Abstract: This invention relates to dimetal sulfide or selenide microporous crystalline compositions. These compositions have the empirical formulaR.sub.x (M.sup.1+.sub.y M.sup.2+.sub.z M.sub.4)A.sub.qwhere R is a cation such as tetramethylammonium ion, M.sup.1+ is a metal such as copper, silver, etc. M.sup.2+ is a metal such as zinc, cobalt, etc., M is germanium or tin and A is sulfur or selenium. The subscripts x, y, z and q represent the mole fractions of R, M.sup.1+, M.sup.2+ and A respectively. Finally, the three dimensional structure of said composition is characterized in that it contains M.sup.1+ --M.sup.1+ metal-metal bonds.

Abstract: Oxidizing compositions particularly for use in automated oligonucleotide synthesis containing a mixture of KI and I.sub.2 in solution, in equilibrium with KI.sub.3. One preferred composition contains 1.75% KI.sub.3 (providing 0.69% KI and 1.06% I.sub.2) in tetrahydrofuran/pyridine/water (93/5/2, v/v). These formulations enable synthesis of oligonucleotides of significantly higher quality than the currently employed formulation comprising 3% I.sub.2 in tetrahydrofuran/pyridine/water (74/21/2, v/v).

Abstract: A process for producing chlorine by reaction of gaseous hydrogen chloride with oxygen in the presence of a catalyst prepared by reaction of chromium trioxide and cerous chloride with ethanol and calcination of the resulting reaction product, or, alternatively, prepared by reaction of chromium trioxide with ethanol, and calcination and impregnation of the resulting chromic oxide with aqueous solution of cerous chloride.

Abstract: A method for preparing an improved catalyst for use in the preparation of chlorine by the oxidization of hydrogen chloride with an oxygen-containing gas. The catalyst mainly comprises chromium oxide and can be used for a long period of time particularly under low oxygen content conditions, and the activity of the catalyst does not easily deteriorate, and in other words, the catalyst has a long life. Furthermore, there are disclosed the catalyst obtained by this preparation method, and a method for preparing chlorine from hydrogen chloride by the use of the catalyst. The method for preparing the improved catalyst comprises adding copper, an alkali metal and a rare earth metal, or adding chromium, copper, an alkali metal and a rare earth metal to a catalyst containing chromium oxide as a main component, and then calcining the catalyst at a temperature of 800.degree. C. or less.

Abstract: In the method for the chemical reaction of gaseous educts the educts are brought to reaction in a phase contact apparatus 1 in the presence of a catalytically active corrosive liquid. This corrosive liquid is delivered hydropneumatically in an intermittent cycle in the circuit from a sump vessel 4 connected to the lower end of the phase contact apparatus 1 to a supply vessel 9, connected to the upper end of the phase contact apparatus (delivery cycle), from which the corrosive liquid drains through the phase contact apparatus 1 and a connecting line 11 connected at its lower end and then collects in the sump vessel 4 (drainage cycle).

Abstract: A process of recovering chlorine from a stream of hydrogen chloride comprising the steps of exothermically reacting a stream of hydrogen chloride and oxygen with a fluidized bed of a carrier catalyst containing cupric oxide and cupric chloride in a reaction zone within a chlorinator reactor at temperatures between 150.degree. and 220.degree. C. to convert part of the cupric oxide to cupric chloride and cupric hydroxychloride, thereby essentially eliminating the hydrogen chloride to produce a product stream including chlorine, residual oxygen, inerts and water, which is removed from the chlorinator reactor; passing the resulting carrier catalyst containing cupric chloride, cupric hydroxychloride, and residual cupric oxide from the chlorinator reactor to the combination oxidation reactor to form a bed which is operated at temperatures between 300.degree. and 400.degree. C.

Abstract: An electrorheological fluid that includes a dispersed particulate phase of anhydrous amorphous ceramic particles. The anhydrous amorphous ceramic particles can be of a very precisely tailored composition that is unavailable in crystalline form, for obtaining enhanced electrorheological response. The amorphous particles are substantially free of water when used, and have reduced tendency to absorb water in use. Accordingly, the electrorheological fluid containing anhydrous amorphous electrorheologically responsive ceramic particles has wide applicability for use, and enhanced durability in such use.

Abstract: This invention is a catalyst and a process using that catalyst for oxidizing hydrogen bromide to form elemental bromine. The inventive catalyst composition comprises cerium bromide on certain zirconia containing supports. The zirconia support, preferably largely in the baddeleyite phase, stabilizes the cerium bromide catalyst against cerium oxide formation at operating temperatures and gives the catalyst excellent activity at lower temperatures.

Abstract: A method for recovering iodine from a composition containing iodine and/or iodide in which any iodine present is first reduced to iodide, the iodide is then separated from solution by selective anion exchange absorption, the separated iodide is eluted from the exchanger, the iodide-containing eluate solution is treated with a cation exchanger, H.sub.2 O.sub.2 and H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 are then added to the remaining solution, and the resulting iodine is precipitated and may be separated out in crystalline form. The method is also particularly suitable for separating iodine from solutions which contain organic constituents such as nitrogen-containing organic compounds.

Abstract: Hydrogen bromide can be oxidized to bromine more effectively using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant if a strong acid (e.g., sulfuric or phosphoric acid) is also present to increase the percent conversion of bromide to bromine.

Abstract: A process for the efficient production of Cl.sub.2 from gaseous HCl, using a catalyst containing a transition metal oxide, an alkali metal chloride, and, optionally, a trivalent rare earth chloride, operates efficiently at moderate temperatures and without volatilization of the catalyst. The process comprises two steps: (1) a chloridizing step in which the HCl is contacted with the catalyst at an elevated temperatures, converting the transition metal oxide to a transition metal chloride with elimination of water; and (2) an oxidizing step in which the transition metal chloride produced in the first step is contacted with a source of oxygen at a temperature at least about 300.degree. C. but less than 400.degree. C. and sufficiently high that Cl.sub.2 is evolved and the transition metal chloride is reconverted to a transition metal oxide. The temperature of the oxidizing step is increased over that of the chloridizing step. Preferably, the transition metal oxide is MnO.sub.2, in which case the MnO.sub.

Abstract: Chlorine can be efficiently produced at a low temperature and with a high hourly space velocity by oxidizing hydrogen chloride with an oxygen-containing gas in the presence of a catalyst obtained by calcining a compound, which has in turn been obtained by reacting chromium nitrate, chromium chloride, the chromium salt of an organic acid or the like with ammonia, or by calcining a mixture of the compound and a silicon compound, preferably, at a temperature lower than 800.degree. C.

Abstract: Chlorine is produced by reacting hydrogen chloride and oxygen in the presence of a catalyst composed of a chromium oxide as a principal component. The reaction is carried out in a fluidized bed reactor equipped at vertical intervals not greater than 100 cm with a plurality of perforated horizontal plates having a perforation rate of 10-60% in a reaction zone in which the catalyst is fluidized in operation. The reaction zone is above a gas diffuser plate.

Abstract: The catalytic activity of a chromium oxide-based catalyst used in the production of chlorine by oxidation of hydrogen chloride gas with an oxygen-containing gas is regenerated by impregnating it with an aqueous solution of chromic acid anhydride or of a chromium salt and then calcining the catalyst at a temperature not higher than 800.degree. C.

Abstract: An improved process for generating an elemental halogen selected from chlorine, bromine or iodine, from a corresponding hydrogen halide by absorbing a molten salt mixture, which includes sulfur, alkali metals and oxygen with a sulfur to metal molar ratio between 0.9 and 1.1 and includes a dissolved oxygen compound capable of reacting with hydrogen halide to produce elemental halogen, into a porous, relatively inert substrate to produce a substrate-supported salt mixture. Thereafter, the substrate-supported salt mixture is contacted (stage 1) with a hydrogen halide while maintaining the substrate-supported salt mixture during the contacting at an elevated temperature sufficient to sustain a reaction between the oxygen compound and the hydrogen halide to produce a gaseous elemental halogen product. This is followed by purging the substrate-supported salt mixture with steam (stage 2) thereby recovering any unreacted hydrogen halide and additional elemental halogen for recycle to stage 1.

Abstract: Chlorine is produced by reacting hydrogen chloride and oxygen in the presence of a chromium oxide catalyst in a reactor whose catalyst-contacting part is lined with one of lining materials represented by the following general formula(I):M.sub.a X.sub.b (I)wherein M means boron, aluminum, silicon, titanium, zirconium or chromium, X denotes oxygen, nitrogen or carbon, a is an integer of 1-2 and b stands for an integer of 1-3 or with a mixture of at least two of the lining materials. The above process and reactor are effective in maintaining the activity of the catalyst.

Abstract: A process of recovering chlorine from a stream of hydrocarbon chloride includes providing a first fluidized bed of a carrier catalyst cupric oxide in a first reaction zone within a first reactor; supplying hydrogen chloride in a first stream to that first zone for fluidizing the first bed and for exothermic reaction with cupric oxide in the bed to produce cupric chloride, water and heat, removing cupric chloride from that zone in a second stream, and removing water from that zone and removing heat from that zone; feeding the second stream to a second reaction zone within a second reactor, and providing a second fluidized bed of cupric chloride in the second reaction zone, and; supplying oxygen in a third stream to the second zone for fluidizing the second bed and for endothermic reaction with cupric chloride in the second bed at elevated temperatures between 300.degree. and 360.degree. C.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the recovery of the iodine and alkyl value of an alkyl iodide by a process comprising (I) carbonylating an alkyl iodide by a process presence of a carbonylation catalyst, carbon monoxide and a hydrogen donor to obtain a mixture of hydrogen iodide and an acyl compound and (II) oxidizing the hydrogen iodide of step (I) to elemental iodine.

Abstract: A process of recovering Cl.sub.2 from a stream of HCl includes the steps of providing a first fluidized bed of a carrier catalyst CuO in a first reaction zone; supplying HCl in a first stream to that zone for reaction with CuO in the bed to produce CuCl.sub.2, H.sub.2 O and heat, removing CuCl.sub.2 from the zone in a second stream, removing H.sub.2 O from the zone and removing heat from the zone; feeding the second stream to a second reaction zone, and providing a second fluidized bed of CuCl.sub.2 in the second reaction zone; and supplying O.sub.2 in a third stream to the second zone for reaction with CuCl.sub.2 in the second bed at elevated temperature to produce CuO and Cl.sub.2, removing Cl.sub.2 from the second zone in a fourth stream, and removing CuO from the second bed for re-use as a catalyst to produce CuCl.sub.2.

Abstract: Chlorine is produced by reacting hydrogen chloride and oxygen in the presence of a chromium oxide catalyst in a reactor whose catalyst-contacting part is lined with one of lining materials represented by the following general formula (I):M.sub.a X.sub.b (I)wherein M means boron, aluminum, silicon, titanium, zirconium or chromium, X denotes oxygen, nitrogen or carbon, a is an integer of 1-2 and b stands for an integer of 1-3 or with a mixture of at least two of the lining materials. The above process and reactor are effective in maintaining the activity of the catalyst.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of iodine, in the presence of a catalyst selected from copper, gold, a transition metal or a compound thereof, characterized in that an aqueous solution of an alkali metal iodide is oxidized--with oxygen, air or other oxygen containing gase--in the presence of carbon dioxide (an alkali metal carbonate and/or bicarbonate being thus formed).Iodine is generally obtained by oxidation of alkali metal iodides comping from a natural source, such as those contained in Chilean nitrates or in other salt deposits (sea-water included), or having an industrial origin; in the latter case the alkali metal iodide is generally the effluent of different processes which contemplate iodine recovery for economic reasons.

Abstract: Chlorine can be efficiently produced at a low temperature and with a high hourly space velocity by oxidizing hydrogen chloride with an oxygen-containing gas in the presence of a catalyst obtained by calcining a compound, which has in turn been obtained by reacting chromium nitrate, chromium chloride, the chromium salt of an organic acid or the like with ammonia, or by calcining a mixture of the compound and a silicon compound, preferably, at a temperature lower than 800.degree. C.

Abstract: In the process of producing chlorine by oxidizing hydrogen chloride with molecular oxygen, activity of the catalyst can be maintained for a long period with a high conversion ratio under high space velocity of gaseous raw materials without using additives as in conventional methods, in the presence of a crystalline chromic oxide catalyst obtained by supporting relatively large amounts of chromic oxide on a silicon oxide carrier having a specified pore volume.

Abstract: An improved process is provided for the production of chlorine. In a fluidized-bed reactor having a specific equivalent diameter and made of a material with a particular iron content, hydrogen chloride and oxygen are reacted in particular gas volumes and at specific molar ratio, superficial velocity, temperature and pressure in the presence of a catalyst composed principally of a chromium oxide and having a specific particle size distribution. The catalyst is filled in a specific amount in terms of catalyst layer height at rest. The catalyst can retain its high activity.

Abstract: Chlorine is produced by oxidizing byproduced hydrogen chloride. An offgas containing hydrogen chloride as a byproduct is reacted with oxygen at 300.degree.-500.degree. C. in the presence of a catalyst which contains chromic oxide (Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3) as a principal component. The resulting gas is cooled rapidly and then washed with water to recover vaporized chromium. The hydrogen chloride is then absorbed in water to recover it as an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution. The still remaining portion of the resultant gas is washed with sulfuric acid to remove water from the same, followed by compression and cooling. The resulting liquefied chlorine is separated. The still remaining gas composed principally of oxygen is thereafter returned to the oxidation step.

Abstract: A process for forming chlorine gas from ferric chloride powders comprising pelletizing the ferric chloride and reacting the pellets with oxygen gas at a temperature in the range of 650.degree. to 800.degree. C.

Abstract: A process for oxidizing hydrogen halides having substantially no sulfur impurities by means of a catalytically active molten salt is disclosed. A mixture of the subject hydrogen halide and an oxygen bearing gas is contacted with a molten salt containing an oxidizing catalyst and alkali metal normal sulfates and pyrosulfates to produce an effluent gas stream rich in the elemental halogen and substantially free of sulfur oxide gases.

Abstract: A method of oxidizing an element in both compartments of an electrolytic cell is provided. The method comprises reducing O.sub.2 to H.sub.2 O.sub.2 in the cathodic compartment with a reducing agent such as a cobalt porphyrin, cobalt phthalocyanine, or hydroquinone, and oxidizing the element in both compartments preferably in the presence of a halide. Yields of up to 200 percent are obtainable.

Abstract: Bromide ions when used as the redox intermediates in the oxidation of arsenic (III) oxide to arsenic (V) acid can be removed from a solution having a major proportion of arsenic acid by treatment with an oxidant selected from H.sub.2 O.sub.2, O.sub.3 or Cr(VI) to oxidize the bromide to bromine followed by purging with air, nitrogen or other inert gas to sweep out the resultant bromine. The bromine can be recovered and recycled to a fresh batch of arsenic (III) oxide.

Abstract: This invention relates to improvements in the execution of catalytic processes wherein chlorine in high state of purity is produced by reacting hydrogen chloride containing organic impurities with oxygen.

Abstract: A process for converting chloride salts and sulfuric acid to sulfate salts and elemental chlorine is disclosed. A chloride salt and sulfuric acid are combined in a furnace where they react to produce a sulfate salt and hydrogen chloride. Hydrogen chloride from the furnace contacts a molten salt mixture containing an oxygen compound of vanadium, an alkali metal sulfate and an alkali metal pyrosulfate to recover elemental chlorine. In the absence of an oxygen-bearing gas during the contacting, the vanadium is reduced, but is regenerated to its active higher valence state by separately contacting the molten salt mixture with an oxygen-bearing gas.

Abstract: An improved industrial process and apparatus are provided for producing chlorine and iron oxide in a multi-stage recirculating-fluidized-bed reactor wherein ferric chloride in the vapor phase is reacted with an excess of oxygen at temperatures from 550.degree. to 800.degree. C. The improvement comprises utilizing a reactor that includes an initial "dense" zone and a downstream "dilute" zone. In the dense zone, a fuel is burned, reactants and recirculated iron oxide particles are heated, ferric chloride is vaporized and at least 50% of the ferric chloride is converted to chlorine and iron oxide. A solids volume fraction from 0.3 to 0.6 and a superficial gas velocity from 0.15 to 0.6 meters/second are maintained in the dense zone. In the downstream dilute zone, a solids fraction from 0.005 to 0.05 is maintained, along with a superficial gas velocity from 1.

Abstract: Process for removing chlorine from an acidic zinc or cadmium sulphate solon, comprising adding thereto acid of Caro or an ammonium or alkali metal salt thereof.

Abstract: An improved process is provided for producing chlorine and iron oxide in a fluidized-bed reactor by treating ferric chloride in the vapor phase with an excess of oxygen at a temperature of 550.degree. to 800.degree. C. in the presence of a catalyst made from sodium chloride and iron oxide. A carbonaceous fuel is fed to the reactor bed to supply supplemental heat. The improvement comprises using a fluidized-bed reactor in which a portion of the bed material is continuously recycled and the carbonaceous fuel is supplied in a pulverized solid form in an amount equal to between 1 and 9 percent of the weight of the iron chloride fed. The fuel has a stable ignition temperature in air of no higher than 500.degree. C. and contains hydrogen amounting to between 0.5 and 2.5 percent by weight of the fuel. The process is particularly useful for avoiding potential pollution problems associated with the disposal of iron chloride by-product from ilmenite chlorination processes while recovering valuable chlorine.

Abstract: A process is described for producing bromine which comprises heating a bromide salt at a temperature of about 500.degree. to 1000.degree. C in the presence of an oxygen-containing gas, silicon dioxide and an oxidation catalyst preferably selected from the group consisting of B.sub.2 O.sub.3, CaO, Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3, Al.sub.2 O.sub.3, Na.sub.2 B.sub.4 O.sub.7, ZnO, MgO, MnO.sub.2, TiO.sub.2, NaNO.sub.2 and mixtures thereof. A by-product silicate can optionally be formed which is useful in the glass industry.The process is useful in many industrial applications, especially in the formation of ethylene dichloride, an intermediate used in the manufacture of vinyl chloride monomer, which involves reacting ethylene with bromine to produce ethylene dibromide, reacting the ethylene dibromide with a chloride salt to produce ethylene dichloride and a bromide salt, and oxidizing the bromide salt to bromine for reaction with ethylene to complete the cycle.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of bromine and hydrogen bromide, which comprises reacting ammonium bromide with an oxygen containing gas at temperatures of from 200.degree. to 800.degree. C in the presence of oxidation catalysts is disclosed. Catalysts based on platinum group metals favor formation of HBr. Most other metal catalysts cause chiefly formation of bromine.

Abstract: A process for oxidizing hydrogen halides by means of a catalytically active molten salt is disclosed. The subject hydrogen halide is contacted with a molten salt containing an oxygen compound of vanadium and alkali metal sulfates and pyrosulfates to produce an effluent gas stream rich in the elemental halogen. The reduced vanadium which remains after this contacting is regenerated to the active higher valence state by contacting the spent molten salt with a stream of oxygen-bearing gas.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of bromine and hydrogen bromide, which comprises reacting ammonium bromide with an oxygen containing gas at temperatures of from 200.degree. to 800.degree. C. in the presence of oxidation catalysts is disclosed. Catalysts based on platinum group metals favor formation of HBr. Most other metal catalysts cause chiefly formation of bromine.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of azodicarbonamide by oxidation of hydrazodicarbonamide in an aqueous suspension containing hydrogen peroxide wherein the reaction is carried out in the presence of iodine at a temperature between 50.degree. and 95.degree. C. while the reaction mixture has a pH ranging from 1.0 to 5.0.

Abstract: A method for decomposing halogenated organic compounds which comprises: (a) heating the halogenated organic compound to a temperature above about 300.degree. C. and (b) contacting the heated organic compound with a catalytic amount of ruthenium-platinum catalyst in the presence of an oxidizing agent at a temperature of at least about 350.degree. C.

Abstract: A method for decomposing halogenated organic compounds which comprises: (a) preheating the halogenated organic compound to a temperature above about 300.degree. C. and (b) contacting the preheated organic compound with a catalytic amount of ruthenium in the presence of an oxidizing agent at a temperature of at least about 350.degree. C.

Abstract: A method for decomposing halogenated organic compounds which comprises: (a) preheating the halogenated organic compound to a temperature above about 300.degree. C. and (b) contacting the preheated organic compound with a platinum catalyst in the presence of an oxidizing agent at a temperature of at least 350.degree. C. The process converts the major part of the halide in the organic halide to hydrogen halide.

Abstract: Exhaust gas containing a chlorohydrocarbon having 1-10 carbon atoms and molecular oxygen is contacted with chromium oxide or a boehmite supported platinum at an elevated temperature to decompose the chlorohydrocarbon to carbon dioxide, water, hydrogen chloride and free chlorine.

Abstract: Bromine is produced by reacting chlorine and ethylene dibromide in the presence of an iron halide catalyst, e.g. ferric chloride.

Abstract: Bromine is prepared by a method which comprises contacting hydrogen peroxide with an aqueous solution containing bromide ion and rapidly removing the bromine as it is formed. This method is particularly suitable for obtaining bromine from seawater, using the conventional intermediate, bromosulfuric solution.

Abstract: Chlorine or bromine are produced from the respective hydrogen halide in a reaction system, wherein a stoichiometric excess of active nitrogen is maintained within the reaction system over the amount of hydrogen halide in the system. Preferably the reaction system is a single tower wherein sulfuric acid is introduced to the top of the tower where it absorbs the active nitrogen while conditions are so set that at the bottom of the tower the gases, introduced there, strip the active nitrogen away from the acid. It is a further characteristic of the process, that the nitrogen compounds stripped at the bottom, are mainly stripped as a mixture of nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide. A major portion of the nitrogen monoxide stripped, is oxidized with the oxygen, present in the gases fed in the bottom, to form nitrogen dioxide. If hydrogen halide is fed in the bottom, it will also strip nitrogen compounds, but mostly in the form of nitrosyl-halide.

Abstract: Substantially all of the chlorine values, e.g., chlorine, are recovered from reactant feeds of chlorinated organic compounds, e.g., hexachlorobenzene and hexachlorobutadiene, by an improved process involving catalytic oxidation at temperatures below 500.degree. C and more typically below about 450.degree. C using a catalyst of a chromium salt or oxide impregnated on a support.

Abstract: Substantially all of the chlorine values, e.g., chlorine, are recovered from reactant feeds of chlorinated organic compounds, e.g., hexachlorobenzene and hexachlorobutadiene, by catalytic oxidation at temperatures below about 500.degree. C through the use of transition metal-containing supported catalysts, preferably copper-exchanged zeolite A, X or Y.

Abstract: Exhaust gas containing a halohydrocarbon having 1 - 10 carbon atoms and molecular oxygen is contacted with chromium oxide or a boehmite supported platinum at an elevated temperature to decompose the halohydrocarbon to carbon dioxide, water, hydrogen halide and free halogen.

Abstract: Process for recovering hydrogen chloride from an aqueous hydrogen chloride off-gas from an oxychlorination reaction wherein hydrogen chloride is separated from the off-gas as an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride and employed as feed to an oxychlorination reaction. The process is particularly applicable to the production of vinyl chloride.