Abstract: The present invention provides a barrier material formation composition comprising a silane oligomer, at least a part of the silane oligomer being modified with a metal alkoxide.

Abstract: A floor finish, in various embodiments, includes a water-based pigment dispersion and a topcoat formulation having (i) a drier-free water-based polyurethane dispersion, (ii) co-solvents in an amount chosen to achieve a cure time of the finish within a target range, (iii) a metal drier for adjusting the cure time within the target range, and (iv) a surfactant for creating a smooth and flat coating.

Abstract: A curable silicone composition comprising: (A) an organopolysiloxane represented by the average unit formula: (R13SiO1/2)x(R22SiO2/2)y(R3SiO3/2)z (R1 are alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, aryl groups, or aralkyl groups; R2 are alkyl groups or alkenyl groups; R3 is an alkyl group, aryl group, or an aralkyl group, provided that, in a molecule, at least 0.5 mol % of R1 to R3 are the alkenyl groups, at least one of R3 is the aryl group or the aralkyl group; and x, y and z are numbers satisfying: 0.01?x?0.5, 0.01?y?0.4, 0.1?z?0.9, and x+y+z=1); (B) a straight-chain organopolysiloxane having at least two alkenyl groups in a molecule; (C) an organopolysiloxane having at least two silicon atom-bonded hydrogen atoms in a molecule; and (D) a hydrosilylation reaction catalyst. A cured product exhibiting excellent dispersibility of phosphor and having crack resistance is formed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing a halogen lamp, including the following steps: providing a glass tube blanket; dip-coating of the glass tube blanket using a sol gel process having an inorganic coating; forming a lamp bulb from the coated glass tube blanket. The present invention relates further to a halogen lamp produced accordingly.

Abstract: The instant invention provides an aqueous dispersion, a coating composition, coating layers and coated article made therefrom.

Abstract: Provided is a charging member having a rough surface, thereby suppressing adhesion of dirt on the surface. A charging member having a supporting member, an elastic layer and a surface layer, in which the surface layer contains a polymer compound, which has a Si—O-M bond and at least one structural unit selected from structural units represented by the following general formula (1) and the following general formula (2), and has a structural unit represented by the following general formula (3); the charging member has cracks developing from the surface thereof and reaching the elastic layer; and the cracks each have convexly raised edges, by which the surface thereof is roughened.

Abstract: Ceramic compositions having a dispersion of nano-particles therein and methods of fabricating ceramic compositions having a dispersion of nano-particles therein are described. In an example, a method of forming a composition having a dispersion of nano-particles therein includes forming a mixture of semiconductor nano-particles and ceramic precursor molecules. A ceramic matrix is formed from the ceramic precursor molecules. The ceramic matrix includes a dispersion of the semiconductor nano-particles therein. In another example, a composition includes a medium including ceramic precursor molecules. The medium is a liquid or gel at 25 degrees Celsius. A plurality of semiconductor nano-particles is suspended in the medium.

Abstract: A method for depositing a Group 1b/gallium/(optional indium)/Group 6a material using a gallium formulated ink, comprising, as initial components: (a) a Group 1b/gallium/(optional indium)/Group 6a system which comprises a combination of, as initial components: a gallium component; a selenium component; an organic chalcogenide component; a Group 1b component comprising, as an initial component, at least one of CuCl2 and Cu2O; optionally, a bidentate thiol component; optionally, an indium component; and, (b) a liquid carrier component; depositing the gallium formulated ink on the substrate; heating the deposited gallium formulated ink to eliminate the gallium carrier, the first liquid carrier, the second liquid carrier and the, optional, third liquid carrier leaving a Group 1b/gallium/(optional indium)/Group 6a material on the substrate; and, optionally, annealing the Group 1b/gallium/(optional indium)/Group 6a material.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an effect pigment comprising a plate-shaped non-metallic substrate and at least one copper-containing coating, wherein the average particle size D50 of the effect pigment is more than 5 ?m and the copper content of the effect pigment is in a range from 3 to 70 wt.-%, relative to the total weight of the effect pigment. The invention furthermore relates to a method for producing the latter and use of the effect pigment in anti-fouling coatings.

Abstract: A surface of a semiconductor wafer with a gate of a high dielectric constant film formed thereon is heated to a target temperature for a short time by irradiating the surface with a flash of light. This promotes the crystallization of the high dielectric constant film while suppressing the growth of an underlying silicon dioxide film. Subsequently, the temperature of the semiconductor wafer subjected to the flash heating is maintained at an annealing temperature by irradiating the semiconductor wafer with light from halogen lamps. An annealing process after the flash heating is performed in an atmosphere of a gas mixture of hydrogen gas and nitrogen gas. The annealing process is performed on the semiconductor wafer in the atmosphere of the hydrogen-nitrogen gas mixture, so that defects present near the interfaces of the high dielectric constant film are eliminated by hydrogen termination.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a slip for producing an aluminum diffusion layer which comprises an Al-containing powder and an Si-containing powder and a binder, the slurry further comprising an Al-containing powder the powder particles of which are coated with Si. The invention further relates to a process for producing an aluminum diffusion layer, comprising the following steps: providing a slurry according to any one of the preceding claims, applying the slurry to a component surface on which the aluminum diffusion layer is to be created, drying and/or curing by way of a heat treatment at a first temperature, and diffusion annealing at a second temperature.

Abstract: A method for producing a sulphided copper sorbent includes the steps of: (i) contacting a sorbent precursor material containing one or more sulphidable copper compounds, with a sulphiding gas stream including hydrogen sulphide to form a sulphided sulphur-containing sorbent material, and (ii) subjecting the sulphided sulphur-containing sorbent material to a heating step in which it is heated to a temperature above that used in the sulphiding step and ?110° C., under an inert gas selected from nitrogen, argon, helium, carbon dioxide, methane, and mixtures thereof, the inert gas optionally including hydrogen sulphide. The method provides sulphided copper sorbents that have reduced levels of elemental sulphur.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a coating material for the production of an anti-corrosion and/or adhesion promoter layer, which material comprises metal powder and a phosphate-ion-containing solution as the binder, the metal powder being at least partially coated with Si or Si alloys or the binder consisting of phosphoric acid and metal phosphates and being substantially free of chromates. The invention further relates to a method for producing an anti-corrosion and/or adhesion promoter layer, comprising the following steps: Providing a coating material, such as indicated above, applying the coating material to a component surface on which the anti-corrosion and/or adhesion promoter layer is to be created, and drying and/or hardening by way of a heat treatment at a first temperature.

Abstract: A method for producing a ferroelectric thin film comprising: coating a composition for forming a ferroelectric thin film on a base electrode of a substrate having a substrate body and the base electrode that has crystal faces oriented in the (111) direction, calcining the coated composition, and subsequently performing firing the coated composition to crystallize the coated composition, and thereby forming a ferroelectric thin film on the base electrode, wherein the method includes formation of an orientation controlling layer by coating the composition on the base electrode, calcining the coated composition, and firing the coated composition, where an amount of the composition coated on the base electrode is controlled such that a thickness of the orientation controlling layer after crystallization is in a range of 35 nm to 150 nm, and thereby controlling the preferential crystal orientation of the orientation controlling layer in the (100) plane.

Abstract: A method for producing a ferroelectric thin film comprising: coating a composition for forming a ferroelectric thin film on a base electrode of a substrate having a substrate body and the base electrode that has crystal daces oriented in the (111) direction, calcining the coated composition, and subsequently performing firing the coated composition to crystallize the coated composition, and thereby forming a ferroelectric thin film on the base electrode, wherein the method includes formation of an orientation controlling layer by coating the composition on the base electrode, calcining the coated composition, and firing the coated composition, where an amount of the composition coated on the base electrode is controlled such that a thickness of the orientation controlling layer after crystallization is in a range of 5 nm to 30 nm, and thereby controlling the preferential crystal orientation of the orientation controlling layer to be in the (110) plane.

Abstract: Continuous processes for producing a coated steel wire are provided. The processes entail wetting steel wire in an aqueous solution comprising at least 95% water and 0.01 to 5% weight/weight of the carboxylic acid salt of an alkoxy modified silsesquioxane of formula (I), evaporating water from the wet coated steel wire to form a mostly-dry coated steel wire and then heating (one or more steps) the mostly-dry coated steel wire at a temperature of 50-240° C. such that the steel wire reaches a minimum temperature of at least 110° C. in at least one step, thereby forming a dry coated steel wire. The coated steel wire is optionally covered with rubber skim or otherwise embedded into rubber and can be incorporated into various objects including tires, conveyor belts, hoses and the like. The silsesquioxane coating improves adhesion between the steel wire and the rubber skim/other rubber covering.

Abstract: A laminate having excellent abrasion resistance to physical stimuli such as dust. The laminate comprises a base layer, a hard coat layer and a top coat layer containing flaky metal oxide fine particles all of which are formed in the mentioned order. The flaky metal oxide fine particles are hardened by at least one method selected from the group consisting of ionizing material exposure, ionizing radiation exposure, infrared exposure, microwave exposure and high-temperature vapor exposure.

Abstract: A plating method can improve adhesivity with an underlying layer. The plating method of performing a plating process on a substrate includes forming a first plating layer 23a serving as a barrier film on a substrate 2; baking the first plating layer 23a; forming a second plating layer 23b serving as a barrier film; and baking the second plating layer 23b. A plating layer stacked body 23 serving as a barrier film is formed of the first plating layer 23a and the second plating layer 23b.

Abstract: An aqueous liquid solution containing soluble salts of coloring metals—particularly manganese and ferric iron along with a sugar source and fulvic and/or humic acid can be readily applied to galvanized metal surfaces impart a natural color tone to such surfaces. In this manner the visibility manmade structures like fences and guardrails is quickly and easily reduced and readily blended into the natural background. The liquid solution can be readily sprayed on galvanized surfaces. When the ambient temperature is warm natural color will develop two-three weeks.

Abstract: Described are coating material compositions comprising an isocyanate group-containing component, a hydroxyl group-containing component, and a zinc (1-methylimidazole)bis(2-ethylhexanoate) complex. Also described is the use of a zinc (1-methylimidazole)bis(2-ethylhexanoate) complex as a catalyst system for the urethane reaction in coating material compositions.

Abstract: A process for producing a continuous graphitic fiber, comprising: (a) preparing a graphene oxide gel having living graphene oxide molecules or functionalized graphene chains dissolved in a fluid medium; (b) depositing at least a continuous filament of graphene oxide gel onto a supporting substrate under a condition of stress-induced molecular alignment of living graphene oxide molecules along a filament axis direction; (c) removing the fluid medium to form a continuous graphene oxide fiber, having an inter-plane spacing d002 of 0.4 nm to 1.2 nm and an oxygen content no less than 5% by weight; and (d) heat treating the continuous graphene oxide fiber to form the continuous graphitic fiber at a temperature higher than 100° C. (preferably >600° C.) to an extent that an inter-plane spacing d002 is decreased to a value of 0.3354-0.4 nm and the oxygen content is decreased to less than 5% by weight.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a surface-coated cutting tool includes: forming an aluminum oxide layer having a layer thickness of 0.05 to 5 ?m and an ?-alumina structure with a corundum type crystal structure on a cutting tool body using a sol-gel method. The step of forming includes adding an alcohol to aluminum alkoxide; adding an acid; stirring the mixture at 10° C. or lower to form a sol; applying the sol on a surface of the cutting tool body or an outer-most surface of a hard-coating layer formed on the surface of the cutting tool body; performing a drying process at least once, the applied sol being dried at 100 to 400° C. in the drying process; and annealing the cutting tool body with a dried sol layer at 500 to 1000° C.

Abstract: A reticulated foam structure comprising a plurality of closely-spaced fibers extending across and between the cells. A reticulated polymer foam structure is enhanced by fibers of metal, metal alloys, metal oxides, carbon or glass that are chopped or milled and introduced into the foam structure during foam formation or by entrainment of fibers into the foam. The resulting structure is used as a template to create a high porosity reticulated foam structure of a non-polymer material by coating the non-polymer onto the fiber-enhanced structure and removing the polymer by heating or pyrolizing. The design has utility for applications such as filtration, implants, heat transfer and electrodes, which require structures with low cost, high porosity, small effective pore sizes and large contact surface area.

Abstract: A binder comprising the products of a carbohydrate reactant and polyamine is disclosed. The binder is useful for consolidating loosely assembled matter, such as fibers. Uncured fibrous products comprising fibers in contact with a carbohydrate reactant and a polyamine are also disclosed. The binder composition may be cured to yield a fibrous product comprising fibers bound by a cross-linked polymer. Further disclosed are methods for binding fibers with the carbohydrate reactant and polyamine based binder.

Abstract: Disclosed is a composition for ferroelectric thin film formation which is used in the formation of a ferroelectric thin film of one material selected from the group consisting of PLZT, PZT, and PT. The composition for ferroelectric thin film formation is a liquid composition for the formation of a thin film of a mixed composite metal oxide formed of a mixture of a composite metal oxide (A) represented by general formula (1): (PbxLay)(ZrzTi(1-z))O3 [wherein 0.9<x<1.3, 0?y<0.1, and 0?z<0.9 are satisfied] with a composite oxide (B) or a carboxylic acid (B) represented by general formula (2): CnH2n+1COOH [wherein 3?n?7 is satisfied]. The composite oxide (B) contains one or at least two elements selected from the group consisting of P (phosphorus), Si, Ce, and Bi and one or at least two elements selected from the group consisting of Sn, Sm, Nd, and Y (yttrium).

Abstract: A double impregnation method and composition for producing three way catalysts (TWC) are disclosed. The TWC may generally include a substrate, a washcoat, a first and second impregnation compositions, and optionally at least an overcoat over the impregnation compositions. The first impregnation composition may include a composition of a perovskite, base metal oxides, and alkaline earth carbonates. The method for applying the first impregnation composition may include combining all base metals in the composition, adding Pd, drying, and adding a heat treatment. The method for applying the second impregnation composition may include adding a remainder of Pd as a Pd solution over the first impregnation, drying, and applying a heat treatment.

Abstract: A method for applying a protective layer to protect against an impact stress includes mixing a sealing alloy in a powder form with a binder and water to form a pasty compound, applying the pasty compound on a surface to be protected, drying the applied pasty compound, and heating the dried applied pasty compound to a temperature of at least 800° C.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for forming a layered silicate/polymer composite, the composite comprising individual exfoliated silicate layers separated in a continuous polymer matrix, wherein the polymer is a hydrophobic polymer, the method comprising: exfoliating sheet silicate in water to form a silicate suspension; replacing the water in the silicate suspension by an organic solvent to form a silicate/organic solvent suspension; contacting the silicate/organic solvent suspension with a solution of a hydrophobic polymer precursor in an organic solvent to form a silicate/polymer precursor suspension; coating the silicate/polymer precursor suspension on a substrate; removing the organic solvents; curing the hydrophobic polymer precursor of the coating of the silicate/polymer precursor; and annealing the cured coating to form the layered silicate/polymer composite on the substrate.

Abstract: Processes for forming a multilayer composite coating on a substrate to provide a coating system exhibiting a tri-coat effect in fewer coating layers.

Abstract: A polymerizable composition includes: from 10x to 50x moles of at least one hydroxy-functional (meth)acrylate ester having a hydroxyl group; from 0. 1x to 25x moles of at least one metal nitrate compound, wherein the at least one metal nitrate compound comprises at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, Mo, Pd, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, Te, Pt, Au, Pb, Bi, and combinations thereof; and from 0.001x to 0.0035x moles of at least one organic compound having a sterically hindered aminooxyl group, wherein x is a positive number. A polymerized composition, article including the polymerized composition, and method of making the article are also disclosed.

Abstract: A metal nanoparticle composite is provided, in which a matrix resin layer and metal nanoparticles are immobilized on the matrix resin layer. The metal nanoparticle composite has the following characteristics: a) the metal nanoparticles are obtained by heat-reducing metal ions or metal salts contained in the matrix resin layer or a precursor resin layer thereof; b) the metal nanoparticles exist within a region from the surface of the matrix resin layer to a depth of at least 50 nm; c) particle diameters of the metal nanoparticles are in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm with the mean particle diameter of greater than and equal to 3 nm; and d) a spacing between adjacent metal nanoparticles is greater than and equal to the particle diameter of a larger one of the adjacent metal nanoparticles.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for improving the heat resistance of a resistive element embedded in an alumina deposit covering a surface of a substrate, the alumina deposit comprising a surface portion and a deep portion which is sandwiched between the surface portion and the surface of the substrate and in which the resistive element is located, which method is characterised in that it comprises a densification of the surface portion of the alumina deposit. Field of application: any field in which an evaluation of the deformation of mechanical parts intended to be exposed to very high temperatures, by means of resistive elements of the strain gauge type, is necessary, and in particular the design of engine parts in the aeronautics field of the turbine blade type.

Abstract: A methods, apparatus and compositions for producing colored, self-cleaning substrates by roll coating are provided. The roll coated, colored, self-cleaning substrates retain the predetermined color and a predetermined gloss of the colored coating, thereby facilitating their use in architectural applications. The roil coated, colored, self-cleaning substrates may be iridescent-free.

Abstract: Gas sensor materials and methods are disclosed for preparing and using the same to produce gas sensor structures. Also disclosed are gas sensor structures and systems that employ these disclosed materials. A gas sense-enhancing metal such as platinum may be added to a gas sensitive metal oxide material in a manner that more highly disperses the added platinum than conventional methods so as to more effectively utilize the platinum at a lower concentration, thus achieving a more cost effective solution. An ink vehicle may also be used for deposition of a gas sensitive material (e.g. on the surface of integrated circuit) that is formulated to allow “burn-out” of ink vehicle components at relatively low temperatures as compared to conventional ink vehicles.

Abstract: A self-decontaminating fabric prepared by a method, wherein the method prepares a coating solution by combining a first solution comprises a photocatalyst dissolved in an alcohol, and a second solution comprises a metal alkoxide dissolved in an organic solvent, applies the coating solution to the fabric, and dries the fabric.

Abstract: A method for partially coating a shaped body, the surface of which comprises an area to be coated and an area to be left clear, wherein with the method a protective layer is applied to the area to be left clear, a layer comprising a fluid phase is applied to the surface, and the coated shaped body is heated to a temperature at which the protective layer is removed residue-free by pyrolysis.

Abstract: Methods for improving surface roughness of an environmental barrier coating involving providing a component having a plasma sprayed environmental barrier coating; applying a slurry to the environmental barrier coating of the component, the slurry being a transition layer slurry or an outer layer slurry; drying the environmental barrier coating having the applied slurry; and sintering the component to produce a component having an improved surface roughness wherein the slurry includes water; a primary transition material, or a primary outer material; and a slurry sintering aid.

Abstract: A method for depositing gallium using a gallium ink, comprising, as initial components: a gallium component comprising gallium; a stabilizing component; an additive; and, a liquid carrier; is provided comprising applying the gallium ink on the substrate; heating the applied gallium ink to eliminate the additive and the liquid carrier, depositing gallium on the substrate; and, optionally, annealing the deposited gallium.

Abstract: Gas sensor materials and methods are disclosed for preparing and using the same to produce gas sensor structures. Also disclosed are gas sensor structures and systems that employ these disclosed materials. A gas sense-enhancing metal such as platinum may be added to a gas sensitive metal oxide material in a manner that more highly disperses the added platinum than conventional methods so as to more effectively utilize the platinum at a lower concentration, thus achieving a more cost effective solution. An ink vehicle may also be used for deposition of a gas sensitive material (e.g. on the surface of integrated circuit) that is formulated to allow “burn-out” of ink vehicle components at relatively low temperatures as compared to conventional ink vehicles.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are biodegradable compositions, materials, gloves and methods thereof.

Abstract: A heating element includes a heating body which is directly covered at least partly with a porous sintered coating, wherein the heating body and the porous sintered coating each includes at least 90% by weight of tungsten.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for forming crack-free dielectric films on a substrate. The process comprise the application of a dielectric precursor layer of a thickness from about 0.3 ?m to about 1.0 ?m to a substrate. The deposition is followed by low temperature heat pretreatment, prepyrolysis, pyrolysis and crystallization step for each layer. The deposition, heat pretreatment, prepyrolysis, pyrolysis and crystallization are repeated until the dielectric film forms an overall thickness of from about 1.5 ?m to about 20.0 ?m and providing a final crystallization treatment to form a thick dielectric film. Also provided was a thick crack-free dielectric film on a substrate, the dielectric forming a dense thick crack-free dielectric having an overall dielectric thickness of from about 1.5 ?m to about 20.0 ?m.

Abstract: A substrate treating method including: a coating step in which a coating film of a liquid material comprising a metal and a solvent is formed on a first substrate and a second substrate; and a heating step in which the coating film is heated in a state where the first substrate and the second substrate are held in a manner such that the coating film formed on the first substrate faces the coating film formed on the second substrate.

Abstract: A product having a glass or glass-ceramic substrate is provided. The substrate is exposable to temperatures in a range of up to 700° C. and has, at least on one surface, a self-cleaning and/or dirt-repellent layer for improving cleanability. The layer is high-temperature resistant, as well as resistant to mechanical stresses. The layer includes at least one of the metal oxides of elements Hf, Y, Zr, or Ce in an at least partially nanocrystalline structure as a basic material, and at least one further metal cation of any of elements Ca, Ce, Y, K, Li, Mg, Sr, and Gd.

Abstract: A nano-composite 10 is described, including: a matrix layer 1 including a solid framework 1a and voids 1b defined by the same, and metal fine-particles 3 immobilized to the solid framework 1a. The framework 1a includes aluminum oxyhydroxide or alumina hydrate and forms a 3D network structure. The metal fine-particles have a mean particle diameter of 3 to 100 nm, with 60% or more having particle diameters of 1 to 100 nm. The metal fine-particles 3 exist in a manner that they are not in contact with one another and neighboring metal fine-particles 3 are apart from each other by a distance equal to or larger than the particle diameter DL of the larger one of the neighboring metal fine-particles 3. The metal fine-particles 3 are 3D-dispersed in the matrix layer 1, wherein each metal fine-particle 3 has a portion exposed in the voids 1b.

Abstract: A method for preparing a Group 1a-1b-3a-6a material using a selenium/Group 1b ink comprising, as initial components: a selenium component comprising selenium, an organic chalcogenide component having a formula selected from RZ—Z?R? and R2—SH, a Group 1b component and a liquid carrier; wherein Z and Z? are each independently selected from sulfur, selenium and tellurium; wherein R is selected from H, C1-20 alkyl group, a C6-20 aryl group, a C1-20 alkylhydroxy group, an arylether group and an alkylether group; wherein R? and R2 are selected from a C1-20 alkyl group, a C6-20 aryl group, a C1-20 alkylhydroxy group, an arylether group and an alkylether group; and wherein the selenium/Group 1b ink is a stable dispersion.

Abstract: A method of treating a material to improve flame retardancy, the method comprising applying to the material urea, phosphorous acid or a salt thereof, and a base comprising a monovalent metallic cation.

Abstract: Refractory metal and refractory metal carbide nanoparticle mixtures and methods for making the same are provided. The nanoparticle mixtures can be painted onto a surface to be coated and heated at low temperatures to form a gas-tight coating. The low temperature formation of refractory metal and refractory metal carbide coatings allows these coatings to be provided on surfaces that would otherwise be uncoatable or very difficult to coat, whether because they are carbon-based materials (e.g., graphite, carbon/carbon composites) or temperature sensitive materials (e.g., materials that would melt, oxidize, or otherwise not withstand temperatures above 800° C.), or because the high aspect ratio of the surface would prevent other coating methods from being effective (e.g., the inner surfaces of tubes and nozzles). The nanoparticle mixtures can also be disposed in a mold and sintered to form fully dense components.

Abstract: A composition for forming an aluminum-containing film includes an organic solvent, and an organic aluminum compound. The organic aluminum compound has a structure represented by a general formula (1). In the general formula (1), each of R1 to R6 is independently a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group, each of R1s, R2s, R3s, R4s, R5s and R6s is identical or different, and optionally each of R1s, R2s, R3s, R4s, R5s or R6s is linked to one another.

Abstract: A projection blackboard having both of an excellent blackboard function and an excellent screen function, and a process for producing the same. The surface enamel layer that is an outermost layer of the enamel layers is formed by using a enameling upper glaze wherein at least titanium oxide coated particles, or a titanium oxide glaze together therewith is blended into a transparent mat glaze, so as to render the layer an enamel layer having a predetermined color tone, a surface characteristic that the Rz is from 5 to 25 ?m and a reflective characteristic that the peak gain is 0.28 or more, or having these properties and a glossiness Gs (75°) of 1 to 30%. This makes it possible to produce a blackboard excellent in both of blackboard function and screen function. The titanium oxide coated particles are preferably particles wherein surfaces of mica particles are coated with titanium oxide.