM into another matrix material such as carbon, polymer, metals, metal oxides, etc; and/or (2) the HGM serving as a matrix by filling the holes of the HGM or functionalizing the HGM body with another one or more materials. In various embodiments, HGM can also be made as a composite itself by creating holes on dry-compressed articles pre-embedded with one or more other materials.

Abstract: Provided are plasma processes for producing graphene nanosheets comprising injecting into a thermal zone of a plasma a carbon-containing substance at a velocity of at least 60 m/s standard temperature and pressure STP to nucleate the graphene nanosheets, and quenching the graphene nanosheets with a quench gas of no more than 1000° C. The injecting of the carbon-containing substance may be carried out using a plurality of jets. The graphene nanosheets may have a Raman G/D ratio greater than or equal to 3 and a 2D/G ratio greater than or equal to 0.8, as measured using an incident laser wavelength of 514 nm. The graphene nanosheets may be produced at a rate of at least 80 g/h. The graphene nanosheets can have a polyaromatic hydrocarbon concentration of less than about 0.7% by weight.

Abstract: In one aspect, a composite material is disclosed herein that includes graphene platelets dispersed in a matrix. In some cases, the graphene platelets are randomly oriented within the matrix. The composite material can provide improved thermal conductivity and may be formed into heat spreaders or other thermal management devices to provide improved cooling to electronic, electrical components and semiconductor devices.

Abstract: Making a carbon aerogel involves 3-D printing an ink to make a printed part, removing the solvent from the printed part, and carbonizing the printed part (with the solvent removed) to make the aerogel. The ink is based on a solution of a resorcinol-formaldehyde resin (RF resin), water, and an organic thickener. Advantageously, the RF resin contains an acid catalyst, which tends to produce carbon aerogels with higher surface areas upon activation than those produced from methods involving an ink composition containing a base catalyzed resin.