Abstract: This invention relates to a process for treating acid mine drainage (AMD). The process includes the steps of adjusting the pH of the AMD to be in the range of 3 to 5; adding maghemite nanoparticles to form a slurry; and a) aerating the slurry obtained in step 3), or b) simultaneously heating and mixing the slurry obtained in step 3). Thereafter maghemite nanoparticles loaded with one or more metals and sulphate and precipitated metals is separated from the slurry.

Abstract: A device for continuous production of polyferric chloride and a method are disclosed. The device includes a first mixing pipeline, a second reaction pipeline, a third reaction pipeline, and a concentration device sequentially connected. The first mixing pipeline, the second reaction pipeline and the third reaction pipeline are each provided with a circulating spray device, and the circulating spray device includes a reflux pump, a reflux pipeline and an atomizer. The atomizer includes an atomizing pipe, and a chemical filler plate for promoting gas-liquid contact is arranged below the atomizing pipe. The reflux pump is used to extract liquid from each reaction tank, and then transport the liquid to the atomizer on the top of the reaction tank. The atomizer is driven by the pressure of the reflux pump or the motor to atomize the liquid.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments of the present invention can include a method for isolating a contaminate from water comprising: introducing a plurality of aluminum-doped nanoparticles to water, the water comprising the contaminate; contacting the plurality of aluminum-doped nanoparticles with the contaminate to form contaminate-adsorbed nanoparticles; and isolating the contaminate-adsorbed nanoparticles by applying a magnetic field to the water.

Abstract: To prevent solidified aluminum chloride from adhering to and accumulating on a pipe and also prevent stress-corrosion cracking in the pipe, a method for producing trichlorosilane includes a cooling step of cooling a discharge gas that is discharged from a fluidized-bed reactor and that contains the trichlorosilane, the cooling step involving causing a fluid to flow through a space (4) inside a side wall (3) of a pipe (10), the pipe being a pipe for discharging the discharge gas from the fluidized-bed reactor, in such a manner that the side wall (3) has a surface (1a) having a temperature of not lower than 110° C.

Abstract: A hydrogen generator includes a reaction vessel, a water supply, a temperature adjustor, and a controller. The reaction vessel houses a hydrogen generating material having hydrogen generating ability. The hydrogen generating material includes a two-dimensional hydrogen boride sheet having a two-dimensional network and containing multiple negatively charged boron atoms. The controller is configured to execute a hydrogen generating mode to generate hydrogen from the hydrogen generating material and a regenerating mode to recover the hydrogen generating ability of the hydrogen generating material. The controller controls the temperature adjustor to heat the hydrogen generating material at a first predetermined temperature during the hydrogen generating mode. The controller controls the temperature adjustor to adjust the temperature of the hydrogen generating material to a second predetermined temperature and controls the water supply to supply water during the regenerating mode.

Abstract: Processes for forming high iron content ferric chloride solutions, reconstituting ferric chloride solutions, and transporting the stable ferric chloride solutions with the high iron content are disclosed.

Abstract: A first compound having an atom in an oxidized state is reacted with a bis(trimethylsilyl) six-membered ring system or related compound to form a second compound having the atom in a reduced state relative to the first compound. The atom in an oxidized state is selected from the group consisting of Groups 2-12 of the Periodic Table, the lanthanides, As, Sb, Bi, Te, Si, Ge, Sn, and Al.

Abstract: The invention provides a food decay odor controller which includes a mercaptan remover.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for removing chloride from zinc sulphate solution in conjunction with zinc production. According to the method, the chloride is removed from solution by means of monovalent copper, which is produced in a separate copper(I) oxide formation stage, in which the pH is regulated to the region of 4.5-5.

Abstract: Processes for forming high iron content ferric chloride solutions, reconstituting ferric chloride solutions, and transporting the stable ferric chloride solutions with the high iron content are disclosed.

Abstract: A Fenton reaction catalyst including a reaction product as an active component, in which the reaction product is obtained by using roasted and ground coffee beans (in particular, coffee grounds) or tea leaves (in particular, tea dregs) as feedstocks for supplying a component having a reduction effect, and mixing the feedstocks for supplying the component having a reduction effect with an iron-supplying source containing divalent or trivalent iron in the presence of water. The Fenton reaction catalyst can be used to generate hydroxy radicals from hydrogen peroxide. The Fenton reaction catalyst can maintain iron in a divalent state for a long period of time.

Abstract: The use of metal-accumulating plants for implementing chemical reactions.

Abstract: A method of making nanosized copper (I) compounds, in particular, copper (I) halides, pseudohalides, and cyanocuprate complexes, in reverse micelles or microemulsions is disclosed herein. The method of the invention comprises (a) dissolving a copper (II) compound in the polar phase of a first reverse micelle or microemulsion, (b) dissolving a copper (II) to copper (I) reducing agent or a pseudohalide salt in the polar phase of a second sample of the same reverse micelle or microemulsion, (c) mixing the two reverse micelle/microemulsions samples to form nanometer sized copper (I) compounds and (d) recovering said nanometer sized copper (I) compounds. The present invention is also directed to the resultant nanosized copper (I) compounds, such as copper (I) chloride, copper (I) cyanide, and potassium cyanocuprate complexes having an average particle size of about 0.1 to 600 nanometers.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for production of calcium compounds having very low content of phosphorus and boron from an impure calcium chloride, solution containing phosphorus and boron, which method comprises the following steps: a) addition of a FeCl3-solution to the calcium chloride solution, b) adjusting the pH of the solution by addition of a base to between 3 and 9.5 for precipitation of iron hydroxide, iron phosphate and boron compounds, c) removal of the solid precipitate from the solution in step b) obtaining a purified calcium chloride solution, d) precipitation of a calcium compound from the solution from step c), and e) separation of the calcium compound from the solution in step d).

Abstract: A fluoride ion cleaning method includes generating hydrogen fluoride (HF) gas in-situ in a cleaning retort; contacting a part in need of cleaning with the generated HF gas; scrubbing an initial effluent stream in-situ to substantially remove residual HF gas therefrom; and passing the scrubbed effluent gas stream out of the cleaning retort. In an exemplary method, a liquid or gaseous halogenated feedstock is introduced into a cleaning retort; hydrogen gas is introduced into the cleaning retort, HF gas is generated by a reaction of the feedstock with hydrogen gas at a sufficient temperature. In an exemplary method, only HF gas generated in-situ or reconstituted in-situ is utilized in the cleaning process.

Abstract: The disclosure provides to a PDC element protective system including a mask configured to protect a non-leached portion of a leached polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) element during a leaching process. The mask may be formed from or coated with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The disclosure also provides a leaching system containing such a mask and a leaching vessel as well as methods of using the protective and leaching systems. The disclosure further provides a Lewis acid-based leaching agent and methods of its use. Finally, the disclosure provides a method of recycling a PDC or carbide element using a Lewis acid-based leaching agent.

Abstract: Processes for forming ferric chloride solutions that are stable at relatively low temperatures and suitable for transportation without precipitation are provided. The stable ferric chloride solutions have an iron content of about 16 to about 23 weight percent and a hydrochloric acid content of about 11 to about 17 weight percent, wherein the ferric chloride solution is a stable solution and/or reversibly freezes at ?10° C. Also disclosed are processes for reconstituting the stable ferric chlorides solutions to provide a final iron content of 10 to 14 weight percent and lower the concentration of hydrochloric acid contained therein.

Abstract: A desalination and minerals extraction process includes a desalination facility fluidly coupled to a minerals extraction facility. The desalination facility includes a nanofiltration membrane section producing a first tailings stream and a reverse osmosis membrane section producing a second tailings stream and a desalinated water outlet stream from an inlet feed stream. The extraction facility produces at least one mineral compound, an extraction tailings stream, and a second desalinated water outlet stream. At least one of the first tailings stream and the second tailings stream is fed into the extraction facility. In certain exemplary embodiments, a natural gas combined cycle power unit supplies power to at least one of the desalination facility and the extraction facility. In certain exemplary embodiments, the extraction tailings stream is recycled into the desalination facility and there are no extraction tailings streams or desalination tailings streams discharged into the environment.

Abstract: Process for the phase transformation of substances and mixtures of substances, in which the substance or the mixture of substances is introduced into a plasma reactor, the substance or the mixture of substances is converted into the higher-energy phase and the product is removed in gaseous form from the plasma reactor. The process can be used for the sublimation of metal salts, metal nitrates and/or metal alkoxides and other vaporizable metal organic compounds.

Abstract: The invention relates to a composition for increasing sperm motility at low metal ion concentration and/or decreasing sperm motility at high metal ion concentration, wherein said composition comprises one or more metal ion selected from Co2+ and Ni2+ or compounds thereof as an active ingredient either alone or in combination with a physiologically acceptable carrier and optionally auxiliary ingredients. The invention includes the use of the above metal ions or compounds thereof for the preparation of a composition for increasing sperm motility in low concentration and decreasing sperm motility in high concentration, and the use of such compositions.

Abstract: A method for recovering and reusing a ring-halogenation catalyst comprises: (A) contacting an aromatic compound with chlorine or bromine in the presence of a catalyst composition, where the catalyst composition comprises at least one salt comprising a Group 4-13 metal, a lanthanide metal, or an actinide metal; and at least one organic counterion derived from an organic acid having a pKa relative to water of 0 or greater; and at least one organic sulfur compound; to form a first product mixture comprising a monochloro or a monobromo aromatic compound and a Group 4-13 metal halide, a lanthanide metal halide or an actinide metal halide; (B) separating the metal halide from the first product mixture; and (C) contacting at least a portion of the metal halide and an aromatic compound with chlorine or bromine, and at least one organic sulfur compound; to form a second product mixture comprising a monochloro or a monobromo aromatic compound and a Group 4-13 metal halide, a lanthanide metal halide or an actinide metal

Abstract: The present invention involves a system and method of making ferric chloride with reduced amounts of hydrochloric acid for water treatment. The method comprises preparing a reactant batch comprising ferric oxide and hydrochloric acid at a predetermined molar ratio. The method further includes mixing the reactant batch with an impeller rotating between about 60 and 150 revolutions per minute. The method further includes maintaining the reactant batch at a temperature between about 70° Fahrenheit and 180° Fahrenheit. The method forms a reaction product including ferric chloride and a reduced amount of hydrochloric acid.

Abstract: A method for converting nickel into a nickel salt solution. Nickel is dissolved and reacted in an oxygen-enriched acidic solution to produce a nickel salt solution as illustrated in the following chemical equation, wherein X is a conjugate base: Ni+H2X+½O2->NiX+H2O.

Abstract: A thermochemical water-splitting process all reactions of which operate at relatively low temperatures and high efficiencies, and in which relatively inexpensive materials and processing methods are made possible. This invention involves the decomposition of a metal halide compound, i.e., one which is capable of being reduced from a higher oxidation state to lower oxidation state, e.g. vanadium chloride III?vanadium dichloride. The process is cyclic and regenerative, and the only net inputs are water and heat; and the only net outputs are hydrogen and oxygen. The process makes it possible to utilize a wide variety of available heat, including solar, sources for the energy input.

Abstract: An efficient oxygen scavenging composition for use in film forming polymers is disclosed wherein the oxygen scavenging composition comprises an oxidizable metal particle, such as elemental iron; a water hydrolysable Lewis acid, such as aluminum chloride; and an acidifying electrolyte such as sodium or potassium bisulfate.

Abstract: A method of making nanosized copper (I) compounds, in particular, copper (I) halides, pseudohalides, and cyanocuprate complexes, in reverse micelles or microemulsions is disclosed herein. The method of the invention comprises (a) dissolving a copper (II) compound in the polar phase of a first reverse micelle or microemulsion, (b) dissolving a copper (II) to copper (I) reducing agent or a pseudohalide salt in the polar phase of a second sample of the same reverse micelle or microemulsion, (c) mixing the two reverse micelle/microemulsions samples to form nanometer sized copper (I) compounds and (d) recovering said nanometer sized copper (I) compounds. The present invention is also directed to the resultant nanosized copper (I) compounds, such as copper (I) chloride, copper (I) cyanide, and potassium cyanocuprate complexes having an average particle size of about 0.1 to 600 nanometers.

Abstract: A method of making nanosized copper (I) compounds, in particular, copper (I) halides, pseudohalides, and cyanocuprate complexes, in reverse micelles or microemulsions is disclosed herein. The method of the invention comprises (a) dissolving a copper (II) compound in the polar phase of a first reverse micelle or microemulsion, (b) dissolving a copper (II) to copper (I) reducing agent or a pseudohalide salt in the polar phase of a second sample of the same reverse micelle or microemulsion, (c) mixing the two reverse micelle/microemulsions samples to form nanometer sized copper (I) compounds and (d) recovering said nanometer sized copper (I) compounds. The present invention is also directed to the resultant nanosized copper (I) compounds, such as copper (I) chloride, copper (I) cyanide, and potassium cyanocuprate complexes having an average particle size of about 0.1 to 600 nanometers.

Abstract: A process is provided whereby a liquid ferrous sulfate or ferrous chloride solution containing 0.5-100% of the iron in the ferrous form (Fe2+) is oxidized in a continuous process using an ozone gas stream as an oxidant. The invention has advantages over prior art in that the process does not require additional elevated pressures (>1 atm), elevated temperatures, or additional liquid oxidant, and can be run in a continuous, rather than a batch process.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for making modified jacobsite, Al-doped maghemite or modified maghemite nanoparticles that can be used to adsorb heavy metals, such as Cr(VI), found in wastewater. The magnetic nanoparticles can be separated using a magnetic field after adsorbing heavy metals from wastewater, and processed for reused.

Abstract: The present invention is related to a method for preparing an amorphous metal fluoride of the formula MX+FX?? comprising the steps of a) providing a precursor, whereby the precursor comprises a structure having a formula of Mx+F(x??)?yBy; and b) reacting the precursor with a fluorinating agent generating the amorphous metal flouride having a formula of Mx+Fx??, whereby M is selected from the group comprising metals of the second, third and fourth main group and any subgroup of the periodic table, B is a coordinately bound group; x is any integer of 2 or 3; y is any integer between 1 and 3; ? is 0 to 0.1; and x??>y.

Abstract: A process for efficient separation/recovery of copper involving selective extraction of the copper ion with the aid of an organic extractant from an aqueous chloride solution containing copper and one or more concomitant elements, discharged from an extractive metallurgy of non-ferrous metals or the like, and subsequent stripping. The process of solvent extraction of copper which treats an aqueous chloride solution containing copper and one or more concomitant elements to separate/recover copper, comprising the first step for selective extraction of copper from the aqueous chloride solution by mixing the solution with an extractant of organic solvent composed of tributyl phosphate as the major component after adjusting the solution at an oxidation-reduction potential of 0 to 350 mV (based on an Ag/AgCl electrode), and the second step for stripping of copper by mixing the extractant in which copper is stripped with an aqueous solution.

Abstract: A microreactor containing a plurality of introduction channels 21 and 22 for introducing a plurality of liquids, a merging section 23 for merging the plurality of introduction channels 21 and 22, and a reaction channel 41 located on a downstream side of the merging section 23, characterized in that a flow control section 80 is located on a downstream side of the merging section 23 and an upstream side of the reaction channel 41, and the flow control section 80 contains in a channel 81 thereof a movable particle 82. According to the constitution, such a microreactor can be provided that the flow state in the reaction channel 41 is controlled to realize a flow state with good reproducibility.

Abstract: A process for removing selenium from a water stream, in particular a waste water stream, by: 1) the addition thereto of a ferric salt, followed by 2) the addition of a cupric salt and pH adjustment to a pH value in the range of from about 6.5 to about 8.0, thereby forming a copper-and-selenium-containing precipitate, and 3) removing the copper-and-selenium-containing precipitate to thereby form a treated water stream, is disclosed. The optional precipitation and removal of excess copper ions is also disclosed.

Abstract: A process for removing selenium from an aqueous stream using a supported sulfur material, to convert selenocyanate to selenite, followed by removal of the selenite from the aqueous stream.

Abstract: A method of producing nano metal fluoride powders comprising the steps of mixing an aqueous or organic continuous phase comprising at least one metal cation salt with a hydrophilic or organic polymeric disperse phase forming a metal cation salt/polymer gel and then treating said gel with anhydrous hydrofluoric acid to convert said metal cation salt to metal cation fluoride and heat treating the gel at a temperature sufficient to drive off water and/or organics within the gel, leaving a residue of nano-size metal fluoride powder.

Abstract: It is an object to provide a liquid composition for forming a thin film, with which a ferroelectric thin film having excellent characteristics can be prepared even by baking at a low temperature, and a process for producing a ferroelectric thin film using it. The above object is achieved by use of a liquid composition for forming a ferroelectric thin film, characterized in that in a liquid medium, ferroelectric oxide particles being plate or needle crystals, which are represented by the formula ABO3 (wherein A is at least one member selected from the group consisting of Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Pb2+, La3+, K+ and Na+, and B is at least one member selected from the group consisting of Ti4+, Zr4+, Nb5+, Ta5+ and Fe3+) and have a Perovskite structure and which have an average primary particle size of at most 100 nm and an aspect ratio of at least 2, are dispersed, and a soluble metal compound which forms a ferroelectric oxide by heating, is dissolved.

Abstract: A method of patterning magnetic material includes forming a ferromagnetic material layer containing one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co and Ni on a substrate, selectively masking a surface of the ferromagnetic material layer, and making nonferromagnetic. The making nonferromagnetic step includes exposing an exposed portion in halogen-containing reaction gas, changing magnetism of the exposed portion and a lower layer thereof by chemical reaction, and making the exposed portion a nonferromagnetic material region. A magnetic recording medium is fabricated by using the magnetic material patterning method and includes a plurality of recording regions made of ferromagnetic materials, each containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co and Ni, and a nonferromagnetic material region for separating the recording regions from each other. The nonferromagnetic material region is a compound region of the ferromagnetic material and halogen.

Abstract: A method for producing halide brine wherein an alkali and a reducing agent are added to an aqueous fluid having a density greater than 8.30 lb/gal., (0.996 kg/L) water, waste water or sea water for example. The resulting fluid is then contacted with a halogen to form a halide brine. The reaction occurs in a conventional reactor such as a mixing tank.

Abstract: A process for producing vinyl chloride monomer from ethylene and ethane having input of significant quantities of both ethane and ethylene in input streams to the affiliated reactor where hydrogen chloride in the reactor effluent is only partially recovered from the reactor effluent in the first unit operation after the ethane/ethylene-to-vinyl reaction step or stage. Steps are presented of oxydehydro-chlorination catalytic reaction of ethane, ethylene, hydrogen chloride, oxygen, and chlorine; cooling and condensing the reactor effluent stream; and separating the condensed raw product stream into vinyl chloride monomer and a reactor recycle stream.

Abstract: The present invention involves a system and method of making ferric chloride with reduced amounts of hydrochloric acid for water treatment. The method comprises preparing a reactant batch comprising ferric oxide and hydrochloric acid at a predetermined molar ratio. The method further includes mixing the reactant batch with an impeller rotating between about 60 and 150 revolutions per minute. The method further includes maintaining the reactant batch at a temperature between about 70° Fahrenheit and 180° Fahrenheit. The method forms a reaction product including ferric chloride and a reduced amount of hydrochloric acid.

Abstract: The present invention involves a system and method of making ferric chloride with reduced amounts of hydrochloric acid for water treatment. The method comprises preparing a reactant batch comprising ferric oxide and hydrochloric acid at a predetermined molar ratio. The method further includes mixing the reactant batch with an impeller rotating between about 60 and 150 revolutions per minute. The method further includes maintaining the reactant batch at a temperature between about 70° Fahrenheit and 180° Fahrenheit. The method forms a reaction product including ferric chloride and a reduced amount of hydrochloric acid.

Abstract: A process for purifying solid crude aluminum chloride, containing iron impurities, includes the steps of mixing iron with the crude aluminum chloride and reactively subliming and desubliming the mixture.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrically conductive powder coating composition having anti-static properties comprising metallic fibers. Further, the coating composition shows effective EMF shielding. Very good results are found when the metallic fibers have an L/D ratio in the range between 5 and 75, wherein L is the length of the fiber and D is the diameter of the fiber. In a preferred embodiment stainless steel fibers are incorporated in the powder coating composition.

Abstract: The specification discloses a process for recovering chlorine from a chlorinator waste. The process involves treating the chlorinator waste with oxygen in a fluidised bed under conditions which promote the conversion of metal chlorides to metal oxides and discourage the oxidation of carbon contained in the waste. Suitable conditions include a bed temperature in a range from 400 to 700° C., a superficial velocity in a range from 0.2 to 1 metre/second and stoichiometric ratio, R, in a range from 0.2 to 1.2.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for the production of NADCl4 in which D is aluminium or iron, where, in a first reaction step, a melt of aluminium or iron is reacted with chlorine gas to give gaseous metal halide, and this is subsequently reacted, in a second reaction step, with solid sodium chloride to give the corresponding compound and is separated off as a melt.

Abstract: A method of making nanosized copper (I) compounds, in particular, copper (I) halides, pseudohalides, and cyanocuprate complexes, in reverse micelles or microemulsions is disclosed herein. The method of the invention comprises (a) dissolving a copper (II) compound in the polar phase of a first reverse micelle or microemulsion, (b) dissolving a copper (II) to copper (I) reducing agent or a pseudohalide salt in the polar phase of a second sample of the same reverse micelle or microemulsion, (c) mixing the two reverse micelle/microemulsions samples to form nanometer sized copper (I) compounds and (d) recovering said nanometer sized copper (I) compounds. The present invention is also directed to the resultant nanosized copper (I) compounds, such as copper (I) chloride, copper (I) cyanide, and potassium cyanocuprate complexes having an average particle size of about 0.1 to 600 nanometers.

Abstract: To produce ferric chloride, pickle liquor containing ferrous chloride and fortified with sufficient HCl is converted to ferric chloride in the presence of oxygen in a tower at a temperature above 132° F. The ferric chloride solution from the tower is subjected to evaporation so as to increase the concentration of the ferric chloride. The resultant concentrate is recycled into the tower until a concentration of about 40% by weight ferric chloride is obtained. A gas phase from either or both of the tower and the evaporator is scrubbed in order to remove HCl which can be used to fortify the pickle liquor.

Abstract: A process for separating metal chlorides from a suspension of metal chlorides in chlorosilanes, in which the suspension is filtered under pressure in the absence of air and moisture forming a filter cake, which is granulated and passed to a dissolution zone where the metal chlorides are dissolved to form an aqueous metal chloride solution. The invention also relates to a filtration and dissolution apparatus for this process, and to an apparatus for introducing the crude reaction gas into a circulated suspension of metal chlorides in chlorosilanes, thus producing a feedstock for the process.

Abstract: A new process for producing calcium chloride and other metal halides from the carbonates, bicarbonates, oxides of these metals. The process utilizes the discovery that hydrogen halides, when used in a true or conventional fluidizing medium in shallow beds of the aforementioned solids at moderately elevated temperatures in a continuous counter current process results in the conversion of the metal carbonates, bicarbonates, and oxides, into metal halides and carbon dioxide gas and/or water vapor. The process is carried out in a series of true or conventional fluidized beds preferable but not necessarily arranged in a vertical configuration so that the solids flow downward due to the fluidized process and the hydrogen halides flow counter currently in an upward direction producing metal halides at the bottom and pure carbon dioxide gas and/or water vapor at the top.

Abstract: A process for producing chlorine and iron oxide from iron chloride (which may be generated as a by-product of the direct chlorination of titaniferous ores) comprises the steps of converting ferrous chloride to ferric chloride by reaction with chlorine, separating the solids from the gaseous products, reacting the gaseous ferric chloride with oxygen, condensing unreacted ferric chloride onto iron oxide particles, separating the gaseous products from the iron oxide particles and recycling the iron oxide particles to the oxidation or condensation step.