Abstract: The invention relates to a catalytic module including a solid support and a stack including at least the following layers arranged in the following order, taking the solid support as a base: a first porous layer containing CeO2 and deposited by chemical vapour deposition, and a first catalytic layer containing at least one metal and/or at least one alloy of metals.

Abstract: Process for preparing chlorine by oxidation of hydrogen chloride by means of oxygen in the presence of a particulate catalyst in a fluidized-bed reactor, where the heat of reaction of the exothermic oxidation of hydrogen chloride is removed by means of water which circulates in the tubes of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger, where (i) the fluidized-bed reactor is heated up to an operating temperature in the range from 350 to 420° C. in a heating-up phase and (ii) hydrogen chloride is reacted with oxygen in an operating phase at the operating temperature, wherein (i-1) the fluidized-bed reactor is heated up to a temperature below the operating temperature in a first heating-up phase and (i-2) hydrogen chloride and oxygen are fed into the fluidized-bed reactor and reacted in a second heating-up phase in which the fluidized-bed reactor is heated up to the operating temperature by the heat of reaction of the exothermic oxidation of hydrogen chloride.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a catalyst for producing chlorine by oxidation of hydrogen chloride and a method for preparing the same. The catalyst comprises a support and active ingredients that comprise 1-20 wt % of copper, 0.01-5 wt % of boron, 0.1-10 wt % of alkali metal element(s), 0.1-15 wt % of one or more rare earth elements, and 0-10 wt % of one or more elements selected from magnesium, calcium, barium, manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, zinc, ruthenium or titanium based on the total weight of the catalyst. The catalyst is prepared by a two-step impregnation method. Comparing with the available catalysts of the same type, the catalyst according to the present invention has greatly improved conversion and stability.

Abstract: A method for producing chlorine by oxidizing hydrogen chloride with oxygen in the presence of a catalyst, wherein the catalyst satisfies the following conditions (i) and (ii): (i) the BET specific surface area is from 1 to 250 m2/g; and (ii) the value of H/D, wherein H is the half width of the peak of a pore distribution curve as determined by a mercury intrusion method; and D is the average pore diameter, is from 0.6 to 1.5.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for separating a chlorine-containing species from an aqueous solution of the chlorine-containing species in a catalytic hydrocarbon conversion process that includes the step of oxidizing a spent chloride-containing hydrocarbon conversion catalyst, the spent hydrocarbon conversion catalyst including a hydrocarbon residue formed thereon. The oxidizing forms a flue gas including chlorine-containing species, water, and oxides of carbon. The method further includes contacting the flue gas with a water scrubbing stream to dissolve at least a portion of the chlorine-containing species in the water scrubbing stream to form an aqueous acid solution and contacting the aqueous acid solution with a hygroscopic liquid to generate dehydrated hydrogen chloride gas.

Abstract: A process of producing chlorine gas by catalytic oxidation of hydrogen chloride including: incorporating an oxidizing agent such as ozone, hydrogen peroxide solution etc.

Abstract: An object of the invention is to provide a process for producing a supported ruthenium oxide in which silica can be efficiently supported on a titania carrier and a supported ruthenium oxide superior in thermal stability and catalyst lifetime is obtained. Another object of the present invention is to provide a process for stably producing chlorine for a longer time, by using the supported ruthenium oxide obtained by the above-described process. The invention relates to a process for producing a supported ruthenium oxide in which ruthenium oxide and silica are supported on a titania carrier, wherein a titania carrier is brought into contact with an alkoxysilane compound, followed by being dried under a stream of a water vapor-containing gas, then is subjected to a first calcination under an atmosphere of an oxidizing gas, followed by being brought into contact with a ruthenium compound, and then is subjected to a second calcination under an atmosphere of an oxidizing gas.

Abstract: A catalyst material for producing chlorine by the catalytic gas-phase oxidation of hydrogen chloride, wherein the catalyst comprises oxide compounds of cerium as active component components and zirconium dioxide as supporting component and the catalyst h as a particularly high space-time yield with respect to the reactor volume

Abstract: Elemental fluorine is often manufactured electrochemically from a solution of KF in hydrogen fluoride and contains varying amounts of entrained electrolyte salt in solid form as impurity. The invention concerns a process for the purification of such impure elemental fluorine by contact with liquid hydrogen fluoride, e.g., in a jet gas scrubber or by bubbling the raw fluorine through liquid hydrogen fluoride. After this purification step, any entrained hydrogen fluoride is removed by adsorption, condensing it out or both. After passing through a filter with very small pores, the purified fluorine is especially suited for the semiconductor industry as etching gas or as chamber cleaning gas in the manufacture of semiconductors, TFTs and solar cells, or for the manufacture of micro-electromechanical systems (“MEMS”).

Abstract: A process for the production of chlorine by thermo-catalytic gas phase oxidation of hydrogen chloride gas with oxygen, in the presence of a catalyst, and separation of the chlorine from the reaction products comprising chlorine, hydrogen chloride, oxygen and water, characterized in that a) a cerium oxide is used as catalytically active component in the catalyst and b) the reaction gases are converted at the cerium oxide catalyst in one or more isothermic reaction zones, preferably in one or more tube bundle reactors, wherein the molar O2/HCl-ratio is equal or above 0.75 in any part of the cerium oxide containing reaction zones.

Abstract: A process for the production of chlorine by thermo-catalytic gas phase oxidation of hydrogen chloride and oxygen is described, the process comprising at least (1) a cerium oxide catalyst and (2) an adiabatic reaction cascade, containing at least two adiabatic stages connected in series with intermediate cooling, wherein the molar O2/HCl-ratio is equal or above 0.75 in any part of the cerium oxide catalyst beds.

Abstract: A portable system for extracting iodine from brine on-site is disclosed. The portable system includes a mobile platform containing a treatment unit for oxidizing iodine ions into elemental iodine, an adsorption unit capable of binding iodine, and may also have an electrolytic cell and/or a gas-liquid separator. The treatment unit and the adsorption unit may be located in the same or different portable operating devices. When transported to a field site containing natural gas wells, the natural gas wells provide a fluid stream containing natural gas and brine. The separators can separate the natural gas from the brine, and the brine is then run through the treatment unit and the adsorption unit to bind iodine present in the brine. The brine is then returned to the natural gas well. Upon saturation, the portable operating device is transported to a second location, where iodine is extracted from the adsorption unit.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a catalyst for preparation of chlorine by catalytic gas phase oxidation of hydrogen chloride with oxygen, in which the catalyst comprises calcined tin dioxide as a support and at least one halogen-containing ruthenium compound, and to the use thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a catalyst for preparation of chlorine by catalytic gas phase oxidation of hydrogen chloride with oxygen, in which the catalyst comprises at least tin dioxide as a support material and at least one ruthenium-containing compound as a catalytically active material, and comprises, as an additional secondary constituent, a compound of an element or an element selected from the group of: Nb, V, Ta, Cr, Mo, Au, In, Sc, Y and lanthanoids, especially La and Ce.

Abstract: The present invention is a method of producing chlorine where it is possible to inhibit the degradation of a catalyst, the corrosion of an apparatus material caused by raw material hydrogen chloride and/or generated chlorine, and a runaway reaction by preventing hot spot generation in a catalyst layer, wherein the method includes a reaction of oxidizing hydrogen chloride in a gas containing the hydrogen chloride using a gas containing oxygen by a fixed bed reactor having a reaction region composed of a catalyst layer and the catalyst layer has an effective thermal conductivity of 0.30 W/(Km) or more, based on a catalyst-filled layer, measured at 350° C. in an air atmosphere.

Abstract: A catalyst having decreased activity is subjected to a contact treatment with a reducing gas containing carbon monoxide and/or hydrogen. Also, the catalyst can be effectively activated by being treated by contacting with an oxidizing gas after having been treated by contacting with the reducing gas. As the catalyst for production of chlorine, a ruthenium catalyst, particularly a catalyst containing ruthenium oxide is suitably activated.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for preparing chlorine from HCl and a method of using liquid HCl to cool and optionally liquefy chlorine in the process. The process involves introducing at least one HCl-containing stream and an oxygen-containing stream into an oxidation zone and catalytically oxidizing the HCl to chlorine, contacting the chlorine with aqueous HCl with partial separation of water and HCl to yield a gas stream, drying the gas stream to yield an essentially water-free gas stream, which is compressed and cooled to give an at least partially liquefied stream, and separating the liquefied stream into a gas stream and a liquid stream which is separated into a chlorine stream, such that cooling and partial liquefaction of the gas stream is effected by indirect heat exchange with a liquid HCl stream, resulting in some of the liquid HCl stream vaporizing to form a gaseous HCl stream.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for separating chlorine from a gas stream I comprising oxygen and chlorine, in which the gas stream I is fed into a lower part of a column K1 and a separately provided liquid, hydrogen chloride stream II is fed into an upper part of the same column and the ascending gaseous stream I is brought into contact with the descending liquid stream II, with chlorine condensing out from the stream I and hydrogen chloride vaporizing from the stream II to give an essentially chlorine-free gas stream III comprising hydrogen chloride and oxygen and a liquid stream IV comprising chlorine.

Abstract: A catalyst has high activity and is suitable for use in producing chlorine by oxidizing hydrogen chloride with oxygen. The catalyst includes copper, an alkali metal and a rare earth and has pores of which pores having a diameter of 5 to 15 nm have a pore volume of 0.4 to 2.0 ml/g.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of chlorine by gas phase oxidation using a supported catalyst based on ruthenium, characterised in that the catalyst support has a plurality of pores having a pore diameter>50 nm and carries nanoparticles containing ruthenium and/or ruthenium compounds as catalytically active components.

Abstract: A process for preparing chlorine by gas-phase oxidation of hydrogen chloride over a heterogeneous, particulate catalyst in a fluidized-bed reactor to give a product gas mixture which is freed of entrained catalyst particles in cyclones (1) which are arranged in the upper region of the fluidized-bed reactor, which comprises a cylindrical upper part (2) which has a tangential or spiral-shaped inlet (3) for the product gas mixture and tapers at its lower end via a conical section (4) into a cyclone downcomer tube (5) and also a central downward-extending tube (6) in the upper region of the cyclone (1) for discharging the product gas mixture which has been freed of entrained catalyst particles, wherein from one to seven cascades of in each case from two to five cyclones (1) connected in series are used, with the cyclones (1) of each cascade, with the exception of the first cyclone (1) through which flow occurs in each case, which is designed so that about 90 to 99% by weight of the entrained catalyst particles ar

Abstract: A catalyst having decreased activity is subjected to a contact treatment with a reducing gas containing carbon monoxide and/or hydrogen. Also, the catalyst can be effectively activated by being treated by contacting with an oxidizing gas after having been treated by contacting with the reducing gas. As the catalyst for production of chlorine, a ruthenium catalyst, particularly a catalyst containing ruthenium oxide is suitably activated.

Abstract: A start-up method of a process for producing chlorine from hydrogen chloride has a mixed gas producing step of producing a mixed gas containing chlorine from hydrogen chloride, a compressed mixed gas producing step of introducing the mixed gas into an inlet of a compressor and compressing the mixed gas in compressor, a purifying step of introducing the compressed mixed gas into a purifying column and separating the compressed mixed gas into purified chlorine and impurities by distillation, and a recompressing step of introducing the purified chlorine into an inlet of the compressor and compressing the mixed gas and the purified chlorine.

Abstract: An oxidation process employing a mechanically stable catalyst of an active metal or combination of active metals supported on aluminum oxide, which is predominantly alpha-aluminum oxide, is provided. The active metal or metals is optionally one or a mixture of ruthenium, copper, gold, an alkaline earth metal, an alkali metal, palladium, platinum, osmium, iridium, silver, and rhenium. The process is applicable to the oxidation of hydrogen chloride to chlorine in a Deacon process.

Abstract: Process for preparing chlorine by oxidation of hydrogen chloride by means of oxygen in the presence of a particulate catalyst in a fluidized-bed reactor, where the heat of reaction of the exothermic oxidation of hydrogen chloride is removed by means of water which circulates in the tubes of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger, where (i) the fluidized-bed reactor is heated up to an operating temperature in the range from 350 to 420° C. in a heating-up phase and (ii) hydrogen chloride is reacted with oxygen in an operating phase at the operating temperature, wherein (i-1) the fluidized-bed reactor is heated up to a temperature below the operating temperature in a first heating-up phase and (i-2) hydrogen chloride and oxygen are fed into the fluidized-bed reactor and reacted in a second heating-up phase in which the fluidized-bed reactor is heated up to the operating temperature by the heat of reaction of the exothermic oxidation of hydrogen chloride.

Abstract: A process is described for the production of chlorine by a catalysed gas-phase oxidation of hydrogen chloride with an oxygen-containing gas stream.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the catalytic oxidation of hydrogen chloride by means of oxygen to form chlorine in a fluidized-bed process in the presence of a catalyst comprising ruthenium on a particulate support composed of alpha-aluminum oxide having an average particle size of from 10 to 200 ?m, wherein the catalyst support has a low surface roughness and can be obtained from a used catalyst which has been used in a fluidized-bed process for at least 500 hours of operation.

Abstract: A method for activating a catalyst for chlorine production used in a reaction for oxidizing hydrogen chloride with oxygen, including the step of bringing a catalyst for chlorine production having decreased activity into contact with a basic liquid, and a method for producing chlorine by oxidizing hydrogen chloride with oxygen in the presence of a catalyst for chlorine production activated by the above method are provided. The basic liquid used preferably has a pH of 8 or more, and is preferably an aqueous solution in which an inorganic base is dissolved. The catalyst for chlorine production is preferably a catalyst containing ruthenium oxide.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel uranium catalyst on a support of particular pore size distribution, to a process for preparation thereof, and to the use thereof in the course of processes for preparing chlorine from hydrogen chloride.

Abstract: Catalyst comprising ruthenium on a support for the catalytic oxidation of hydrogen chloride by means of oxygen to form chlorine, wherein the catalyst comprises from 0.01 to 10% by weight of silver and/or calcium as dopant. The support preferably consists essentially of alpha-aluminum oxide. The catalyst preferably comprises a) from 0.1 to 10% by weight of ruthenium, b) from 0.01 to 5% by weight of silver and/or from 0.01 to 5% by weight of calcium, c) from 0 to 5% by weight of one or more alkaline earth metals, d) from 0 to 5% by weight of one or more alkali metals, e) from 0 to 5% by weight of one or more rare earth metals, f) from 0 to 5% by weight of one or more further metals selected from the group consisting of nickel, palladium, platinum, iridium and rhenium, in each case based on the total weight of the catalyst.

Abstract: A catalytic process for preparing chlorine from hydrogen chloride, which includes recycle of process streams with reduced accumulation of inert gases in the system is provided. The process includes a step wherein a compressed liquid stream comprising chlorine, carbon dioxide and oxygen is recycled into a column countercurrent to the ascending gas phase and feeding part of the chlorine-rich liquid phase leaving the bottom of the column back into the top of the column. Carbon dioxide present in the ascending gas stream is dissolved out of the gas stream and can later be separated from chlorine without problems by distillation.

Abstract: The invention provides a chlorine production catalyst that shows excellent reaction activity in the oxidation reaction of hydrogen chloride with oxygen into chlorine, is inexpensive and can be supplied stably, and is suited for use in a fluidized-bed reactor. The invention also provides a chlorine production process using the catalyst. The chlorine production catalyst of the invention includes spherical particles containing copper element (A), an alkali metal element (B) and a lanthanoid element (C) and having an average sphericity of not less than 0.80. The lanthanoid element (C) has a bond dissociation energy with oxygen at 298 K of 100 to 185 kcal/mol. The content of the copper element (A) in the catalyst is 0.3 wt % to 4.5 wt %.

Abstract: A process for preparing chlorine by oxidation of hydrogen chloride in the presence of a heterogeneous particulate catalyst by the Deacon process in a fluidized-bed reactor (1), in which the heat of reaction is removed by evaporative cooling by means of water which circulates in the tubes (2) of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger, with the water being fed from a steam drum (4) via a feed line (5) to the tubes (2) of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger at one end of these, being heated in the tubes (2) by uptake of the heat of reaction and partly vaporizing to give a water/steam mixture which at the other end of the tubes (2) of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger is recirculated via a return line (6) to the steam drum (4), wherein the maximum pressure for which the fluidized-bed reactor (1) has to be designed to allow for the event of rupture of a tube (2) of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger is minimized by a valve (7) which in the event of a pressure increase as a result of rupture of a tube (2) closes the feed lin

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for regenerating a hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst comprising ruthenium oxide on a support material, which comprises the steps a) reduction of the catalyst in a gas stream comprising hydrogen chloride and optionally an inert gas at a temperature of from 100 to 800° C., b) recalcination of the catalyst in an oxygen-comprising gas stream at a temperature of from 150 to 800° C.

Abstract: Catalyst for gas-phase reactions which has a high mechanical stability and comprises one or more active metals on a support comprising aluminum oxide as support material, wherein the aluminum oxide component of the support consists essentially of alpha-aluminum oxide. Particularly preferred catalysts according to the invention comprise a) from 0.001 to 10% by weight of ruthenium, copper and/or gold, b) from 0 to 5% by weight of one or more alkaline earth metals, c) from 0 to 5% by weight of one or more alkali metals, d) from 0 to 10% by weight of one or more rare earth metals, e) from 0 to 10% by weight of one or more further metals selected from the group consisting of palladium, platinum, iridium and rhenium, in each case based on the total weight of the catalyst, on the alpha-Al2O3 support. The catalysts are preferably used in the oxidation of hydrogen chloride (Deacon reaction).

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a novel method for producing chlorine, by which it is possible to remove impurities contained with hydrogen chloride in a raw material gas and further to recover unreacted hydrogen chloride after an oxidation reaction efficiently in a method for producing chlorine by oxidizing hydrogen chloride.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a novel method for producing chlorine with improved efficiency, which can remove impurities other than hydrogen chloride contained in a raw material gas and can recover unreacted hydrogen chloride after an oxidation reaction efficiently.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for producing chlorine, which makes it possible to successfully continue an oxidation reaction, even if sulfur component-containing hydrogen chloride is used. This process comprises a step of feeding sulfur component-containing hydrogen chloride and oxygen into a reaction tube 1 comprising a catalyst packed bed 10, to thereby oxidize the hydrogen chloride to produce chlorine, wherein the catalyst packed bed 10 includes an alumina-mixed catalyst packed bed 20 formed of a mixture of a catalyst 3 with alumina (or a diluent 4), and wherein the BET specific surface area of the alumina is from 10 to 500 m2/g. Preferably, the alumina is ?-alumina and/or ?-alumina.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a multistage process for preparing chlorine by catalytic gas phase oxidation of hydrogen chloride with oxygen, in which the conversion is performed over at least two different catalyst beds under adiabatic conditions, and to a reactor system for performing the process.

Abstract: Catalyst for oxidation reactions which comprises at least one constituent active in the catalysis of hydrogen chloride oxidation and support therefor, which support is based on uranium oxide. The catalyst is notable for a high stability and activity.

Abstract: There is disclosed a process for producing chlorine by feeding hydrogen chloride and oxygen into catalyst beds which are formed in the reaction tubes of a fixed-bed multitubular reactor and which contain catalysts for use in oxidation of hydrochloric acid, and this process is characterized in that the catalyst beds in one reaction zone in the fixed-bed multitubular reactor are catalyst beds formed by packing catalysts of a plurality of production lots; and in that the catalysts of the plurality of production lots satisfy the following condition (I): Condition (I): a value of A/B is smaller than 1.20 (with the proviso that A and B are values of three significant figures, having a relationship of A?B), wherein the pore volume of a catalyst of one production lot optionally selected from the plurality of production lots is A [ml/g], and the pore volume of another one production lot is B [ml/g].

Abstract: A method for producing chlorine by oxidizing hydrogen chloride with oxygen in the presence of a catalyst, wherein the catalyst satisfies the following conditions (i) and (ii): (i) the BET specific surface area is from 1 to 250 m2/g; and (ii) the value of H/D, wherein H is the half width of the peak of a pore distribution curve as determined by a mercury intrusion method; and D is the average pore diameter, is from 0.6 to 1.5.

Abstract: A catalyst for gas-phase reactions which has high mechanical stability and comprises one or more active metals on a support comprising aluminum oxide as support material, wherein the aluminum oxide in the support consists essentially of alpha-aluminum oxide. Ruthenium, copper and/or gold are preferred as active metal. Particularly preferred catalysts according to invention comprise a) from 0.001 to 10% by weight of ruthenium, copper and/or gold, b) from 0 to 5% by weight of one or more alkaline earth metals, c) from 0 to 5% by weight of one or more alkali metals, d) from 0 to 10% by weight of one or more rare earth metals, e) from 0 to 10% by weight of one or more further metals selected from the group consisting of palladium, platinum, osmium, iridium, silver and rhenium, in each case based on the total weight of the catalyst, on the support comprising alpha-Al2O3. The catalysts are preferably used in the oxidation of hydrogen chloride (Deacon reaction).

Abstract: A method is provided for converting hydrogen bromide to elemental bromine. A portion of an initial hydrogen bromide-rich gas is thermally oxidized at a thermal oxidation temperature to produce a first fraction of elemental bromine and a remainder of the initial hydrogen bromide-rich gas. At least a portion of the remainder of the initial hydrogen bromide-rich gas is catalytically oxidized at a lower catalytic oxidation temperature to produce a second fraction of elemental bromine.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for producing supported ruthenium, which comprises recovering a ruthenium compound from supported ruthenium used as a catalyst in production of chlorine by oxidation of hydrogen chloride with oxygen, and supporting the ruthenium compound on a carrier; and a process for producing chlorine, which comprises producing a supported ruthenium catalyst by the process mentioned above and oxidizing hydrogen chloride with oxygen in the presence of the supported ruthenium.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for producing chlorine by oxidation of hydrogen chloride through a catalytic gas-phase reaction in the presence of a catalyst, wherein hydrogen chloride as a raw material is a by-product of synthesis of isocyanate by reacting phosgene and primary amine and oxidizing the hydrogen chloride through a catalytic gas phase reaction in the presence of a catalyst. The process is characterized by adjusting the sulfur content in carbon monoxide which is a raw material for the phosgene to 2000 vol. ppb or less.

Abstract: A rector for producing chlorine according to the present invention is a multi-tubular heat exchanger type reactor for use in producing chlorine by oxidizing hydrogen chloride with oxygen, characterized in that an interior of a reactor shell is divided in a tube-axis direction by a partition into a plurality of regions such that heat mediums individually circulate through respective ones of the divided regions; said reactor comprising a temperature control means for controlling the temperature of at least one heat medium selected from said heat mediums, the temperature control means being a cooler and/or a heater; catalysts having different catalytic activities are charged in the form of layers from inlets towards outlets of reaction tubes of the reactor, the catalysts being ruthenium oxide catalysts; and 40% or less of the whole ruthenium is in the region of the reaction tubes ranging from the reaction tube inlet to less than 50% of the reaction tube length, whereas 60% or more of the whole ruthenium is in th

Abstract: Described herein are methods for decreasing the amount of mercury in a flue gas that contains mercury through the use of a molecular halogen. Also described are chemical processes for carrying out the methods, and systems for carrying out the chemical processes.

Abstract: Processes for the production of chlorine from a gas containing hydrogen chloride and carbon monoxide, which comprise the catalysed oxidation of the carbon monoxide as well as optionally further oxidizable constituents, with oxygen to form carbon dioxide in an upstream reactor under adiabatic conditions.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing chlorine by catalytic gas phase oxidation of hydrogen chloride with oxygen, in which the reaction is carried out over 18 to 60 catalyst beds connected in series under adiabatic conditions, and to a reactor system for performing the process.