Abstract: Compositions containing at least one organic phospholipid capable of forming bilayers in aqueous solution; at least one amphoteric surfactant; and at least one nonionic surfactant present in an amount by weight equal to or greater than the amount of the phospholipid; where the phospholipid and surfactants are present in a combined amount sufficient to allow at least one water-insoluble ingredient selected from waxes and unneutralized and partially neutralized water-insoluble polymers, resins, and latexes to be incorporated into an aqueous solution. A delivery system containing the composition and methods for styling hair and for treating keratinous substances are also disclosed.

Abstract: A waterless shaving system including a method of shavings consisting of the steps of applying a shaving product in the form of a thin transparent film of lubricant gel cream to a dry, unwetted skin surface area to be shaved thus leaving the hair in an erect and substantially rigid condition as compared to hair that has been wetted and soaked which results in the hair being hydrated and becoming limp and easily flexed or bent away from a razor blade when the blade comes into contact with the hair shaft in order to cut the erect hair shafts in a straight, transverse manner closely adjacent the skin surface area being shaved. The residual shaving product is rubbed into the skin area without washing off or rinsing off the skin area with water.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to shaving compositions which comprise one or more water soluble polymers to increase lubricity and enhance shaving performance. The polymers employed in the shaving compositions provide the composition with a stress ratio (i.e., the ratio of normal stress to shear stress) in excess of 3.0 when measured at a shear rate of 800 sec−1. A preferred combination of polymers includes polyethylene oxide (mol. Wt.≧1 million) and natural or synthetic polysaccharide gum. The present invention is also directed to an improved shaving method in which such compositions are applied to an area of skin, then said area is shaved. In another aspect, the present invention embraces shaving compositions comprising water, a cleansing or conditioning agent for hair or skin, polyethylene oxide (mol. Wt.≧1 million) and natural or synthetic polysacchride gum.

Abstract: A composition useful in a delivery system for water-insoluble ingredient(s) containing at least one organic phospholipid capable of forming bilayers in aqueous solution; at least one amphoteric surfactant present in an amount by weight equal to or greater than the amount of the phospholipid; at least one nonionic surfactant present in an amount by weight equal to or greater than the amount of the phospholipid; and at least one cationic polymer, wherein the cationic polymer functions to control the amount of water-insoluble ingredient(s) deposited on keratinous substances. A method for treating keratinous substances with the compositions and delivery systems is also disclosed. In addition, the amount of water-insoluble ingredient(s) to be deposited can be controlled by varying the amount of the phospholipid, the nonionic surfactant, or both.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a self-foaming shaving composition in the form of a lotion. The shaving composition comprises water, a water dispersible surface active agent capable of forming a lather, a volatile self-foaming agent, and a water soluble thickening agent wherein the composition is in the form of a self-foaming lotion having an elastic modulus (G′) of about 100 to about 1000 Pascals, preferably about 200 to about 900 Pa, most preferably about 400 to about 800 Pa (measured with a rheometer at frequency 1 Hz, oscillatory stress range 0.01-1.0 Pa, temperature 5° C., Gap 1000 &mgr;m). The present invention is also directed to an improved shaving method in which a shaving composition of the present invention is applied to an area of skin, then said area is shaved, preferably with a wet razor.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a non-aerosol shaving composition in the form of a gel, preferably a clear gel. The non-aerosol shaving gel comprises water, an alkanolamine soap, preferably a triethanolamine soap, and a solubilizing agent for the soap, wherein the soap is completely dissolved in the water and the amount of soap and solubilizing agent is sufficient to provide the soap in the hexagonal liquid crystal phase in the composition. The present invention is also directed to an improved shaving method in which a shaving composition of the present invention is applied to an area of skin, then said area is shaved, preferably with a wet razor.

Abstract: Medication in liquid form for topical application in the treatment of razor bumps eschewing an alcoholic content in favor of water, glycerin, aluminum polyhydrate, propylene glycol, cellulose gum, trisodium EDTA, methylparaben, and imidazolidnyl urea, to result, upon ambient drying, into a thin film at the interface thereof with a male's shaving facial area that is 100 percent contiguous in nature so that razor bumps which occur at random locations are assured of being covered to receive the medical benefit of the medication.

Abstract: Improved shaving preparations for the prevention and treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae and ingrown hair containing glucocorticoid and an antibacterial agent. Optionally, the shaving preparation may also include a therapeutic amount of benzoyl peroxide. The present invention also provides a method for preventing and/or treating pseudofolliculitis barbae, wherein the shaving preparations of the present invention are applied to the affected area immediately before shaving, during, after or in between shaves.

Abstract: A depilatory composition comprising a topically acceptable lotion, gel or cream vehicle, a thioglycolate or thiol depilating agent, and about 0.1 to about 20.0% by weight of solid particles of non-expanded polyethylene, jojoba wax, carnauba wax or candelilla wax. Preferred vehicles include about 50-85% by weight of deionized water. The compositions optionally may include emollierits, skin conditioners, buffering agents, viscosity increasing agents, emulsion stabilizers such as stearyl and cetearyl alcohol, pH adjusters, chelating agents, fragrance, color, lubricants, propellants or biological agents.

Abstract: A pouch containing a non-pressurized post-foaming gel, wherein the gel within the pouch is enclosed within an inert atmosphere, such as a nitrogen blanket, which protects the gel and prevents premature foaming and the separation of the gel's components. Upon opening the pouch and discharging the contents, the heat of the user's skin allows a low boiling point hydrocarbon, such as isopentane, to cause the gel to foam, thus providing the consumer with an instant benefit which could include cleansing, moisturizing, increasing shave comfort, wound treatment, etc. Further, the process to produce a gel which is suitable for use in a single use delivery system involves the steps of containing the gel in a jar, spraying the gel with nitrogen to remove the air from the jar, and then swirling the jar to form a non-aerated gel without weight variation problems.

Abstract: A shaving composition for ameliorating pseudofolliculitis barbae contains abrasive particles for aiding in liberation of hairs growing aberrantly. While one method of shaving includes first massaging an abrasive composition on the skin prior to shaving with a water-based shaving lubricant, a preferred method is to use the composite composition, which is first massaged into the skin for its abrasive and hair liberating effects and then the skin is shaved taking advantage of the lubricating nature of the composition. The abrasive particles have a hardness less than that of shaving blade metals and are preferably essentially non-pulverulent.

Abstract: A shaving composition containing a skin-tightening effective amount of an astringent additive, wherein the shaving composition is applied onto human skin prior to shaving.

Abstract: A composition containing at least one organic phospholipid capable of forming bilayers in aqueous solution; at least one amphoteric surfactant; at least one nonionic surfactant present in an amount by weight equal to or greater than the amount of the phospholipid; at least one suspending agent present in an amount effective for maintaining a stable composition; and a lipophilic ingredient. The invention also relates to a delivery system for lipophilic ingredients containing the above components, and an aqueous phase, wherein the organic phospholipid, amphoteric surfactant, and nonionic surfactant are present in a combined amount sufficient to allow the lipophilic ingredient to be incorporated into the system. A method of treating akeratinous substance is also disclosed.

Abstract: A composition containing at least one organic phospholipid capable of forming bilayers in aqueous solution; at least one amphoteric surfactant present in an amount by weight equal to or greater than the amount of the phospholipid; at least one nonionic surfactant present in an amount by weight equal to or greater than the amount of the phospholipid; and a water-insoluble polymer comprising at least one aromatic monomeric residue, wherein said aromatic monomeric residue comprises at least one aromatic unit substituted with at least one hydroxyl group. The invention also relates to a delivery system for water-insoluble ingredients containing the above components, and an aqueous phase, wherein the organic phospholipid, amphoteric surfactant, and nonionic surfactant are present in a combined amount sufficient to allow the water-insoluble polymer to be incorporated into the system. A method of treating a keratinous substance is also disclosed.

Abstract: The extract of the pericarp of Zanthoxylum bungeanum, prepared by extraction with carbon dioxide in supercritical conditions, has remarkable analgesic activity without exerting the local anesthetic activity characteristic of the extracts obtained by solvent means. The product of the present invention is prepared by extracting the pericarp of Zanthoxylurn bungeanum, finely ground or transformed into pellets, with carbon dioxide under pressure conditions ranging from 150 to 300 bars at temperatures ranging from 35 to 55° C.

Abstract: Herein are disclosed N-long chain acyl-neutral amino acid polyglycerin esters composed of a polyglycerin having a degree of glycerin polymerization of not smaller than 4 and an N-long chain acyl-neutral amino acid having an acyl group with from 6 to 22 carbon atoms and a nonionic surfactant composition comprising, as an active ingredient, at least one of said N-long chain acyl-neutral amino acid polyglycerin esters, which are favorably safe and which, when incorporated in cosmetic compositions or percutaneous preparations, are sensorially good.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for removing hair from a selected skin area comprising the steps of (a) applying a liposome composition comprising a photosensitizer to the selected skin area so that the composition is introduced into hair follicle ducts of the skin area, wherein the photosensitizer is present in the composition in an amount effective to undergo a reaction and damage the hair follicles upon application to the skin area of light at an appropriate wavelength, energy and duration to penetrate the skin and activate the photosensitizer; (b) removing from the skin area substantially all of the liposome composition which is not introduced into the hair follicle ducts; and (c) applying light to the skin area at an appropriate wavelength, energy and duration to penetrate the skin and cause the photosensitizer to undergo a reaction to damage the hair follicles. The present invention also provides a composition useful for hair removal.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compounds according to the structure: Wherein R1 is a C11 to C21 saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched hydrocarbon or a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon containing a pendant hydroxyl group, preferably on a carbon atom in a position alpha or beta to the keto group of the ester moiety; X is CH2, OCH2CH2 or HC═CHCH2; and R2 is H, OCH3, CH3 or CH2CH3. These compounds exhibit use in personal care products as dry emollients as well as providing additional characteristics including solvency, dispersants, gloss-enhancing agents, solubilizing agents and melting-point depressants, lubricants, viscosity modulating agents and skin protection factor boosters.

Abstract: An effective and gentle formulation for the treatment and prevention of pseudofolliculitis barbae and skin irritation and method for the application of same is provided herein. In its preferred embodiment, the formulation consisting essentially of a petroleum balance containing 10% to 20% camphor, 5% fragrance oil and 1% to 2% mineral oil. The formulation is designed to prevent the razor bumps associated with pseudofolliculitis barbae without the use of harsh chemical compounds while allowing the user to continue to use a traditional method of shaving. The formulation is applied through a method consisting of shaving normally with a razor, application of a thin veneer of the formulation to the shaved area and removal of the formulation by means of a wet washcloth or other means.

Abstract: A composition for use as a post-foaming shaving gel, for example, comprising about 3% to about 20% by weight of the composition of a surfactant system, about 0.05% to about 10% by weight of the composition of poly(ethylene oxide) and polyvinylpyrrolidone, in a combined amount, wherein the poly(ethylene oxide) and the polyvinylpyrrolidone are present in a weight ratio of about 1:10 to about 10:1, and about 0.1% to about 10% by weight of the composition of a post-foaming agent.

Abstract: A therapeutic after-shave care lotion composition for use in reducing inflammation and irritation of skin immediately following shaving, and for repairing skin damage resulting from shaving. The composition comprises Aloe Vera gel, Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid), Vitamin E (tocopherol), and Hydrocortisone Acetate.

Abstract: A di-lubricant for shaving comprises a low concentration of polyacrylamides suspended in water to provide lubrication for skin but not for hair.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the production of marine invertebrate type V telopeptide containing collagen preparations from marine invertebrates, compositions containing preparations, and methods of using these preparations. The collagen preparation includes telopeptide containing and optionally invertebrate atelopeptide containing, type V fibrillar collagen. The present collagen preparations may be employed in a variety of products including for example, cosmetic, pharmacological, dental, and cell culture products.

Abstract: Mammalian hair growth is reduced by applying to the skin a composition including an inhibitor of an enzyme involved in arachidonic acid metabolism.

Abstract: Medication in liquid form for topical application in the treatment of razor bumps eschewing an alcoholic content in favor of water, glycerin, aluminum polyhydrate, propylene glycol, cellulose gum, trisodium EDTA, methylparaben, and imidazolidnyl urea, to result, upon ambient drying, into a thin film at the interface thereof with a male's shaving facial area that is 100 percent contiguous in nature so that razor bumps which occur at random locations are assured of being covered to receive the medical benefit of the medication.

Abstract: A composition for conditioning the skin and for treating pseudofolliculitis barbae. Also disclosed is a method for making said composition. The composition is comprised of water, Aloe Vera juice, ammonium alum, glycerine, and ethanol. It can be made using relatively unsophisticated processing equipment. The process essentially comprises adding Aloe Vera juice to water, heating the water almost to its boiling point, adding glycerine and ammonium alum, allowing the mixture to cool, and adding a small amount of ethanol to avoid precipitation of the ammonium alum during prolonged storage.

Abstract: The invention provides depilatory compositions comprising: (a) a continuous aqueous phase; (b) a depilatory agent; and (c) at phase comprising (i) a non-polar coil separated from the continuous aqueous phase by a bilayer phase comprising (ii) a surfactant; (iii) a polar substance; wherein the composition is substantially free from tertiary amines; processes for their preparation; and their use degrading hair keratin.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a solid polymeric shaving aid strip for a razor cartridge. The shaving aid strip comprises a lubricious water-soluble polymer and a polycaprolactone, and optionally a water-insoluble polymer. It has been found that polycaprolactone improves the fabrication of the shaving aid strip, provides smoother strip surfaces and permits the inclusion of greater amounts of water-soluble polymer in the strip. It has also been found that a shaving aid strip which contains polycaprolactone releases more shaving aid during use and has better structural integrity and less swelling. The present invention is also directed to a razor cartridge which includes the aforementioned shaving aid strip.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a razor cartridge with a solid polymeric shaving aid strip. The razor cartridge has a blade (one or more) and a skin-engaging portion in proximity to the blade. The skin-engaging portion includes a solid polymeric shaving aid strip having an upper exposed surface which contacts the skin during shaving. The shaving aid strip includes a first exposed lengthwise-extending portion containing a lubricious water-soluble polymer and an adjacent, second exposed lengthwise-extending portion containing a lubricious water-soluble polymer. The first portion contains a greater amount of the lubricious water-soluble polymer than the second portion, and the first portion is adapted to wear at a faster rate than the second portion during shaving. This construction enables the strip to release more of the lubricious water-soluble polymer for a longer time period (i.e., for more shaves) than conventional shaving aid strips.

Abstract: A method for eliminating unwanted hairs is provided. The method includes applying an effective amount of a composition including microparticles to the surface of the skin where the hairs are situated and removing the composition remaining on the surface of the skin. The microparticles contain chromophores and a second material different from the chromophores. At least 80% by weight of the microparticles have a diameter of between 3 &mgr;m and 10 &mgr;m. A composition containing a solvent which dissolves the chromophores may then be applied to the surface of the skin. Laser radiation is then applied in one or more shots. The emitted wavelength of the laser radiation is absorbed by the chromophores. The light energy and the emission duration of the laser energy are sufficient to damage and/or kill the cells responsible for the growth of the hair.

Abstract: The present invention provides coolant compositions for topical application to the skin which can provide long-lasting cooling with low or reduced skin sting. The compositions comprise a mixture of specific type of acyclic carboxamide coolant with a specific type of 3-substituted-p-menthane coolant, an aqueous vehicle, and no more than about 30% C1-C6 monohydric alcohol.

Abstract: Non-steroidal anti-infammatory after shave preparations to aid in the prevention and treatment of Pseudofolliculitis Barbae and a method of delivering the ingredients of the preparation to affected areas of the skin. Formula I comprises ethanol, salicylic acid, propylene glycol, glycerine, fragrance, at least one compound for reducing skin irritation and at least one non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent wherein said non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent is an NSAID drug, a naturally occurring herbal compound containing an anti-inflammatory component or combinations thereof. Formula 11 comprises water, hydrolyzed oat flour, sorbitol, methylparaben, petrolatum, lanolin, cetyl alcohol, sunflower seed oil, stearic acid, propylparaben, triethanoloamine, a preservative, and at least one non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent wherein said non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent is an NSAID drug, a naturally occurring herbal compound containing an anti-inflammatory component or combinations thereof.

Abstract: Cosmetic/pharmaceutical compositions, well suited for the treatment of a variety of mammalian disorders of, for example, the skin, hair and/or mucous membranes, a manifestation of which is an excess in the synthesis and/or in the release of substance P, e.g., for the treatment of cutaneous disorders and sensitive skin, comprise an effective substance P antagonist amount of at least one &bgr;-adrenergic agonist, e.g., salbutamol, in a cosmetically/pharmaceutically acceptable medium therefor.

Abstract: Disclosed are &agr;-amides of L-amino acids that produce fragrance or attenuate or mask malodor. In particular, threonine amides, glycine amides, serine amides, and alanine amides can be used in the invention. Such &agr;-amides of L-amino acids are useful for generating pleasant fragrances or attenuating or masking malodor upon cleavage of the &agr;-amides of L-amino acids by bacteria in axillae. The &agr;-amides of L-amino acids can be incorporated into skin treatment compositions and personal care products, such as deodorants, body sprays and antiperspirants, and used in methods for producing fragrance or attenuating or masking malodor.

Abstract: A hair removal composition includes bees wax, rosin and an inhibiting salt for inhibiting the irritating agents present primarily as impurities in bees wax and rosin. The composition is heated, applied to the skin and allowed to solidify, embedding hair follicles therein. After solidification, the composition is peeled off the skin with little discomfort and no substantial irritation.

Abstract: The present invention provides an after shave composition comprising, by weight, 30 to 98%, preferably 65 to 95%, most preferably 70 to 90%, water, 0 to 65%, preferably 0 to 25%, most preferably 10 to 22%, ethanol, 0.25 to 6%, preferably 1 to 5%, fragrance, 0.25 to 5%, preferably 1 to 4%, surfactant to solubilize or emulsify the fragrance, and 0.5 to 1.5% (U.S.P.), preferably 0.8 to 1.3%, aluminum chlorohydrate. Preferably, the composition will be a clear solution or microemulsion having a clarity better than 100 NTU and a viscosity less than 200 mPas. The foregoing composition provides, upon application to the skin, reduced stinging and burning, reduced redness and irritation, and a soothing effect without tackiness or other undesirable aesthetic attributes.

Abstract: Hair treatment compositions, such as depilatory products and hair straightening and permanent waving products, containing reducing sulphur species, particularly thioglycolates, additionally incorporate zinc compounds, particularly zinc oxide, to reduce malodor.

Abstract: A depilatory composition has improved rinsing properties by the inclusion of from 0.25% to 6% of a thixotropic agent and from 5% to 10.5% of fatty materials. Preferred thixotropic agents are smectite clays, bentonites and synthetic nectorite clays.

Abstract: Three-dimensional silicone elastomers having both polyether and higher alkyl functionality present in their molecules are in the form of networks of crosslinked linear siloxanes with polyether and olefin containing repeating units. Representative units are EO7 and EO12 for the polyether functionality, and C10, C12, and C18 alkyl functionality for the olefin. These gelled molecules are multipurpose type materials, and consequently they are capable of being useful in a variety of multiphased formulations in personal and health care applications.

Abstract: An improved self-foaming shaving gel is provided which includes water, a water-soluble soap component, and a self-foaming agent, plus a hydrogenated polyisobutene in combination with a fluorosurfactant.

Abstract: Topical compositions and methods are disclosed for the treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae and ingrown hair. The compositions comprise acetylsalicylic acid, propylene glycol, glycerine, and isopropyl alcohol. The method involves the step of applying the composition to the beard areas of the face after shaving. The acetylsalicylic acid is dissolved in a solvent mixture comprising propylene glycol, glycerine, and isopropyl alcohol. The acetylsalicylic acid is present in the range of between about 5 percent by weight per unit volume of the solvent mixture up to saturation of the solvent mixture. The solvent mixture comprises propylene glycol in the range of about 5 to 15 percent by volume, glycerine in the range of about 1 to 10 percent by volume, and the balance of the volume made up with isopropyl alcohol alone or a solution comprising at least 50 percent by volume of isopropyl alcohol.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a lubricating shaving aid on a shaving razor or a shaving cartridge to reduce frictional drag between a razor blade edge and a shaver's skin and to provide a lubricating film on the shaver's skin during wet shaving. The lubricating shaving aid comprises a water soluble component and a water insoluble component and is formed such that the water insoluble component is released as the water soluble component dissolves upon exposure to water. The invention further discloses a method for making the same from an aqueous dispersion of water, a water soluble component in solution, and a dispersion of a water insoluble component dispersed in the water and the solution of the water soluble component.

Abstract: The character of male beard hair growth is altered by employing a conventional shave enhancing composition containing a topically active chemical agent capable of acting upon the sites influencing beard hair growth.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for removing hair from a selected skin area comprising the steps of (a) applying a liposome composition comprising a photosensitizer to the selected skin area so that the composition is introduced into hair follicle ducts of the skin area, wherein the photosensitizer is present in the composition in an amount effective to undergo a reaction and damage the hair follicles upon application to the skin area of light at an appropriate wavelength, energy and duration to penetrate the skin and activate the photosensitizer; (b) removing from the skin area substantially all of the liposome composition which is not introduced into the hair follicle ducts; and (c) applying light to the skin area at an appropriate wavelength, energy and duration to penetrate the skin and cause the photosensitizer to undergo a reaction to damage the hair follicles. The present invention also provides a composition useful for hair removal.

Abstract: The present invention relates to personal care and pharmaceutical compositions comprising an alcohol, a personal care polymer, and an alcohol-masking perfumery component. These compositions can be applied to the skin, hair, or mucosa. The alcohol-masking perfumery component substantially reduces both the alcohol odor or aroma and the stinging or burning sensation in the nose or throat due to the alcohol when the compositions are sprayed or atomized.

Abstract: Stable, topically applicable oil-in-water bioaffecting emulsions having intermediate viscosity, characteristically ranging from 3 to 10 Pa.multidot.s, comprise (a) from 30% to 50% by weight of at least one pro-penetrating glycol, (b) at least one emulsifying agent, advantageously an anionic amphiphilic polymer, and (c) at least one biologically active agent, for example an active agent that modulates skin differentiation and/or proliferation and/or pigmentation, an anti-inflammatory, an antibacterial, an antifungal, etc.

Abstract: The present invention also relates to chemical compositions comprising the neutralization product of at least one amine neutralization compound (preferably, a diamine) and a carboxylic acid (preferably, a dicarboxylic acid), said amine neutralization compound comprising about 1% to about 100% by weight (of the total amount of amine neutralization containing compound) of a first amine compound and 0% to about 99% by weight of a second amine compound different from said first amine compound, said first amine compound being a polyamine containing at least one tertiary amine group and at least one quaternary amine group, said tertiary amine group of said first amine reacting with said carboxylic acid group to produce a tertiary ammonium carboxylate salt, said second amine compound containing at least one primary, secondary or tertiary amine group with the proviso that when said second amine contains only primary and/or secondary amine groups, the amount of said second amine in said amine neutralization compound i

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a pro-fragrance compound selected from the group consisting of an acetal, a ketal, and mixtures thereof, wherein at least one of a parent aldehyde, ketone, or alcohol of the pro-fragrance acetal or ketal is a fragrance compound, having a ClogP of less than about 4. The ClogP is the logarithm to the base 10 of the octanol/water partition coefficient of the pro-fragrances. Further disclosed are detergent compositions comprising the pro-fragrance compound of the present invention and detersive surfactants.

Abstract: A method of conditioning human skin, especially to prepare an area of skin for shaving. A solution comprising chitosonium pyrrolidone carbonxylate in water is applied to the skin, preferably by spraying the solution directly onto the skin. The solution conditions the skin and coats hairs on the skin, making shaving effortless, painless, and irritation free, as well as prolonging the useful life of the shaving blade.

Abstract: A thickener for products for topical application such as personal care products for application to the skin or hair, or topically administrable pharmaceutical preparations, comprises a water-in-oil emulsion containing polymeric material, at least 98% of which polymeric material is soluble in the aqueous phase. The polymeric material comprises units derived from (a) acrylamide, (b) 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane-sulphonic acid (AMPS) and (c) a polyfunctional monomer, present in an amount of from 0.12 to 2 milliequivalents per mol of total monomer units. At least some of the AMPS units are in the form of a neutral salt such that the aqueous phase of the water in oil emulsion has a pH of at least 5.5.