Abstract: A furnace is provided having at least two regenerator beds for heat recovery. While a first bed is being heated by hot flue gases produced by combusting a fuel and an oxidant in the furnace, a second bed, heated during a previous cycle, is cooled through carrying out an endothermic chemical reaction therein, for example the reforming reaction of a hydrocarbon with water vapor and carbon dioxide and/or the dissociation of a hydrocarbon. Once the second bed is cooled by the endothermic reaction, the hot flue gases are redirected to it while the first bed, now hot, is used for carrying out the endothermic chemical reaction. Thereafter the cycle is repeated.

Abstract: A process is provided for the catalytic conversion of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide by feeding a gaseous flow containing carbon monoxide and water droplets into a reactor containing a catalyst and reacting the carbon monoxide with steam in the reactor to obtain carbon dioxide. The flow rate of the gaseous flow containing carbon monoxide and water droplets is accelerated upstream of the catalyst via passage through a venturi-type element so that the water droplets are split into smaller water droplets which either migrate toward the center of the gaseous flow or become evaporated into steam, thereby minimizing pressure drops across the catalyst and minimizing damage to the catalyst due to the impact of the water droplets.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method of making a pollutant harmless by treating a material to be treated containing the pollutant. The method comprises the steps of: heating the material in a pressure resistant vessel hermetically to obtain a heated material; supplying the heated material from the vessel to a nozzle; and jetting out the material from the nozzle to collide against a collecting member arranged opposite to the nozzle.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for contacting a gas and a liquid such as may be utilized in removing sulfur from gas streams, using a liquid redox process, are provided, which prevent or avoid buildup of elemental sulfur in the process equipment by introducing the hydrogen sulfide contaminated gas through a plurality of gas inlets tangentially distributed within the inner wall of the reaction vessel containing a liquid redox scrubbing solution.

Abstract: High temperature reactions are conducted within a high pressure reaction vessel. The interior surfaces of the high pressure containment vessel are protected from the high temperature and corrosive effects of the reaction by causing the reactants to converge in a vortex which contains the highest reaction temperature within the central portions of the reactor. A toroidal reaction vessel is disclosed in which the reactants are directed into a vortex at the axis of origin of the torus by flow guides.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to an improved method for carrying out a exothermic chemical reaction with carbon dioxide in an aqueous environment. In the method, a fluid solution containing at least one chemical reactant which is exothermically reactive with carbon dioxide is provided. Liquid carbon dioxide is then injected into the solution of the chemical reactant at a pressure above the triple point of at least about 60 psig. The injection of the liquid carbon dioxide takes place under turbulent conditions wherein the liquid carbon dioxide expands to provide carbon dioxide vapor. The carbon dioxide vapor superheats to approach the exothermic reaction temperature which occurs between the carbon dioxide vapor and the chemical reactant. The chemical reactant and the carbon dioxide react in the dispersion exothermically to produce a chemical reaction product.

Abstract: A method for producing amorphous aluminocarbonate compounds which comprises continuously recirculating a first aqueous solution from a reaction vessel through a recycle system and injecting a gas comprising carbon dioxide into the first solution at a turbulent area located in the recycle system. A second aqueous solution is added to the first solution while the gas injection is continued, and the pH of the resulting mixture is maintained in the approximate range of from 8 to 10. The gas injection is discontinued when the entire amount of the second solution has been added to the first solution, in order to allow further precipitation of the amorphous compound. The method is particularly adapted for producing amorphous sodium aluminocarbonate and sodium magnesium aluminocarbonate.

Abstract: In order to clean gases containing noxious components by contacting the gases with a solid material layer adhering to carrier bodies, the solid material layer is applied to the carrier body by wetting with an impregnating solution and then drying the solution on the carrier bodies. After being used up by reaction with the gases to be cleaned, the solid material layer is removed from the carrier bodies, after which it can be replaced by wetting with impregnating solution and drying again. The carrier bodies are stationary and the impregnating solution is trickled over them. Once the carrier bodies are wetted, irrigation with the impregnation solution is interrupted and the solution is dried on the carrier bodies. When the gas reaction at the solid material layer thus formed weakens, the stationary carrier bodies are re-irrigated with impregnation solution and dried. After many repeated impregnations the solid material layer is washed away by flushing or flooding the carrier bodies with a wash solution.

Abstract: A process for oxidizing a metal from a lower valence state to a higher valence state comprises contacting the metal, usually contained in a solution, with a sufficient amount of an oxygen-containing gas to provide at least about 300% excess of stoichiometric oxygen with respect to the metal at the lower valence state. The metals are preferably used as chelated solutions thereof. Some of the representative metals are iron, copper, manganese, lead or mercury.

Abstract: Solid aluminum hydroxide compositions having improved solubility, stability and filterability are formed by adding at least a stoichiometric amount of a solid base to a concentrated solution of an aluminum salt (about 8.3% Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 or higher) and stirring vigorously. The base used has an alkali metal, alkali earth metal, or other metallic cation, and does not contribute an anion other than hydroxide to the solution. Particularly suitable bases are carbonate and bicarbonate.

Abstract: A process for the removal of NO.sub.x impurities from a gas stream which comprises treating the gas stream containing NO.sub.x impurities under cryogenic conditions with oxygen and an unsaturated hydrocarbon, removing solid N.sub.2 O.sub.3 and recovering a gas stream reduced in NO.sub.x.

Abstract: Silicon and nitrogen ions are implanted in a ceramic body of silicon carbide and the ceramic body is heated in a nonoxidizing atmosphere, whereby it is reinforced.

Abstract: A spiral gas stream is generated in a pipeline when a uniform flow of gas flowing in a cylinder having inner diameter larger than that of the pipeline is introduced through a funnelform reducer into the inlet of the pipeline and bringing the mean gas stream velocity in the pipeline faster than 20 meter per second. The uniform flow of gas is formed in the cylinder easily when outside low pressure gas is fed into the cylinder through a feed gas inlet pipe installed diagonally at the side of the cylinder apart from the bottom plate so as to make the flow line of the feed gas to cross the axis of the cylinder and inclined toward the bottom plate. When solid particles are introduced into the spiral gas stream zone, they are transported to the outlet of the pipeline. As the compressed gas layer is formed along the inside wall of the pipeline by the spiral motion of gas stream, solid particles don't contact directly with the inside wall of the pipeline and don't hurt it.

Abstract: A method of processing waste solutions containing metal salts or complex involves applying ultra-sonic vibrations to a container in which the solution is placed and treating the solution or the generated misting therefrom to insure that the metallic ions remain behind and then finally exhausting the vapor through an activated charcoal filter to remove any organic contaminants and insure that the discharge is environmentally safe.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for initiating a reaction for the manufacture of synthetic hydrochloric acid, wherein two reactive gaseous chamical compounds, chlorine and hydrogen, are brought together. The molecules of at least one of said compounds are then excited by projection of a laser ray onto this reactive compound, wherein the laser ray is directed onto the zone where the two reactive compounds are brought together.

Abstract: Decontaminating an aluminum melt by chlorination wherein the melt is blanketed with a layer of molten flux containing calcium oxide to consume any Cl.sub.2 and/or AlCl.sub.3 offgasses from the melt.

Abstract: Hydrogen sulfide is removed from a gas stream by injecting an alkaline solution into the gas stream. The velocity of the gas stream is such that it has a Reynolds number of at least 50,000 and the Weber number for the injected alkaline solution is at least about 16. Alkali metal hydroxides and polyvalent metal chelates are useful alkaline solutions.

Abstract: A solid product resulting from the nucleated growth of the product on solid material of either the same or different composition and having a density higher than the reaction medium is formed from one or more liquid phase reactants by a method which comprises tangentially introducing the liquid phase reaction medium into the lower, smaller end of an inverted, frusto-conical reactor-separator, thereby imparting an upward swirling motion to the reaction medium in the reactor-separator, the horizontal velocity at the bottom of the reactor-separator being sufficiently large to cause fluidization of larger, solid product particles and concentration of them in the central lower portion of the reactor-separator and the vertical velocity at the top of the reactor-separator being sufficiently small to avoid carry-over of the smaller solid particles but sufficiently large to concentrate them in the upper portion of the reactor-separator; at least periodically recovering the larger, solid product particles in spherical

Abstract: Process of extracting titanium values from titaniferous bearing material by circulating a reaction mixture containing titanium values in an agitation column located within a reaction vessel in a direction countercurrent to the flow of the reaction mixture in the annular space located between the agitation column and the inner reaction vessel wall, said circulation being done in a manner to maintain the titaniferous bearing material in a continuous turbulent suspension flow in the agitation column and discharging the reaction mixture from the reaction vessel and recovering the extracted titanium values.

Abstract: A process for treating a liquid with a gas in a circulatory reactor, in which the gas is introduced by a jet of liquid into a circulating liquid, is entrained downwards in a tube, rises in an annular space surrounding the tube and--if it has not reacted completely--is again entrained downward over the upper edge of the tube. Using the process according to the invention, a very uniform gas distribution and, in the case of heterogeneous reactions, also a very uniform distribution of the suspended catalyst, is achieved over the entire reaction space.

Abstract: A method for the manufacture of sulphuric acid wherein sulphur, in one case, and a source of sulphur in another case is reacted at superatmospheric temperatures and pressures with oxygen dissolved in an inert liquid in the presence of water, the inert liquid being selected from fluorocarbon compounds having eight or more carbon atoms. Heat is captured from the inert liquid.