Abstract: A core-shell particle is provided, including a core particle composed of a non-reactive component, and a coating layer disposed about the core particle, the coating layer composed of reactive component. The reactive component is chemically reactive with water, acid, or base, and the non-reactive component is non-reactive with water, acid, or base. Also provided are a bulk composition composed of the core-shell particle, an article composed of the bulk composition, as well as method and system of making and using the particles, composition, and articles.

Abstract: A method for producing metal chloride Mx+Clx? includes reacting metal carbonate in solid form using phosgene, diphosgene and/or triphosgene to form metal chloride Mx+Clx?, wherein the metal M is selected from the group containing alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Al and Zn, Li and Mg, or Li, for example, and x corresponds to the valency of the metal cations. An apparatus for performing such method is also disclosed.

Abstract: A process for preparing metal chloride Mx+Clx?, in which metal carbonate in solid form is reacted with a chlorinating agent selected from chlorine and oxalyl chloride to give metal chloride Mx+Clx?, where the metal M is selected from the group of the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Al and Zn, Li and Mg, or Li, and x corresponds to the valency of the metal cation, and wherein metal M is additionally added as a reactant to the metal carbonate/chlorinating agent reaction.

Abstract: The present disclosure related to an economic and environmental safe process for obtaining one or more metals from the red mud slag, bauxite, karst bauxite, lateritic bauxite, clay and the like. The present disclosure also related to a process for obtaining elemental aluminum by electrolyzing AlCl3 in the electrolysis cell.

Abstract: The present invention provides for a process for handling carbonyl sulfide waste and waste metal halides produced in industrial processes and, more particularly chlorination processes. The process includes the steps of hydrolyzing the carbonyl sulfide to produce a waste stream containing hydrogen sulfide and sulfidizing the resulting hydrogen sulfide containing stream with a solution of the waste metal halides. The resulting metal sulfide and metal halide-containing stream can be neutralized before disposal of the produced waste solids.

Abstract: Process for preparing TiO2 powders starting from a liquid comprising chlorinated titanium compounds, the process comprising: a) atomizing said liquid and reacting the atomized liquid with a flow of steam and air at a temperature of 100-250° C. for converting said chlorinated titanium compounds to titanium dioxide TiO2; b) the gaseous phase and the entrained TiO2 powders obtained from step a) are then fed to an oven operated at a temperature in the range 400-900° C. to remove the residual organic compounds and hydrochloridic acid from said powders.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a process for producing titanium dioxide, comprising: a) providing a quantity of liquid titanium tetrahalide for reacting with an oxygen-containing gas; b) vaporizing a first portion of the liquid titanium tetrahalide and reacting the titanium tetrahalide vapor and the oxygen-containing gas, in a first stage of a reaction zone, the reaction zone temperature ranging from at least about 650° C.—to form a reaction product at least containing titanium dioxide and oxygen-containing gas and passing the reaction product, more typically in the vapor phase, to at least one additional stage of the reaction zone; and c) charging at least one additional portion of the liquid titanium tetrahalide to the at least one additional stage of the reaction zone to cool the titanium dioxide and to react with the oxygen-containing gas to form additional titanium dioxide.

Abstract: The disclosure is directed to a process for isolating solids from a purification purge stream comprising an impurity present as a solid, wherein the purification purge stream is substantially free of chlorides other than titanium tetrachloride and vanadium chloride, the process comprising the steps of: (a) atomizing the purification purge stream comprising titanium tetrachloride as a liquid and an impurity present as a solid; (b) drying solids in the atomized purification purge stream by contacting the atomized stream with a titanium tetrachloride vapor stream such that the combined streams reach a temperature of at least about 140° C. to vaporize the liquid titanium tetrachloride, wherein the titanium tetrachloride vapor is substantially free of chlorides other than those of titanium and vanadium, and substantially free of non-condensable gases comprising CO, CO2, N2, or mixtures thereof; and (c) separating the impurity present as a solid from the vaporized titanium tetrachloride.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to the suppression of the formation noxious compounds such as furans. According to the present invention, a venturi device is used to rapidly quench a chlorinator reaction gas. The rapid quench minimizes the resonance time that furan precursors are at conditions conducive to furan formation.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for the production of titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) by the chlorination of titanium values in a titanium-containing starting material. The process includes exposing the starting material to a chlorinating agent and contacting the starting material with an inert liquid while the starting material is exposed to the chlorinating agent. The inert liquid is at a temperature of 200-350° C. and is at a pressure of 5-100 atmospheres (1 atmosphere=101.325 kN/m2). This causes the starting material to react with the chlorinating agent to form TiCl4. The invention also extends to TiCl4 whenever made in accordance with the method.

Abstract: A method for the integration of a manufacturing facility with a salt dome, which manufacturing facility is one for the production of high purity titanium dioxide using chlorine as a reactant. The metal chlorides produced as a by-product of titanium dioxide production are reacted with sodium hydroxide to produce metal hydroxide precipitates in an aqueous sodium chloride solution, which is then conducted into a reservoir of brine in a salt dome. The metal hydroxide precipitates are allowed to settle and the sodium chloride solution mixes with the brine. A portion of the brine is conducted to the surface where it is decomposed to produce chlorine, hydrogen, and sodium hydroxide. The chlorine and sodium hydroxide are recycled for use in the overall integrated process.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for preparing an aqueous solution of FeCl.sub.3. The process involves the steps of: (a) reacting an ore material comprising titanium and iron with chlorine and coke to form a metal chloride vapor stream comprising titanium tetrachloride, ferrous chloride, ferric chloride and unreacted coke and ore solids; (b) cooling the metal chloride vapor stream to a temperature in the range of 350 to 500.degree. C. to condense at least some of the ferrous chloride; (c) separating the condensed ferrous chloride and the unreacted coke and ore solids from the metal chloride vapor stream; (d) cooling the metal chloride vapor stream to a temperature in the range of 180 to 240.degree. C. to form a precipitate comprising ferric chloride; and (e) adding the precipitate to water to form an aqueous solution comprising ferric chloride. The resulting aqueous solution has a high FeCl.sub.3 content, and can be used in wastewater treatment applications.

Abstract: A method and system for improved ion exchange chromatographic elemental separations of zirconium and hafnium elements and also, if desired, separations of the isotopes thereof from crude zirconium minerals by using improved crude aqueous zirconium (also containing hafnium) chloride feedstock solutions, aqueous chloride eluant solutions, cationic or anionic exchange resins, and reduced ion exchange chromatographic operating temperatures. The method and system of the invention provides improved crude aqueous zirconium chloride feedstock solutions by carbochlorinating zircon sand and hydrolyzing and dissolving the chlorination products under controlled conditions to substantially eliminate cross-polymerization of the carbochlorination products, which undesirably yield inseparable zirconium and hafnium co-polymers during hydrolysis, by inhibiting the hydrolysis exotherm and/or the free acid generation during hydrolysis.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for controlling the temperature of a fluidized bed reactor in the manufacture of titanium tetrachloride, wherein an exhaust gas stream comprising carbonyl sulfide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and chlorine is formed. In the process, the exhaust gas stream is first analyzed to determine the analyzed concentration of carbonyl sulfide (or concentration ratio of carbonyl sulfide to sulfur dioxide), the desired concentration of carbonyl sulfide (or concentration ratio of carbonyl sulfide to sulfur dioxide) in the exhaust gas stream is determined, and the difference between the analyzed concentration of carbonyl sulfide (or concentration ratio of carbonyl sulfide to sulfur dioxide) and the desired concentration of carbonyl sulfide (or concentration ratio of carbonyl sulfide to sulfur dioxide) in the exhaust gas stream is then calculated.

Abstract: An improved carbochlorination process for the production of volatile metal chlorides is disclosed. When chlorine gas contacts a metal oxide or a mixed metal oxide in a reaction zone in the presence of carbon at elevated temperatures, an undesirable carbochlorination residue forms containing carbon in the reaction zone. After the build-up of a carbochlorination residue in the reaction zone occurs, the volume of the carbochlorination residue in the reaction zone is reduced by periodically introducing just chlorine and metal oxide or mixed metal oxide reactants into the reaction zone without introducing any additional carbon. These components react with a portion of the carbon in the carbochlorination residue so as to reduce the amount of the residue.

Abstract: Aluminum can be removed from tetrahedral framework sites of zeolite frameworks and substituted with elements such as silicon, gallium, titanium or zirconium. The process involves three steps:(a) forming a mixture of the ammonium or alkaline metal form of the zeolite in the hydrated state and a crystalline ammonium fluoro-halo-metallate salt;(b) heating the mixture at elevated temperatures to remove the aluminum from the zeolite and to introduce the metal from the salt into the structure of the zeolitic component by solid-state reaction while forming a fluoro-halo-aluminate complex salt; and(c) removing the formed fluoro-halo-aluminate complex salt.

Abstract: In a fluidized bed process for chlorinating rirnium-containing material, an improvement is disclosed comprising utilizing in the process calcined petroleum shot coke, calcined petroleum fluid coke or mixtures thereof. The improved process is capable of (a) decreasing the amount of fine particulate coke that is entrained in the hot gases exiting the fluidized bed reactor, and (b) more completely reacting the coke.

Abstract: An improved halogenator process and system is provided which significantly and economically decreases the level of impurities in the processing of various refractory metals and their halides and particularly hafnium tetrachloride which is condensed from gases produced by the chlorination of Zircon.

Abstract: A process for the removal of chlorine from off-gases which continuously or sporadically contain small amounts of chlorine by scrubbing the off-gases with a ferrous chloride-containing aqueous solution in a scrubbing system. The solution used is obtained by dissolving a solids mixture which results from the chlorination of a titaniferous and ferriferous feedstock material and which contains essentially ferrous chloride. This solution is used in particular for the scrubbing of off-gases formed in the production of titanium dioxide by the chlorination of titaniferous and ferriferous feedstock material, thus generating titanium tetrachloride and ferrous chloride, and by the reaction of the titanium tetrachloride with oxygen-containing gases. It is preferably the solids mixture separated in this process from the chlorination mixture in a condensation step that is dissolved in the process of the invention, and at least part of the resulting solution is used for the scrubbing of the off-gases.

Abstract: Synthetic rutile is prepared from titaniferous slags containing alkaline-earth metal impurities, such as magnesium oxide, by a method comprising contacting the slag with chlorine at a temperature of at least about 800.degree. C., and then leaching the chlorine-treated slag with hydrochloric acid at a temperature of at least about 140.degree. C.

Abstract: A process for extracting scandium from titanium ore includes the steps of: feeding the titanium ore to a fluidized bed chlorinator at about 1000.degree. C. to produce a vaporous (generally titanium and possible iron chlorides) phase and a scandium-containing residue; and recovering the scandium from the residue.In one practice, the scandium is recovered by leaching the residue with aqueous acid (e.g. HCl) to produce a scandium-containing aqueous solution, followed by contacting the aqueous solution with a polyalkyl phosphate-containing organic phase, the polyalkyl phosphate (e.g. tributyl phosphate) extracting scandium into the organic phase, followed by scandium precipitation by an ammonium addition to produce a scandium hydroxide precipitate and the scandium hydroxide is calcined, whereby scandium is recovered as an oxide. The residue generally also contains yttrium and lanthanides, and the yttrium and lanthanides can also be recovered from the residue as a part of the scandium recovery process.

Abstract: This is a process for extracting scandium from zircon ore. It utilizes feeding zircon sand to a fluidized bed chlorinator at about 1000.degree. C. to produce a vaporous (principally zirconium and silicon chlorides) phase and a solid residue and recovering scandium from the solid residue. Surprisingly, despite the relatively low sublimation temperature of scandium chloride the very low level of scandium present in zircon ore is concentrated in the residue (rather than going with the vapor phase, where it would not be concentrated), making recovery of scandium from the zircon ore economically feasible. Generally, the process can be part of the production of zirconium metal, whereby scandium is a byproduct of zirconium production. Preferably, the recovery is performed by leaching the residue with aqueous acid (e.g. HCl) to produce a scandium-containing aqueous solution, followed by contacting the aqueous solution with a polyalkyl phosphate-containing organic phase, the polyalkyl phosphate (e.g.

Abstract: An improved dilute phase chlorination procedure characterized by providing extremely finely divided oxygen-containing metallic material and a carbonaceous material co-milled together to a particle size size of less than 20 microns. The finely divided charge material is introduced into a tubular reaction zone, preferably at the bottom, with the gaseous chlorination agent where reaction occurs at a temperature above 800.degree. C. for a period of time sufficient to fully react the chlorinating agent in a single pass. Metal chloride is recovered from the tubular reactor and, most advantageously, there is little or no need to separate any dusty unreacted solid material from the off-gases for recycle to the chlorination zone.

Abstract: A process for reducing the amount of carbon monoxide emitted from a fluidized bed reactor for chlorinating titanium bearing material containing iron oxide comprising (a) feeding coke, titanium bearing material containing iron oxide, and chlorine to the reactor, the chlorine being fed to the reactor below the surface of the fluidized bed, (b) maintaining the feed rate of the materials in step (a) and the conditions of operation of the bed so that the iron oxide is substantially converted to ferrous chloride, and (c) feeding sufficient chlorine to the reactor at or near the surface of the bed to convert the desired amount of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide.

Abstract: This is an improvement to a process for making zirconium metal from uranium-containing zircon ore. The process being improved is of the type which utilizes a fluidized bed carbochlorination process of the zircon ore in which uranium chloride is volatilized at the ore chlorinator temperature and follows as an impurity in the zirconium-hafnium tetrachloride stream, and in which removal of iron impurities is performed by liquid-liquid iron extraction with methyl isobutyl ketone, and the zirconium-hafnium stream is further processed by a separations step to reduce the hafnium content to low levels by liquid-liquid hafnium extraction. The improvement comprises adding 1-9 weight percent quaternary ammonium halide (e.g. tricaprylmethylammonium chloride) to the methyl isobutyl ketone in the liquid-liquid iron extraction.

Abstract: The invention is concerned with a substantially nitrogen-free process for chloride-route TiO.sub.2 pigment manufacture in which a TiO.sub.2 -containing feedstock is subjected to a fluidized-bed, high temperature carbochlorination in a chlorinator to produce TiCl.sub.4 which is thereafter converted to TiO.sub.2 by oxidation. The TiO.sub.2 -containing feedstock and a solid carbonaceous reducing agent are fed to the chlorinator under a CO.sub.2 blanketing atmosphere such that the carbochlorination is carried out in a substantially nitrogen-free atmosphere containing CO.sub.2 and a CO.sub.2 -rich flue gas is generated, the CO.sub.2 in the chlorinator assisting in controlling thermal balance of the carbochlorination reaction. The absence of significant concentrations of nitrogen in the flue gas results in a favorable condition enabling either or both the CO and CO.sub.2 contained in the flue gas to be readily recovered, purified and sold as by-products.

Abstract: A process for the production of zirconium tetrachloride from dissociated zircon in which gaseous chlorine is passed through pellets consisting of ground dissociated zircon, carbon and a binder at a temperature in the range of from 450.degree. to 800.degree. C. The zirconium tetrachloride produced contains less than about 0.22% by weight, calculated as SiO.sub.2, of silicon tetrachloride.

Abstract: The invention pertains to an entrained-downflow chlorination process of fine metalliferous ores particularly containing alkali and/or alkaline earth metals greater than about 0.3% by weight as the oxide. The process includes a quenching step following the chlorination step where the chlorinated products are quenched by liquid cooling fluid spray patterns adapted to prevent solidification of the alkali and/or alkaline earth materials onto the reactor walls. The chlorinator unit of this invention prevents disruption of the chlorination process due to presence of liquids or sticky particles and it contains a quenching spray means disposed below the chlorination zone in the entrained-downflow chlorinator unit, whereby the quenching sprays prevent reactor wall buildup.

Abstract: The process is directed to a fluidized bed chlorination of iron containing metaliferous materials to simultaneously produce a quantity of titanium beneficiate and a quantity of titanium tetrachloride. The process is controlled by maintaining the bed temperature between about 600.degree. C. and 1150.degree. C. while controlling the quantity of chlorine relative to the ratio of beneficiate to titanium tetrachloride desired.

Abstract: A method for producing tetrachloride of a metal selected from the group consisting of titanium and zirconium comprising: providing a reaction chamber which is defined by a wall structure of refractory material and arranged in an airtight encasement of metal, said reaction chamber comprising a reaction zone ranging downwards from an intermediate level thereof, said encasement including a jacket formed of a double wall construction around the reaction zone, communicating means between the inside of said jacket and said reaction chamber, heating said reaction chamber, filling said jacket with a gas, introducing a solid reaction mixture comprising a compound of the metal to be chlorinated, supplying a gas mixture comprising chlorine to said reaction zone through a tube connected to the chamber bottom to cause reaction at a positive pressure over the atmosphere to produce the tetrachloride of the metal, maintaining a positive pressure relative to the atmosphere in both said jacket and said reaction chamber and a p

Abstract: There is provided a multi stage process for nonselectively chlorinating a titaniferous ore containing iron to produce TiCl.sub.4. In this process a portion of the ore charge is subjected to conventional fluid bed chlorination to produce TiCl.sub.4 and FeCl.sub.2. A second portion is subdivided and submitted to chlorination in a dilute phase chlorination step using FeCl.sub.3 as the chlorinating agent to produce additional TiCl.sub.4. The FeCl.sub.3 is obtained by partial oxidation of the FeCl.sub.2 obtained in the first stage and/or second stage to yield Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 and FeCl.sub.3. The product streams of TiCl.sub.4 are then combined for further treatment.

Abstract: Titanium and iron values are recovered from ores, concentrates and slags by effecting solid-state reduction and carburization to form titanium carbide and carburized iron, separation of the carburized iron, and low temperature chlorination of the titanium carbide to gaseous substantially pure titanium tetrachloride, which may be oxidized to pigmentary titanium dioxide.

Abstract: There is provided an improved process for chlorinating an iron-containing titaniferous ore, such as ilmenite which comprises dividing the ore charge into 2 parts. The first and major part is chlorinated with chlorine or with a mixture of chlorine and FeCl.sub.3 under fluidized bed conditions to yield principally TiCl.sub.4 and FeCl.sub.2. The FeCl.sub.2 is separated out and utilized as a chlorinating agent for the minor part of the ore in an entrained flow chlorinator to yield more TiCl.sub.4 and metallic iron as principal products. This process avoids the need for disposal of FeCl.sub.2 and retains the advantages of conventional chlorination procedures.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a process for making titanium dioxide concentrates from material containing titanium oxide and iron oxides. More particularly, the titanium oxide-containing material is calcined at temperatures of 870.degree. to 1300.degree. C., and then treated with a chlorine-containing gas at temperatures of 800.degree. to 1300.degree. C., if desired with addition of carbon.

Abstract: A process for the recovery of calcium chloride produced in the conversion of metal chloride by-products of chlorination to hydrous metal oxides. The hydrous metal oxides and other by-products of chlorination are insoluble in an aqueous solution of at least about 75 weight percent calcium chloride having a generally neutral pH and temperature between about 174 degrees centigrade and about 200 degrees centigrade. Calcium chloride also is readily recovered from the above solution.

Abstract: An apparatus including a single electrolytic/reaction cell, for extraction of titanium sponge from rutile ore. Magnesium chloride is electrolytically separated into magnesium metal and chlorine gas within the cell. The chlorine gas produced is reacted with rutile ore and coke to produce titanium tetrachloride in a separate chlorinator and the product is directed to the cell subsequent to completion of electrolysis. Titanium tetrachloride is reacted with magnesium metal in the same cell where the magnesium is produced to form titanium sponge and magnesium chloride. The titanium sponge is separated within said cell with the magnesium chloride being recovered and recycled. Major impurities are separated by distillation. Plural electrolytic cells can be coupled to a single chlorinator in a continuous process. Very pure titanium sponge is produced with this self-replenishing process.

Abstract: Titanium tetrachloride is produced from titanium ore and reductant suspended in molten salt by the passage of chlorine therethrough. The titanium tetrachloride is scrubbed by passage through at least one scrubber of molten salt and oxidized to produce titanium oxide and chlorine. Chlorine is recaptured as a solute in cold titanium tetrachloride and then liberated and recycled.

Abstract: An entrained flow process for chlorinating fine iron-containing titaniferous powder with chlorine gas and/or organochlorides in the presence of fine porous coal-based reductant powder for obtaining product chlorides of titanium and iron wherein said both of said powders are entrained in and flow downwardly through a chlorination reaction zone at a temperature of at least about 800.degree. C. is improved by: (a) supplying fine titaniferous and reductant powders to said reaction zone at a rate sufficient for establishing and maintaining titanium, iron and carbon reactants therein in substantial excess over those stoichiometric for the complete reaction of the chlorine present; (b) employing as at least the major portion of fresh reductant feed reactive char having surface area of at least about 10 m..sup.2 /g.

Abstract: A process of chlorinating titanium ore suspended with carbonaceous reductant in molten salt by passage of chlorine therethrough. Titanium tetrachloride produced is purified of by-product metal chlorides by their absorption in the salt as non-volatile double salts.

Abstract: There is provided an improved process for the chlorination of particulate titaniferous ores using a particulate reactive carbon in a fluidized bed. The particulate reactive carbon is lignite char.

Abstract: A process for producing titanium tetrachloride in which iron-titanium ore is leached in hydrochloric acid to produce a solid phase comprising upgraded titanium-containing material, and a spent liquid phase. Dissolved metal chlorides in the spent liquid phase are regenerated to produce hydrochloric acid in an acid regeneration zone. The titanium-containing material is chlorinated to produce a product stream containing titanium tetrachloride and entrained solids, including metal chloride. The entrained solids are recovered from the product stream and the metal chloride portion thereof is recycled to the acid regeneration zone.

Abstract: At least a two-stage chlorination system for the production of a substantially iron-free alumina-silica product from Bauxites and Clays wherein in a preferred embodiment of the invention the chlorination agent is selected from the group consisting of Cl.sub.2, HCl and COCl.sub.2 in the first chlorination stage and wherein in the second chlorination stage the chlorination agent is selected from the group consisting of AlCl.sub.3 and SiCl.sub.4.

Abstract: At least a single stage chlorination system for the production of a substantially iron-free alumina-silica product from Bauxites, Bauxitic Clays and Clays wherein at least one chlorination agent is selected from the group consisting of Cl.sub.2, HCl and COCl.sub.2 and at least one chlorination agent from the group consisting of AlCl.sub.3 and SiCl.sub.4.

Abstract: At least a two stage chlorination system for the production of aluminum trichloride and aluminum monochloride wherein in the gas stream containing the highest percentages of aluminum chloride produced CO.sub.2 is present and the said gas stream is passed through a charcoal or devolatilized coke bed in a preferred temperature range of about 1000.degree. C. to 1600.degree. C. to convert the said CO.sub.2 to CO and cycling at least part of the said CO produced to at least the second chlorination stage.

Abstract: At least a single stage chlorination system for the production of a substantially iron-free alumina-silica product from Bauxites, Bauxitic Clays and Clays wherein at least one chlorination agent is selected from the group consisting of Cl.sub.2, COCl.sub.2, AlCl.sub.2, AlCl, SiCl.sub.4 and SiCl.sub.2 and wherein the said chlorination agent is a limited percentage of the total gas stream.

Abstract: An improved method of beneficiating ilmenite using two chlorinators in order to oxidize by-product iron chlorides to chlorine in the vapor phase and eliminate the necessity of separating the chlorine from combustion gas by cryogenic methods comprising using a first stage which produces beneficiated ore, and, inter alia, carbon dioxide, iron chlorides, predominantly ferrous chloride, which are condensed to gain the separation from CO.sub.2 ; solid iron chlorides are fed to an oxidation zone in the void above the second stage beneficiator and reacted with oxygen; heat required for vaporization of the condensed chlorides is supplied in part by beneficiation within the second stage. The fluidized bed overflow of the second stage beneficiator is magnetically separated to separate practically pure T.sub.1 O.sub.2, useful as a starting material for T.sub.1 O.sub.2 pigment and a recycle stream of magnetic partially beneficiated ore.

Abstract: A method for producing alumina from a material containing alumina values via a chlorination step which process comprises the steps of:(A) dehydrating the material, if necessary, at a temperature of between about 500 and about 1300.degree. K.;(B) chlorinating the product of step (A) in the presence of chlorine and carbon at a temperature below about 1200.degree. K. and under conditions which provide chlorination of a majority of the iron present in the clay without substantial chlorination of titania values which may be present therein with concommittant formation of an iron chloride cloud above the surface of the chlorination reaction mixture;(C) introducing oxygen into the iron chloride cloud under conditions to cause oxidation of a majority of the iron chloride contained in the cloud;(D) chlorinating the non-gaseous product of step (B) in the presence of chlorine and carbon at a temperature above about 1300.degree. K.

Abstract: A two stage process is described for chlorinating aluminum value containing materials such as bauxite, clay, fly ash, etc. The process comprises the steps of:(A) dehydrating the material, if necessary, at a temperature of between about 500.degree. and about 1300.degree. K.;(B) chlorinating the product of step (A) in the presence of chlorine and carbon at a temperature below about 1200.degree. K. and under conditions which provide chlorination of a majority of the iron present in the clay without substantial chlorination of titania values which may be present therein with concommittant formation of an iron chloride cloud above the surface of the chlorination reaction mixture;(C) introducing oxygen into the iron chloride cloud under conditions to cause oxidation of a majority of the iron chloride contained in the cloud; and(D) chlorinating the non-gaseous product of step (B) in the presence of chlorine and carbon at a temperature above about 1300.degree. K.

Abstract: There is described a method for producing alumina from a material containing alumina values via a chlorination step which process comprises the steps of:(A) dehydrating the material, if necessary, at a temperature of between about 500 and about 1300.degree. K;(B) chlorinating the product of step (A) in the presence of chlorine and carbon at a temperature below about 1200.degree. K and under conditions which provide chlorination of a majority of the iron present in the clay without substantial chlorination of titania values which may be present therein with concommittant formation of an iron chloride cloud above the surface of the chlorination reaction mixture;(C) introducing oxygen into the iron chloride cloud under conditions to cause oxidation of a majority of the iron chloride contained in the cloud;(D) chlorinating the non-gaseous product of step (B) in the presence of chlorine and carbon at a temperature above about 1300.degree.

Abstract: A flow process is described for the chlorination of titaniferous materials. The process utilizes a special microporous carbon characterized by having pores with a pore diameter of less than 20 A. Improved reaction rates and completeness of reaction are achieved.