Abstract: The presently disclosed concepts relate to green battery recycling systems and critical mineral reclamation and refinement. Alkali metal extraction (and in particular lithium extraction) is accomplished using a solid electrolyte membrane in combination with electrodes in a redox configuration. The energy used to initially extract lithium from a feed solution is stored as electrochemical energy, which electrochemical energy is reclaimed in subsequent reclamation processing steps. This reclamation may further allow for lithium to be converted to lithium carbonate or lithium hydroxide, or purified to a minimum purity of 99.9% lithium by mass. These extraction and reclamation steps may performed in continuous ultra-efficient ongoing cycles.

Abstract: Embodiments described herein relate to recycling of spent lithium battery material. In some aspects, a method can include suspending a lithium source in a solvent containing an oxidation reagent to extract lithium, forming an extracted lithium solution, separating the extracted lithium solution from residual solids of a lithium source, purifying the extracted lithium solution by precipitating and filtering impurities, and precipitating the lithium in the purified lithium solution to generate lithium carbonate (Li2CO3). In some embodiments, the method can further include preprocessing the lithium source to improve kinetics of the lithium extraction. In some embodiments, the preprocessing can include a cutting or shredding step to downsize the lithium source. In some embodiments, the lithium source can include lithium-ion battery waste.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a peritoneal dialysis fluid comprising a compound inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3 activity, in particular (GSK)-3? activity, for use in the prevention of infectious and non-infectious peritoneal complications such as peritonitis, peritoneal membrane injury, damage and failure, barrier dysfunction and mesothelial cell detachment.

Abstract: The invention generally relates to methods of selectively removing lithium from various liquids, methods of producing high purity lithium carbonate, methods of producing high purity lithium hydroxide, and methods of regenerating resin.

Abstract: There is disclosed herein a process for recovering lithium from an impure natural or industrial brine, the process comprising adjusting the pH of a feed brine containing lithium to a value of no less than 11.3 and separating the waste solids and a solution containing lithium values. The solution may be further concentrated and treated to obtain lithium carbonate and a lithium chloride solution suitable for obtaining electrolytic grade lithium chloride.

Abstract: Administering a therapeutically effective dose of lithium ions mitigates the side effects of a psychoactive substance such as a cannabinoid. The therapeutically effective dose of lithium ions includes greater than 4 milligrams of lithium and less than 170 milligrams of lithium, or includes between 8 and 32 milligrams of lithium ions per milligram of the psychoactive substance. The therapeutically effective dose of lithium ions is administered using lithium carbonate, lithium citrate, lithium chloride, lithium orotate, lithium aspartate, or analogs thereof using a delivery vehicle selected from pills, tablets, capsules, gelcaps, liquids, syrups, injectable liquids, powders, or foods and administered prior to, with, or after administration of the psychoactive substance. The psychoactive substance includes one or more of anandamide, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol ether, tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol, cannabidiol, or analogs thereof and may be administered using the delivery vehicle.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method of separating group II nuclides from a radioactive waste lithium chloride salt and recovering renewable lithium chloride, comprising the steps of: injecting lithium oxide into a lithium chloride salt containing group II nuclides to convert the group II nuclides into thermally-stable oxide or oxychloride; and vaporizing and condensing the lithium chloride salt under a reduced pressure condition to separate the group II nuclides and recover recyclable lithium chloride. The method is advantageous in that group II nuclides existing in the form of chloride, which is not highly thermally-stable in a lithium chloride (LiCl) to salt and is not easily solidified, can be converted into oxides or oxychlorides, which is highly thermally-stable in the lithium chloride (LiCl) salt and is easily solidified, without producing impurities.

Abstract: Provided is an efficient method of inducing differentiation of a pulp cell into an odontoblast. Also provided is an agent for inducing differentiation capable of inducing differentiation into an odontoblast efficiently. The method of inducing differentiation of a pulp cell into an odontoblast includes using a substance capable of activating a Wnt signaling pathway. Further, the agent for inducing differentiation includes a substance capable of activating a Wnt signaling pathway. Specifically, the substance capable of activating a Wnt signaling pathway is any one selected from sodium perchlorate, sodium perchlorate, lithium chloride, Norrin, and R-Spondin2.

Abstract: A process for reducing the amount of magnesium in a lithium-containing brine by adding an aqueous solution of KCl to the brine to precipitate at least some of the magnesium as carnallite salt is disclosed. Lithium salts prepared using this magnesium removal process are also disclosed.

Abstract: A chiral liquid crystal precursor composition which comprises at least one salt that changes a position of the selective reflection band exhibited by the composition in a cured state compared to the position of a selective reflection band exhibited by a composition in the cured state that does not contain the at least one salt. This abstract is neither intended to define the invention disclosed in this specification nor intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions comprising a peptide with 2-12 amino acids substituted with a lipophilic moiety and a water soluble salt of an alkali, earth alkaline metal or transition metal. Furthermore, the invention relates to a container comprising such compositions. Additionally, the invention relates to the use of a water soluble salt of an alkali, earth alkaline metal or transition metal for reducing the adhesion of a peptide with 2-12 amino acids substituted with a lipophilic moiety to a surface.

Abstract: The invention generally relates to methods of selectively removing lithium from various liquids, methods of producing high purity lithium carbonate, methods of producing high purity lithium hydroxide, and methods of regenerating resin.

Abstract: There is disclosed herein a process for recovering lithium from an impure natural or industrial brine, the process comprising adjusting the pH of a feed brine containing lithium to a value of no less than 11.3 and separating the waste solids and a solution containing lithium values. The solution may be further concentrated and treated to obtain lithium carbonate and a lithium chloride solution suitable for obtaining electrolytic grade lithium chloride.

Abstract: The invention generally relates to methods of selectively removing lithium from various liquids, methods of producing high purity lithium carbonate, methods of producing high purity lithium hydroxide, and methods of regenerating resin.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for the production of low sodium lithium carbonate and lithium chloride from a brine concentrated to about 6.0 wt % lithium are disclosed. Methods and apparatus for direct recovery of technical grade lithium chloride from the concentrated brine are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method of treating a glial cell related disorder in a mammalian subject includes administering a drug which enhances or prolongs GSK-3 ? or ? inactivation.

Abstract: Cyclical batch processes for halogenation, such as chlorination, of minerals in a fixed bed using a plurality of cycles which include the steps of at least partially evacuating the bed, charging the bed with reactant gas, maintaining the reactant gas in the bed for a predetermined time, and exhausting reaction products under vacuum. Also disclosed is the chlorination of spodumene in its beta crystalline form produced by calcining spodumene in its naturally-occurring alpha crystalline form to preferentially extract lithium as lithium chloride.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for the production of low sodium lithium carbonate and lithium chloride from a brine concentrated to about 6.0 wt % lithium are disclosed. Methods and apparatus for direct recovery of technical grade lithium chloride from the concentrated brine are also disclosed.

Abstract: A pretreatment agent for a sample to be subjected to Limulus assay comprising an alkali metal sulfate and/or an alkaline earth metal sulfate wherein the sulfate(s) has a final concentration of 20 mM or more when the sulfate(s) is allowed to contact with the sample, or an alkali metal halide and/or an alkaline earth metal halide wherein the halide(s) has a final concentration of from 0.4 M to 1.2 M or less when the halide(s) is allowed to contact with the sample, or a kit for Limulus assay reagent comprising thereof as a composing article.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for the production of low sodium lithium carbonate and lithium chloride from a brine concentrated to about 6.0 wt % lithium are disclosed. Methods and apparatus for direct recovery of technical grade lithium chloride from the concentrated brine are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method of producing metal chlorides is disclosed in which chlorine gas is introduced into liquid Cd. CdCl2 salt is floating on the liquid Cd and as more liquid CdCl2 is formed it separates from the liquid Cd metal and dissolves in the salt. The salt with the CdCl2 dissolved therein contacts a metal which reacts with CdCl2 to form a metal chloride, forming a mixture of metal chloride and CdCl2. After separation of bulk Cd from the salt, by gravitational means, the metal chloride is obtained by distillation which removes CdCl2 and any Cd dissolved in the metal chloride.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for the removal and purification of the water and salt by-products from spent BHP emitted from a lasing process. The apparatus comprises a liquid processing system that freezes the water and salt by-products into a slurry, and then separates out the water (as ice) and salt components by filtering in a centrifuge. In order to remove as much residual BHP from the wet mixed ice-salt component as possible, a heat source is used to partially melt ice crystals, thereby generating an aqueous rinsing liquid on the surface of the wet mixed ice-salt crystals. The applied centrifugal force causes a continual displacement of the liquid film wetting the surface, so that it becomes progressively diluted. As such, the purification of the mixture of ice and salt crystals is implemented with an aqueous (water) rinse that is unaffected by the sub-freezing temperatures within the centrifuge.

Abstract: A method for producing halide brine wherein an alkali and a reducing agent are added to an aqueous fluid having a density greater than 8.30 lb/gal., (0.996 kg/L) water, waste water or sea water for example. The resulting fluid is then contacted with a halogen to form a halide brine. The reaction occurs in a conventional reactor such as a mixing tank.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for the production of low sodium lithium carbonate and lithium chloride from a brine concentrated to about 6.0 wt % lithium are disclosed. Methods and apparatus for direct recovery of technical grade lithium chloride from the concentrated brine are also disclosed.

Abstract: Snow and ice-melting granules prepared from compacted blends of salts of alkali and/or alkaline earth metals and a method for preparing such granules, are provided. The inventive granules have improved mechanical properties and, as such, are not readily reduced to a powder when subjected to mechanical loadings during transit and storage. In a preferred embodiment, the inventive granules employ one or more corrosion inhibitors homogeneously distributed throughout the granules.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for removing BHP contaminants (alkali hydroxide and H2O2) from a recycled aqueous alkali chloride solution stream before the stream is fed to a chloralkali cell so that the contaminants do not impair the operation of a chloralkali cell. Unwanted alkali hydroxide within the recycled alkali chloride brine solution is reacted with chlorine gas and converted into an alkali chloride, which is useful in the operation of the chloralkali cell, and oxygen gas, which is outgassed from the system. Any H2O2 remaining in the recycled stream after elimination of the alkali hydroxide is reacted with chlorine to form HCl and oxygen gas. The HCl raises the pH of the brine solution, after which the pH may be adjusted by the addition of supplemental alkali hydroxide.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for the production of low sodium lithium carbonate and lithium chloride from a brine concentrated to about 6.0 wt % lithium are disclosed. Methods and apparatus for direct recovery of technical grade lithium chloride from the concentrated brine are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method of making a cesium salt is described and involves reacting a cesium sulfate containing solution with lime to form 1) a solution containing at least cesium hydroxide and 2) a residue comprising calcium sulfate. The method further involves removing the residue from the solution and converting the cesium hydroxide that is present in the solution to at least one type of cesium salt. The present invention further relates to uses of the cesium salt as well as methods of making cesium hydroxide using lime. Also, methods of making alkali metal salts and alkali metal hydroxides are also described.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for the production of low sodium lithium carbonate and lithium chloride from a brine concentrated to about 6.0 wt % lithium are disclosed. Methods and apparatus for direct recovery of technical grade lithium chloride from the concentrated brine are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method of removing from a metal salt ionic species contained therein involves contacting the metal salt with an ionic liquid to dissolve the metal salt, the ionic species or both. At least in the case where both the metal salt and the ionic species are dissolved, the resultant ionic liquid composition is treated to separate the ionic species therefrom and subsequently processed to recover the metal salt.

Abstract: Aqueous alkali metal chloride solutions, typically destined for electrolysis for the production of chlorine and containing a contaminating amount of iodine values in other than the periodate state, are purified by oxidizing the iodine values therein to the periodate oxidation state of +7 and then separating such periodate values therefrom. The starting alkali metal chloride solutions may also contain contaminating amounts of ammonium values, which in turn are oxidized, preferably simultaneously, to molecular nitrogen and degassed therefrom.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for the production of low sodium lithium carbonate and lithium chloride from a brine concentrated to about 6.0 wt % lithium are disclosed. Methods and apparatus for direct recovery of technical grade lithium chloride from the concentrated brine are also disclosed.