Abstract: A perfluoropolyether hard disk lubricant having a UV curable functional end group that may be UV cured at a rapid rate with a Xenon excimer lamp. The perfluoropolyether preferably has at least one UV curable functional end group. In one embodiment, the UV curable end group comprises an acrylate.

Abstract: A high-density magnetic recording medium uses a nonmetallic substrate, while still providing high in-plane magnetic anisotropy and remanent coercivity. Such a medium can be formed by depositing a seed layer on a textured surface of the nonmetallic substrate in a gas mixture containing oxygen or nitrogen and an inert gas, while controlling the oxygen concentration or nitrogen concentration, and subsequently exposing the surface of the seed layer to oxygen or nitrogen.

Abstract: A method for making an enhanced spin valve sensor with engineered overlayer for sensing magnetically recorded information on a data storage medium. The method includes forming a ferromagnetic free layer and a ferromagnetic pinned layer sandwiching an electrically conductive spacer layer. An overlayer is formed on the free layer and adapted to decrease free layer magnetic thickness without reducing physical thickness.

Abstract: A laminate structure includes an antiferromagnetic layer, a pinned magnetic layer, and a seed layer contacting the antiferromagnetic layer on a side opposite to pinned magnetic layer. The seed layer is constituted mainly by face-centered cubic crystals with (111) planes preferentially oriented. The seed layer is preferably non-magnetic. Layers including the antiferromagnetic layer, a free magnetic layer, and layers therebetween, have (111) planes preferentially oriented.

Abstract: The invention seeks to provide a magnetized coating suitable for exerting durable magnetic forces. To do this, the method of the invention consists in spreading conductive particles (13) on a medium (11), the particles being directed by prior magnetization along an inducing magnetic field and being embedded in a binder (12). The coating apparatus for implementing the method of the invention comprises means (10, 15) for feeding the medium (11) onto a conveyor (20), means for applying a main binder (12) via presser rollers (40) and via at least one nozzle (30), said means being coupled to heater means, a tank (50) of particles (13) coupled to a duster (51) for dispensing the fill of particles, means for spreading the fill of particles within the main binder, electromagnetic means (60) for producing an anisotropic magnetic field for magnetizing the particles, a sprayer (80) for depositing an additional binder, dryer means (100), demagnetizer means (110), and winder means (120).

Abstract: It has been found that the insertion of a copper laminate within CoFe, or a CoFe/NiFe composite, leads to higher values of CPP GMR and DRA. However, this type of structure exhibits very negative magnetostriction, in the range of high ?10?6 to ?10?5. This problem has been overcome by giving the copper laminates an oxygen exposure treatment When this is done, the free layer is found to have a very low positive magnetostriction constant. Additionally, the value of the magnetostriction constant can be adjusted by varying the thickness of the free layer and/or the position and number of the oxygen treated copper laminates.

Abstract: A method of producing a magnetic recording medium including the steps of preparing alloy particles capable of forming a CuAu type or Cu3Au type ferromagnetic order alloy phase, forming an alloy particle layer on a support using the alloy particles, oxidizing the alloy particles, and annealing the alloy particle layer in a magnetic field under a reducing atmosphere. Also disclosed is a magnetic recording medium produced by the method, that is, a magnetic recording medium including a magnetic layer which contains magnetic particles in a CuAu type or Cu3Au type ferromagnetic order alloy phase and which has a squareness ratio of 0.75 or higher.

Abstract: A method of making beams, clamps and other structures by curing a polymer containing a magnetostrictive material. A magnetostrictive material like TERFENOL-D™ is placed in a polymer. This mixture is put onto a slide in a film. The mixture is cured by UV light (or other means) so that it cross-links. A second layer of polymer with no magnetostrictive material can be cured on top of the first layer. This leads to a beam structure which exhibits a bending moment in an applied magnetic field. By aligning the magnetostrictive particles before curing with a magnetic field, a beam or other structure can be produced with aligned particles. A mask can be used to selectively cure regions where the magnetostrictive particles have different alignments on the same layer. It is possible to build up multiple layer structures with layers of magnetostrictive particles aligned in different directions.

Abstract: A system and method for improving the durability and reliability of recording media used in hard drives is disclosed. A protective overcoat made of diamond like carbon (DLC) is first deposited over a magnetic layer. A lubricant layer, typically containing Moresco lubricant or a perfluoropolyether (PFPE), is then deposited over the protective overcoat. Finally, the lubricant layer is exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light for a period of time.

Abstract: A method for reducing noise in a lapping guide. Selected portions of a Giant magnetoresistive device wafer are masked, thereby defining masked and unmasked regions of the wafer in which the unmasked regions include lapping guides. The wafer is bombarded with ions such that a Giant magnetoresistive effect of the unmasked regions is reduced.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of forming a monolayer of substantive particles including the steps of applying to a substrate a curable composition having substantive particles contained therein, the substantive particles having a particle size on at least one dimension thereof of at least 1 micrometer and being in two or more groups of different sizes; exposing the substantive particle-containing curable composition to a source of energy suitable for effecting polymerization of the curable composition for a sufficient time to effect polymerization of a layer of the curable composition having a thickness of no more than 50% of the height of the largest substantive particles; and optionally, removing uncured curable composition. The invention also provides a method of forming a monolayer of substantive particles in a non-random array where the curable composition comprises a ferrofluid composition.

Abstract: A method for texturing a substrate for a magnetic disk comprises abrading the substrate using nano-sized diamond particles (e.g. having a diameter less than or equal to 20 nm). A magnetic layer is then deposited over the substrate. Even when the texture is extremely smooth (e.g. less than about 2.2 ?Ra), the disk still exhibits good Hc and MrT orientation ratios, SNR and PW50.

Abstract: A method for forming a trimmed upper pole piece for a magnetic write head, said pole piece having a tapered profile that is widest at its trailing edge. Such a pole piece is capable of writing narrow tracks with sharply and well defined patterns and minimal overwriting of adjacent tracks. The present method produces the necessary taper by using NiCr, NiFeCr, Rh or Ru as write gap filling materials which have an etch rate which is substantially equal to the etch rate of the other layers forming the pole piece and are highly corrosion resistant. As a result, the write gap does not protrude to mask the effects of the ion-beam etch used to form the taper.

Abstract: A method is provided for protecting a head element of a computer disk drive during rework operations by applying thioropolymeric protective coating or film to the head element after the disk drive has been opened. Application of the protective coating is preferably performed utilizing a solvent-mediated deposition process. Further aspects of the invention include the application of the protective coating to the head element prior to storage of the head element or prior to shipping the head element in order to facilitate rework of the head element or other components of the disassembled disk drive.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium comprises a non-magnetic substrate, a non-magnetic undercoat layer, a magnetic layer, and a protective film, the layers and film being successively formed on the substrate. The non-magnetic undercoat layer has a multi-layer structure formed of at least two layers and contains a layer A formed of a material selected from a Cr—Ta based alloy, a Cr—Nb-based alloy, a Cr—Ti based alloy, a Cr—Zr-based alloy, and a Cr—Hf-based alloy, and a layer B formed of a material selected from a Co—W based alloy, a Co—W—B-based alloy, a Co—Mo based alloy, a Co—Mo—B based alloy, a Co—W—Mo based alloy, and a Co—W—Mo—B based alloy. The layers A and B are provided in this order from the non-magnetic substrate. A process for producing the medium comprises exposing the surface of the layer B to an oxygen atmosphere.

Abstract: A process is provided for synthesizing metal salts of perfluorinated polyethers containing at least one carboxylic acid group. The polymeric salts so provided are effective as anti-wetting and corrosion-protective agents. The metal salts of perfluorinated polyether acids may be used to prepare corrosion-protected substrates, including magnetic recording disks and magnetic recording heads.

Abstract: Embodiments relate to lubricants disposed over magnetic storage media, such as rotatable thin film magnetic discs. One embodiment comprises a lubricant compound of a fluoropolyether chain having one or more carbonyl-imide pairs. For example, the carbonyl-imide pair may be located at one end, both ends, and/or in the middle of the fluoropolyether chain.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of increasing the efficiency of ultra-violet (UV) curing of a lubricant thin film utilized as a topcoat layer of a data/information storage medium, comprising irradiating the lubricant thin film with UV radiation of a wavelength corresponding to a wavelength of maximum absorption of UV radiation by the lubricant thin film. Also disclosed are data/information storage media, e.g., magnetic or MO disks, comprising the UV-cured lubricant thin films as topcoat layers.

Abstract: A magnetoresistance sensor is fabricated using a sensor structure including a free layer deposited upon a lower layered structure and depositing an oxide structure overlying the free layer. The depositing of the oxide structure includes the steps of depositing a buffer layer overlying the free layer, wherein the buffer layer is a buffer-layer metal when deposited, depositing an overlayer overlying and contacting the buffer layer, the overlayer being an overlayer metallic oxide of an overlayer metal, and oxidizing the buffer layer to form a buffer layer metallic oxide.

Abstract: An improved and novel device and fabrication method for a magnetic element, and more particularly a magnetic element (10) including a first electrode (14), a second electrode (18) and a spacer layer (16). The first electrode (14) and the second electrode (18) include ferromagnetic layers (26 & 28). A spacer layer (16) is located between the ferromagnetic layer (26) of the first electrode (14) and the ferromagnetic layer (28) of the second electrode (16) for permitting tunneling current in a direction generally perpendicular to the ferromagnetic layers (26 & 28). The device includes insulative veils (34) characterized as electrically isolating the first electrode (14) and the second electrode (18), the insulative veils (34) including non-magnetic and insulating dielectric properties.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a spin valve film, which produces a large read out signal. After a completion of a film making process for forming a previous film of two films to be formed successively, but before an initiation of a film making process forming a succeeding film of the two the films, a step of decreasing an anisotropic magnetic field of the spin valve film is introduced by interrupting a film making process. This step may be performed by keeping a substrate within a sputtering vacuum chamber. The interruption can be shortened by exposing the substrate to a plasma, transferring the substrate in a separate vacuum chamber whose degree of vacuum is lower or whose H2O or O2 concentration is higher than that in the sputtering vacuum chamber, conducting a surface treatment with a gas containing H2O or O2, or flowing a process gas.

Abstract: A film structure and deposition method for creating laminated Fe—M—N and Fe—M—O—N films which retain good anisotropy after HA annealing are provided. Interleaved layers of thin alumina laminations between the Fe—M—[O]—N layers and sublayer alumina nanolaminations within the Fe—M—[O]—N layers create stable magnetic anisotropy in the film. The magnetic anisotropy in the film survives HA annealing at hardbake resist curing conditions in wafer manufacturing processes for GMR magnetic recording heads.

Abstract: The fabrication of an overcoat layer starts with a low energy ion beam to avoid magnetic layer implantation problems, followed by higher deposition energies where the higher energy atoms are implanted into the previously formed lower energy overcoat layer, rather than the magnetic layer. The energy gradient ion beam deposition process therefore results in a thin overcoat layer that is denser than a comparable layer formed by low energy magnetron sputtering, and which overcoat layer provides good mechanical and corrosion protection to the magnetic layer.

Abstract: A recording medium manufacturing method has a surface treatment process which removes contamination from a surface of a thermoplastic resin support substrate and also improves its wettability. This surface treatment process is conducted prior to forming the layer structure, which includes at least a signal recording layer, onto the surface of the thermoplastic resin support substance. The support substance is placed in an active gas atmosphere, such as ozone, followed by an inert gas atmosphere, such as nitrogen. This surface treatment process generates little deterioration in the support substrate surface.

Abstract: A perpendicular magnetic recording disk having a soft magnetic film disposed between a substrate and a magnetic recording layer. The soft magnetic film includes a soft magnetic underlayer and one or more layer groups having a spacer layer and a soft magnetic layer disposed above the spacer layer in each layer group. The spacer layers induce anti-ferromagnetic coupling between the surrounding ferromagnetic layers. The spacer layers may be comprised of ruthenium. The soft magnetic layers may have a granular decoupled structured through the use of a segregate.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a magnetic recording medium which includes a bonding sub-layer substantially and forms a lubricant layer having a width. A method of manufacturing a magnetic recording medium includes the steps of: a) laminating an underlayer, a magnetic layer for recording, and a protection layer of amorphous carbon on a substrate of the magnetic layer for recording medium in turn, and b) repeating a process to the protection layer of amorphous carbon comprising an application process of applying a lubricant, a subsequent ultraviolet rays treatment process, and a subsequent washing process for removing the lubricant which is not connected to the protection layer of amorphous carbon, the process being repeated plural times.

Abstract: A method for forming a trimmed upper pole piece for a magnetic write head, said pole piece having a uniform width above and below a write gap layer. Prior art methods of trimming pole pieces to a final width using ion-beam etches produce pole pieces with thickness differentials due to the etch resistant nature of the alumina write-gap filling material. The present method uses NiCr, NiFeCr or Ru as write gap filling materials which have an etch rate which is substantially equal to the etch rate of the other layers forming the pole piece and are highly corrosion resistant.

Abstract: A double perovskite type oxide film is formed on a given single crystalline substrate. Then, the oxide film in set in an oxygen-including atmosphere, thereby to be oxidized. As a result, oxygen is introduced excessively into the oxide film, to form half metal/insulator/half metal junction and thus, create a MR effect therein.

Abstract: Magnetic films are annealed by radio frequency (RF) radiation. During the RF annealing process, the layers may be subjected to a magnetic field in order to control their anisotropy axes. The RF annealed layers are useful for applications such as longitudinal and perpendicular magnetic recording layers of magnetic data storage media.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method of magnetically linking a ferromagnetic object to a partially magnetized coating material made by applying a coating to a surface of a continuously-moving medium including the steps of providing a coating material by mixing a binder material suitable for being spread substantially and regularly over the surface and a ferromagnetic component, the binder material being a hot melt adhesive; providing a continuously-moving medium having a top surface to be substantially coated, the surface capable of receiving a substantially and regularly spread coating material; passing the coating material and continuously-moving medium between rollers to form a substantially constant thickness of the coating material substantially covering the top surface and allowing the coating material to set to form the coated medium as a magnetizable component, wherein the medium that is coated is one of a paper, a card, wallpaper, a flexible plastic sheet, a rigid plastic sheet, and walls; partially

Abstract: The invention provides a method of producing a nanoparticle coated material, comprising a support and a nanoparticle layer formed on the support, wherein the nanoparticle layer contains nanoparticles comprising a CuAu type or Cu3Au type hard magnetic ordered alloy, and wherein the method satisfies at least one of the following conditions (i) and (ii): (i) the method comprises the steps of forming a shielding layer on the support before forming the nanoparticle layer; and (ii) a step of forming the nanoparticle layer comprises: the steps of applying a coating liquid containing nanoparticles capable of forming a CuAu type or Cu3Au type hard magnetic ordered alloy phase on the support to form a coating film; and irradiating laser light on the coating film.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a magnetic recording medium which includes a bonding sub-layer substantially and forms a lubricant layer having its enough width. A method of manufacturing a magnetic recording medium includes the steps of: a) laminating an underlayer, a magnetic layer for recording, and a protection layer of amorphous carbon on a substrate of the magnetic recording medium in turn, and b) repeating a progress to said protection layer of amorphous carbon comprising an application process of applying a lubricant, a subsequent ultraviolet rays treatment process, and a subsequent washing process for removing the lubricant which is not connected to the protection layer of amorphous carbon plural times.

Abstract: A method and related apparatus to link and/or pattern self-assembled first objects to a second object. Each of the first object (e.g., a nanoparticle) can be embedded in a mobile binder (i.e., a stabilizer). The invention applies energy to the first object and stabilizer, links this first object to the second object, and provides a controlled linkage of the first object with respect to the second object. Applying this procedure to many such objects results in a larger a real arrangement of these linked objects. An appropriate solvent may be used to remove non-linked objects, yielding a patterned array. Thermal annealing can be applied to control the physical and chemical properties of the array.

Abstract: A master information carrier with excellent durability is provided, for the use of static and a real lump-sum recording of digital information signals on magnetic recording medium. The master information carrier comprises a non-magnetic substrate on which a ferromagnetic film is disposed with an embossed pattern. Protrusions of the embossed pattern correspond to a disposition of the digital information signals. Recessed portions of the embossed pattern of the ferromagnetic film are filled with non-magnetic solid material. Alternately, A non-magnetic substrate has an embossed pattern and recessed portions of the embossed pattern correspond to a disposition of the digital information signals. A ferromagnetic film is filled in the recessed portions of the embossed pattern.

Abstract: A thin film magnetic media structure with a bi-layer structure of amorphous chromium titanium (CrTi) followed by an amorphous layer of nickel phosphorus (NiP) is disclosed. After the NiP has been deposited it is exposed to oxygen to form an oxidized surface. Preferably the underlayer is deposited directly onto the oxidized NiP surface. The bi-layer structure of CrTi/NiP promotes excellent in-plane crystallographic orientation in the cobalt alloy magnetic layer(s) and allows an ultra-thin chromium underlayer to be used which provides better control over grain size and distribution. When the CrTi/NiP bi-layer structure is combined with a circumferentially textured substrate, preferably glass, a high Mrt orientation ratio (OR) results.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium and method of manufacturing the same including directly texturing a surface of a non-magnetic substrate made of a glass material to form circular concentric grooves thereon, forming a seed layer on the non-magnetic substrate, forming an under layer on the seed layer, forming a magnetic layer on the under layer, and forming a protective layer on the magnetic layer. A ratio of an in-plane remanent magnetization in a circumferential direction of the magnetic recording medium to an in-plane remanent magnetization in a radial direction of the magnetic recording medium is equal to or greater than 1.05.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium containing a niobium-containing seedlayer having a thickness from about 1 ? to about 40 ?, and a method of making the same. The seedlayer provides a recording media with relatively high remanent coercivity and relatively high signal to medium noise ratio.

Abstract: A method of increasing the performance of a composite lubricant material when utilized as a thin film lubricant, comprising: (a) providing a substrate including a surface; (b) providing a composite lubricant comprising a mixture of at least one perfluoropolyether compound and at least one phosphite or phosphate compound; (c) applying a thin layer of the composite lubricant to the substrate surface; and (d) treating the thin layer of composite lubricant with UV radiation at a dosage and for an interval sufficient to reduce the surface tension, increase the corrosion resistance, increase the durability and reduce the stiction/friction of the thin layer of composite lubricant.

Abstract: An in-line, multi-station apparatus including an improved pallet for transporting a plurality of workpieces/substrates through the apparatus, the pallet comprising: (a) a sheet of electrically conductive material provided with a plurality of spaced-apart regions extending at least partway therethrough, each of the regions adapted to mount therein and expose at least one major surface of respective workpieces/substrates for receipt of the treatment; and (b) a plurality of electrical contact means for selectively and controllably electrically contacting respective ones of said plurality of workpieces/substrates for applying an electrical bias potential thereto during treatment. Embodiments include in-line apparatus for performing bias sputtering of electrically conductive thin films on insulative substrates in the manufacture of multi-layer magnetic and/or magneto-optical recording media.

Abstract: A self-organized magnetic array includes a plurality of magnetic primary nanoparticles are arranged on the substrate in a self-organized magnetic array. A plurality of magnetic interstitial nanoparticles are positioned between at least some of the primary nanoparticles in the self-organized magnetic array. A method of making such an array is also provided.

Abstract: A system and method for forming servo patterns on magnetic media is disclosed. A magnetic film coated with a layer of polystyrene is stamped with a nickel stamper reproducing the negative image of the stamped pattern on the polystyrene. Ions are then accelerated towards the surface of the polystyrene, which stopps the ions in the areas where the polystyrene is thick and allows the ions to penetrate through to the magnetic layer in the areas where the polystyrene is thin. The ions, which penetrate through to the magnetic layer, interact with the magnetic layer altering the magnetic layer's structure reducing its coercivity (Hc) and remnant moment (Mrt). This reproduces the stamped polystyrene pattern on the magnetic layer. The polystyrene is then removed by oxygen plasma etching the surface leaving behind a patterned magnetic media.

Abstract: An improved and novel device and fabrication method for a magnetic element, and more particularly a magnetic element (10) including a first electrode (14), a second electrode (18) and a spacer layer (16). The first electrode (14) and the second electrode (18) include ferromagnetic layers (26 & 28). A spacer layer (16) is located between the ferromagnetic layer (26) of the first electrode (14) and the ferromagnetic layer (28) of the second electrode (16) for permitting tunneling current in a direction generally perpendicular to the ferromagnetic layers (26 & 28). The device includes insulative veils (34) characterized as electrically isolating the first electrode (14) and the second electrode (18), the insulative veils (34) including non-magnetic and insulating dielectric properties.

Abstract: A method of patterning magnetic material includes forming a ferromagnetic material layer containing one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co and Ni on a substrate, selectively masking a surface of the ferromagnetic material layer, and making nonferromagnetic. The making nonferromagnetic step includes exposing an exposed portion in halogen-containing reaction gas, changing magnetism of the exposed portion and a lower layer thereof by chemical reaction, and making the exposed portion a nonferromagnetic material region. A magnetic recording medium is fabricated by using the magnetic material patterning method and includes a plurality of recording regions made of ferromagnetic materials, each containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe. Co and Ni, and a nonferromagnetic material region for separating the recording regions from each other. The nonferromagnetic material region is a compound region of the ferromagnetic material and halogen.

Abstract: The coating apparatus and method enable the coating liquid having been scraped-off to be reused without doing any one of the fluid adjusting treatment and the filtering treatment, while maintaining the features of the scraping-off type of extrusion coater, which is suitable for obtaining a uniform and extremely thin coating film. The coating head is provided with two slits: a coating slit and a recovering slit, and the excessive coating liquid having been discharged through the coating slit and applied to the web is scraped-off and recovered through the recovering slit.

Abstract: A ferroelectric material for forming a ferroelectric that is described by a general formula ABO3, includes an A-site compensation component which compensates for a vacancy of an A site, and a B-site compensation component which compensates for a vacancy of a B site.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a magnetic recording medium comprises sequential steps of:

Abstract: A manufacturing method achieves excellent magnetic recording characteristics by sequentially sputtering a non-magnetic under-layer, a non-magnetic intermediate layer, and a magnetic layer on a non-magnetic substrate in an atmosphere of H2O partial pressure of 2×10−10 Torr or lower. This process allows beneficial deposition of the magnetic layer and reduces raw materials costs. The magnetic layer includes ferromagnetic grains and non-magnetic grain boundaries. The intermediate layer has a hexagonal close-packed crystal structure. The manufacturing method allows manufacture of a high quality magnetic recording medium without a heating step thereby allowing use of lower cost materials, reduces manufacturing time, and increases savings.

Abstract: On a substrate at a temperature of 120 to 240° C., Fe and Pt monatomic layers are alternately laminated. The magnetic multilayer film obtained by such a method has an L10 ordered structure so as to exhibit a high magnetic anisotropy energy constant, a (001) surface parallel to the substrate surface, and a high perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, while its coercive force in a direction perpendicular to the substrate surface and the squareness ratio of its magnetization curve in a direction perpendicular to the substrate surface are large, so that it is usable as a magnetic recording film for a magnetic recording medium and the like. Also, since the magnetic multilayer film is formed while the substrate temperature is 120 to 240° C., the temperature load on the substrate or the like is lowered as compared with conventional making methods in which the substrate temperature is about 500° C.

Abstract: A flexible magnetic recording medium to which data is transferred by being brought into intimate contact with a master carrier which has a land/groove pattern corresponding to the data and also has a surface whose Moh's hardness is 6 to 10. The magnetic recording medium includes a substrate, a non-magnetic layer, and a magnetic layer. The non-magnetic layer and the magnetic layer are coated on the substrate in the recited order. The magnetic layer contains an abrasive comprising diamond particles whose average particle size is 0.03 to 0.5 &mgr;m. The diamond particle content of the abrasive is in a range of 0.1 to 5 wt % of ferromagnetic powder contained in the magnetic layer.

Abstract: The invention relates generally to processes for producing electrically conductive noble metal thin films on a substrate by atomic layer deposition. According to one embodiment of the invention a substrate with a surface is provided in a reaction chamber and a vaporised precursor of a noble metal is pulsed into the reaction chamber. By contacting the vaporised precursor with the surface of the substrate, no more than about a molecular layer of the metal precursor is formed on the substrate. In a next step, a pulse of molecular oxygen-containing gas is provided in the reaction chamber, where the oxygen reacts with the precursor on the substrate. Thus, high-quality metal thin films can be deposited by utilising reactions between the metal precursor and oxygen. In one embodiment, electrically conductive layers are deposited in structures that have high aspect ratio vias and trenches, local high elevation areas or other similar surface structures that make the surface rough.