Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of apparatuses and methods of producing optical effect layers (OEL) comprising magnetically oriented magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles. In particular, the present invention relates to apparatuses comprising a first block (A) comprising a holder (1a) having mounted thereto a stator comprising n magnet-wire coils (1b) disposed in n annular slots of a magnetic-field-guiding stator core (1c), and a second block (B) comprising a casing (4), a rotor protection plate (2), a rotor comprising m permanent magnet poles (3a) of alternating polarity arranged around a circle in or on one side of a rotor disc (3b), and a permanent magnet assembly (PMA) (5), wherein the holder (A) is configured to be removeably fixed to a base of a rotating magnetic orienting cylinder (RMC) or a flatbed (FB) magnetic orienting printing unit and the second block (B) is removeably fixed to the first block (A).

Abstract: The invention relates to anisotropic, reflective, magnetic flakes. In a liquid carrier and under influence of an external magnetic field, the flakes attract to one another side-by-side and form ribbons which provide higher reflectivity to a coating and may be used as a security feature for authentication of an object.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for producing a metal coating on a portion of the surface of a substrate of a microelectronic device, wherein it comprises, using a modified nucleic acid strand comprising a nucleic acid strand structure, at least one metal nanoparticle and/or a metal atom and at least one chemical function, at least one step of fixing the chemical function of the at least one modified nucleic acid strand on the portion of the surface of the substrate.

Abstract: A process of forming a material having nano-particles and a material having nano-particles are disclosed. The process includes arranging nano-particles in a predetermined pattern within a matrix material. The material includes arranged nano-particles forming a predetermined pattern in the matrix material.

Abstract: Provided is a method of printing a structural color. The method includes providing a first substrate, forming a layer of a composition for generating a structural color including magnetic nanoparticles and a curable material on the first substrate, applying a magnetic field to the layer of the composition for generating a structural color and exhibiting a structural color using a change in lattice spacing of a photonic crystal composed of magnetic nanoparticles depending on the magnetic field strength, and curing the layer of the composition for generating a structural color to fix the lattice spacing of the photonic crystal and to form a structural color printed layer.

Abstract: The power extraction efficiency of a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery such as a lithium ion battery is improved. A material having magnetic susceptibility anisotropy such as an olivine type oxide including a transition metal element is used for active material particles. The active material particles and an electrolyte solution are mixed to form a slurry. The slurry is applied to a current collector, and then the current collector is left in a magnetic field. Thus, the active material particles are oriented. With the use of active material particles oriented in such a manner, the power extraction efficiency can be improved.

Abstract: A method apparatus and material are described for radio frequency passives and antennas. In one example, an electronic component has a synthesized magnetic nanocomposite material with aligned magnetic domains, a conductor embedded within the nanocomposite material, and contact pads extending through the nanocomposite material to connect to the conductor.

Abstract: A method is described for inserting or dispersing quartz within a substrate containing polymers polarizable by an electromagnetic field having electrical resistivity, from an insulator to conductor or vice versa, modifiable by said field. The method involves dispersing in the substrate particles having a sandwich structure including two conductive layers and a layer with piezoelectric characteristics in the middle.

Abstract: Multilayer carbon nanotube capacitors, and methods and printable compositions for manufacturing multilayer carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are disclosed. A first capacitor embodiment comprises: a first conductor; a plurality of fixed CNTs in an ionic liquid, each fixed CNT comprising a magnetic catalyst nanoparticle coupled to a carbon nanotube and further coupled to the first conductor; and a first plurality of free CNTs dispersed and moveable in the ionic liquid. Another capacitor embodiment comprises: a first conductor; a conductive nanomesh coupled to the first conductor; a first plurality of fixed CNTs in an ionic liquid and further coupled to the conductive nanomesh; and a plurality of free CNTs dispersed and moveable in the ionic liquid. Various methods of printing the CNTs and other structures, and methods of aligning and moving the CNTs using applied electric and magnetic fields, are also disclosed.

Abstract: To provide an anisotropic conductive film, which contains conductive particles, wherein the anisotropic conductive film is an anisotropic conductive film configured to anisotropic conductively connect a terminal of a substrate with a terminal of an electronic component, wherein the conductive particles are conductive particles, in each of which a metal plated layer and an insulating layer are sequentially provided on a surface of a resin particle, or conductive particles, in each of which an insulating layer is provided on a metal particle, or both thereof, and wherein 3.0 to 10.0 conductive particles are linked together on average.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a designable medium that allows a single layer to provide a plurality of color tones is provided. A designable medium is manufactured by carrying out an application step of applying coat in which at least two types of luster pigment to be oriented in different directions in a magnetic field are diffused in a resin to a substrate to form a coated film, an orientation step of applying a magnetic field to a medium in which the coated film is formed on the substrate to orient the luster pigments contained in the coated film, and a cure step of curing the coated film.

Abstract: Magnetic actuators are provided having a substrate, a membrane layer directly or indirectly applied on a surface of the substrate, in which the membrane layer consists of a matrix of elastic polymer material, in which nanoparticles of magnetic material, capable of undergoing a dynamic effect under the action of a magnetic field, are dispersed, and at least one magnetic field generator suitable to generate a magnetic field acting on the membrane layer, in which the magnetic field generator is directly or indirectly arranged on the surface of the substrate, or within the substrate.

Abstract: In a (001) pole figure of the active material particles, where a plane parallel to the substrate is defined as the equatorial plane, a Lotgering factor fa(001) of an A plane and a Lotgering factor fh(001) of a B plane satisfy both Expressions (1) and (2) below, the A plane being an equatorial cross section perpendicular to a line that connects the center of the (001) pole figure and a first point of maximum XRD intensity of peaks attributed to (001) planes at the outer periphery of the equatorial plane, the B plane being an equatorial cross section perpendicular to a line that connects the center of the (001) pole figure and a second point of minimum XRD intensity of peaks attributed to the (001) planes at the outer periphery of the equatorial plane: fa(001)>0.3 ??Expression (1) fa(001)?fb(001)<1.0 ??Expression (2).

Abstract: Provided is a heating utensil comprising a support intended to be heated, said support comprising a surface covered by a non-stick coating, said non-stick coating comprising at least one sintered layer based on fluorocarbon resin forming a continuous network. Said sintered layer additionally comprises a mixture of magnetizable particles and of non-magnetizable particles, some of said magnetizable particles being oriented so as to form a three-dimensional pattern. Also provided is a method for producing such a heating utensil.

Abstract: A method for controlling a coefficient of friction involves applying a magnetic force, an electro-magnetic force, and/or an electrostatic force to nanoparticles disposed on a surface. The method further involves controlling a rolling-to-sliding ratio of the nanoparticles on the surface by i) adjusting a value of the force applied to the nanoparticles, and/or ii) adjusting an orientation of the nanoparticles by adjusting a direction of the force applied to the nanoparticles.

Abstract: The invention relates to a component (30) for a filter unit for filtering fluids, in particular hydraulic fluids, comprising at least in areas an insertion or application of magnetisable and/or magnetised particles, whereby, using a simplified design, a magnetic separation of contaminants in a fluid flowing through a filter unit is achieved. The component can be in the form of a film (30) and can be an externally or circumferentially arranged support means for a filter element (10). In the manufacture of the component (30), said component is provided at least in areas with an insertion and/or application of magnetisable and/or magnetised particles.

Abstract: In a printed article, pigment flakes are magnetically aligned so as to form curved patterns in a plurality of cross-sections normal a continuous imaginary line, wherein radii of the curved patterns increase along the imaginary line from the first point to the second point. When light is incident upon the aligned pigment flakes from a light source, light reflected from the aligned pattern forms a bright image which appears to gradually change its shape and move from one side of the continuous imaginary line to another side of the continuous imaginary line when the substrate is tilted with respect to the light source.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a powder for a magnetic core including at least a process of performing a siliconizing treatment on a surface of an iron powder containing elemental carbon. In the process of siliconizing treatment, a powder containing at least a silicon dioxide is brought into contact with the surface of the iron powder, elemental silicon is detached from the silicon dioxide by heating the powder of silicon dioxide, and the siliconizing treatment is performed by causing the detached elemental silicon to permeate and diffuse into a surface layer of the iron powder. The invention provides a method for manufacturing a powder for a magnetic core, by which loss reduction is achieved.

Abstract: Method for applying a pattern onto a substrate, the method including the following steps: applying a layer of a paint comprising magnetically orientable pigments on the substrate; exposing the paint to a magnetic field, whereby the pigments are oriented along field lines of the magnetic field to produce a pattern in the paint layer; and solidifying the paint on the substrate; characterized in that the magnetic field is generated by a magnetic part embedded in the substrate.

Abstract: There is described a method of producing color effect images on a carrier substrate, wherein it is provided that a latent magnetic image comprising magnetic pixels and non-magnetic pixels is produced on a magnetizable printing form, a carrier substrate with a decorative layer applied to the carrier substrate and provided with non-spherical, preferably needle-form or flake-form magnetic color effect pigments is moved past the magnetizable printing form so that color effect pigments of the decorative layer are changed in their orientation relative to the carrier substrate by the field line image produced by the magnetic pixels of the magnetizable printing form, and the color effect pigments are fixed in the decorative layer in the orientation which is changed by the field line image of the printing form. There is further described an apparatus for carrying out the method and a multi-layer body produced therewith.

Abstract: A magnetization apparatus and process for producing thin magnetized sheets and rolls. It has permanent magnet pieces oriented and magnetized perpendicular to the other components of soft pole piece surfaces. This orientation permits the adjustably controlled field strength of the magnetic field produced. By varying the number of pole pieces and the corresponding permanent magnets the magnetic coupling and magnetic field strength varies. This field variance shifts the aligned poles into a “random orientation”. Therefor the alignment of like poles on the consecutive sheets is avoided and the sheets can lay flat and not be repelled by aligned poles.

Abstract: The power extraction efficiency of a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery such as a lithium ion battery is improved. A material having magnetic susceptibility anisotropy such as an olivine type oxide including a transition metal element is used for active material particles. The active material particles and an electrolyte solution are mixed to form a slurry. The slurry is applied to a current collector, and then the current collector is left in a magnetic field. Thus, the active material particles are oriented. With the use of active material particles oriented in such a manner, the power extraction efficiency can be improved.

Abstract: When an active material with low ionic conductivity and low electric conductivity is used in a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery such as a lithium ion battery, it is necessary to reduce the sizes of particles; however, reduction in sizes of particles leads to a decrease in electrode density. Active material particles of an oxide, which include a transition metal and have an average size of 5 nm to 50 nm, are mixed with an electrolyte, a binder, and the like to form a slurry, and the slurry is applied to a collector. Then, the collector coated with the slurry is exposed to a magnetic field. Accordingly, the active material particles aggregate so that the density thereof increases. Alternatively, the active material particles may be applied to the collector in a magnetic field. The use of the aggregating active material particles makes it possible to increase the electrode density.

Abstract: The invention discloses a security element having a coating layer which appears transparent at certain angles of view, giving visual access to underlying information, whilst staying opaque at other angles of view. Documents of value, right, identity, security labels or branded goods comprising said security element, as well as a method for producing said security element, are also disclosed. Using appropriate substrate surfaces, optically variable and otherwise angle-dependent visual effects can be realized.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for producing a screen is provided. The method includes propelling a quantity of paint comprising metallic flakes, such as aluminum flakes, toward the screen. The method also includes applying at least one magnetic field in a vicinity of the screen, wherein applying the at least one magnetic field causes at least one metallic flake in the quantity of paint to be oriented relative to the screen in a substantially preferred orientation, thereby producing a screen exhibiting beneficial projection qualities, such as brightness. The magnetic field(s) applied may be unsymmetric in the time domain of, for example, an AC component of the magnetic field.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for production of a magnetic thin film which has insulation properties, serves as a permanent magnet, and has improved residual magnetization in comparison with prior arts, the magnetic thin film, and a magnetic material. When a magnetic thin film 3 is formed, an external magnetic field with a predetermined intensity is applied to a coating liquid containing magnetic particles containing epsilon-type iron-oxide-based compounds which have insulation properties and which serve as a permanent magnet, and the coating liquid is let cured in order to form the magnetic thin film 3. Accordingly, the magnetic particles containing the epsilon-type iron-oxide-based compounds can be fixed while being oriented regularly in a magnetization direction. This realizes the process for production of the magnetic thin film 3 which has insulation properties and which serve as a permanent magnet, the magnetic thin film 3, and a magnetic material 1.

Abstract: The invention discloses a reversibly piezochromic security element for the forgery-protection of value documents, the security element being characterized in that it comprises a collection of optically contrasting pigment particles in a film or a coating layer of an elastic polymer. In a particular embodiment, the particles are optically variable pigment flakes, oriented in a position which is substantially different from an alignment in the plane of the film or coating layer.

Abstract: A pattern is formed by applying a coating composition containing magnetic particles to an article so that a coating film is formed, and a plurality of sheet form magnets are placed along the front surface of this coating film. Adjacent sheet form magnets are arranged in such a state that the magnetic poles on the front surface and the magnetic poles on the back surface are different between adjacent sheet form magnets, and side surfaces of the sheet form magnets contact each other. The coating composition contains a thermoplastic resin, magnetic particles with flaky form and a specific low boiling point solvent and a specific high boiling point solvent. A magnetic field is applied to the coating film by the sheet form magnets, so that the magnetic particles in the coating film are oriented by the magnetic field and the magnetic particles are oriented substantially parallel to the front surface of the coating film above the contact portions between the sheet form magnets.

Abstract: A method of planarizing a plurality of orientable non-spherical flakes supported by a longitudinal web is disclosed. A web supporting a coating of field orientable non-spherical flakes is placed between magnets so that the fields from the magnets traverse the web. First and third magnets are provided on one side of a feedpath and a second magnet is provided between the first and third magnets on the other side of the feedpath.

Abstract: Provided is a method of printing a structural color. The method includes providing a first substrate, forming a layer of a composition for generating a structural color including magnetic nanoparticles and a curable material on the first substrate, applying a magnetic field to the layer of the composition for generating a structural color and exhibiting a structural color using a change in lattice spacing of a photonic crystal composed of magnetic nanoparticles depending on the magnetic field strength, and curing the layer of the composition for generating a structural color to fix the lattice spacing of the photonic crystal and to form a structural color printed layer.

Abstract: A cruise assist system for a vehicle, which is structured to contain magnetic particles in the stop line, and integrate results of measurement of the stop line position based on the GPS positioning, which has been conducted every time the vehicle stops at the stop line for the purpose of improving accuracy of the estimated stop line position. The system is further structured to estimate the self-location of the vehicle based on the estimated position of the stop line.

Abstract: Provided is a color encoding method including providing a composition including a liquid medium and magnetic nanoparticles dispersed in the liquid medium; applying a magnetic field to the composition to align the magnetic nanoparticles; and applying a patterned energy source to the composition to solidify the composition, wherein more than one region of the composition are sequentially solidified with varying magnetic field strength to fix a plurality of color codes

Abstract: Methods, apparatus and systems form structures from nanoparticles by: providing a source of nanoparticles, the particles being capable of being moved by application of a field, such as an electrical field, magnetic field and even electromagnetic radiation or fields such as light, UV, IR, radiowaves, radiation and the like; depositing the nanoparticles to a surface in a first distribution of the nanoparticles; applying a field to the nanoparticles on the surface that applies a force to the particles; and rearranging the nanoparticles on the surface by the force from the field to form a second distribution of nanoparticles on the surface. The second distribution of nanoparticles is more ordered or more patterned than the first distribution of nanoparticles as a result of the rearranging.

Abstract: A method for controlling a coefficient of friction involves applying a magnetic force, an electro-magnetic force, and/or an electrostatic force to nanoparticles disposed on a surface. The method further involves controlling a rolling-to-sliding ratio of the nanoparticles on the surface by i) adjusting a value of the force applied to the nanoparticles, and/or ii) adjusting an orientation of the nanoparticles by adjusting a direction of the force applied to the nanoparticles.

Abstract: A polymer foam layer is disclosed, comprising a polymer foam and a plurality of electrically conductive particles dispersed within the polymer foam, polymer foam layer having an unabraded first surface and an opposite, second surface, wherein the electrically conductive particles essentially continuously span the polymer foam layer, and a portion of the electrically conductive particles are exposed at the first surface of the layer and another portion of the electrically conductive particles are exposed at the second surface. The foams are useful as gaskets for electromagnetic shielding, grounding pads, battery contact conductive spring elements, and the like.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for fabricating a field emitter electrode, in which carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are aligned in the direction of a generated magnetic field. Specifically, the method comprises the steps of dispersing a solution of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) diluted in a solvent, on a substrate fixed to the upper part of an electromagnetic field generator, and fixing the carbon nanotubes aligned in the direction of an electromagnetic field generated from the electromagnetic field generator. According to the disclosed method, high-density and high-capacity carbon nanotubes aligned in the direction of a generated electromagnetic field can be fabricated in a simple process and can be applied as positive electrode materials for field emission displays (FEDs), sensors, electrodes, backlights and the like.

Abstract: An apparatus for manufacturing carbon nano tubes of an aspect of the present invention including an introducing unit commonly introducing a first carbon nano tube having first magnetic characteristics and a second carbon nano tube having second magnetic characteristics different from the first magnetic characteristics, first and second collecting units collecting the first and second carbon nano tubes, respectively, a transport unit transporting the first and second carbon nano tubes from the introducing unit to the first and second collecting units, and at least one of a magnetic field generating unit which is provided adjacent to the transport unit and applies a magnetic field to the first and second carbon nano tubes, wherein the first carbon nano tube and the second carbon nano tube are sorted by the magnetic field generating unit.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a component from a composite material, the composite material comprising a matrix and a plurality of reinforcement elements (CNTs), the method comprising: forming a series of layers of the composite material, each layer being formed on top of a previous layer; and applying an electromagnetic field to the composite material before the next layer is formed on top of it, the electromagnetic field causing at least some of the reinforcement elements to rotate. An apparatus comprising a build platform, a system for forming a series of layers of composite materials on the build platform and an electrode for applying an electromagnetic field is also disclosed. A composite powder comprising CNTs and a matrix and the method of fabrication are disclosed as a second aspect of the application.

Abstract: A magnetic-field sensor device comprises at least two electrodes; an insulating layer separating the at least two electrodes; at least one layer of chemically-synthesized magnetic nanoparticles disposed at or above a level with the insulating layer, and disposed between the at least two electrodes; and an organic spacer surrounding each of the chemically-synthesized magnetic nanoparticles. A deviation between diameters of different ones of the nanoparticles is less than 15%. Moreover, the chemically-synthesized magnetic nanoparticles range in size between 2 nm and 20 nm in diameter.

Abstract: This invention provides an optically transparent conductive layer with a desirable combination of low electrical sheet resistance and good optical transparency. The conductive layer comprises a multiplicity of magnetic nanoparticles in a plane, the nanoparticles being aligned in strings, the strings being roughly parallel to each other and configured to provide a plurality of continuous conductive pathways, and wherein the density of the multiplicity of magnetic nanoparticles allows for substantial optical transparency of the conductive layer. Furthermore, the conductive layer can include an optically transparent continuous conductive film, wherein the multiplicity of magnetic nanoparticles are electrically connected to the continuous conductive film.

Abstract: This invention provides an optically transparent electrically conductive layer with a desirable combination of low electrical sheet resistance and good optical transparency. The conductive layer comprises a multiplicity of compound magnetic nanowires in a plane, the compound nanowires being aligned roughly (1) parallel to each other and (2) with the long axes of the compound nanowires in the plane of the layer, the compound nanowires further being configured to provide a plurality of continuous conductive pathways, and wherein the density of the multiplicity of compound magnetic nanowires allows for substantial optical transparency of the conductive layer. A compound magnetic nanowire may comprise a silver nanowire covered by a layer of magnetic metal such as nickel or cobalt. Furthermore, a compound magnetic nanowire may comprise a carbon nanotubes (CNT) attached to a magnetic metal nanowire.

Abstract: The invention discloses a device and a method for transferring a predeterminable, high-resolution magnetic design onto a document printed with a magnetic ink, in particular a magnetic optically variable ink. The device comprises a body of a composite permanent-magnetic material, having at least one flat or curved surface engraved with indicia corresponding to the design to be transferred, wherein the said magnetic material is permanently magnetized, preferably in a direction substantially perpendicular to the said surface. The method comprises imprinting or coating a first surface of a sheet or web with a magnetic ink or coating composition, and approaching the imprinted sheet or web to the engraved surface of a body of magnetized composite permanent-magnetic material while the ink is wet, followed by hardening the ink.

Abstract: The invention concerns a device for magnetically transferring indicia, such as a design or an image, to a wet coating layer applied on a substrate, such as a sheet or a web, wherein the said coating layer comprises at least one type of magnetic or magnetizable particles; said device comprising a) at least one magnetized permanent-magnetic plate (2) carrying relief, engravings or cut-outs, mounted such that its relief surface remains accessible, b) at least one additional magnet (3), disposed below said at least one permanent-magnetic plate, facing the surface of the magnetic plate which is opposite to the relief, engraving or cut-out, and c) a holder (1), which has the mechanical function to hold the pieces together in fixed positions. A method for producing the device, the use of the device, and magnetically induced designs obtained with the device, which are useful for protecting currency, value—and identity documents, are disclosed as well.

Abstract: A method of planarizing a plurality of orientable non-spherical flakes supported by a longitudinal web is disclosed. A web supporting a coating of field orientable non-spherical flakes is placed between magnets so that the fields from the magnets traverse the web. First and third magnets are provided on one side of a feedpath and a second magnet is provided between the first and third magnets on the other side of the feedpath.

Abstract: The disclosure pertains to a method of orientating particles by their easy axes in a selected area of a composite comprising the particles dispersed in a matrix. The method comprises liquefying and then solidifying the matrix at the selected area while applying an external magnetic field on the composite. The composite can be used for a transmission line component for directing high frequency electromagnetic waves. The particles are preferably superparamagnetic nanocrystallite particles and matrix is preferably a polymeric material.

Abstract: A resin surface layer and a method of fabricating the same, and a composite having the resin surface layer and a method of fabricating the same, are provided. The method of fabricating the resin surface layer includes: (a) providing a base, made of a resin and including a plurality of additive particles randomly distributed in the base, wherein the additive particles are selected from a group consisting of pigments, dyes, colorants, coloring matters, and pearl powders; (b) moving the base constantly, and providing a magnetic field generating device to generate an exterior magnetic field that has an uneven distribution of magnetic field intensity, and is applied to the base to change the orientation of the additive particles, so that the additive particles are arranged in a predetermined form; and (c) drying the base to make a surface of the base exhibit a visual effect of 3D texture. Thus, the visual effect of any 3D texture can be achieved by controlling the orientation of the additive particles.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for coating particles of a plastic, metal and/or ceramic powder material for producing an adhesive-containing coating material, in particular for producing appropriate particles by compressing a 3D binder. Said coating is applied to fluidized particles in a gaseous phase by means of a coating solution, at least the particles and/or coated particles being exposed to ionized particles. A method for producing bodies or sintered bodies from organic liquid binders by compressing the 3D binder and the use thereof are also disclosed.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for producing a screen is provided. The method includes propelling a quantity of paint comprising metallic flakes, such as aluminum flakes, toward the screen. The method also includes applying at least one magnetic field in a vicinity of the screen, wherein applying the at least one magnetic field causes at least one metallic flake in the quantity of paint to be oriented relative to the screen in a substantially preferred orientation, thereby producing a screen exhibiting beneficial projection qualities, such as brightness. The magnetic field(s) applied may be unsymmetric in the time domain of, for example, an AC component of the magnetic field.

Abstract: An electro-optic display comprises a layer (130) of a solid electro-optic material, at least one electrode disposed adjacent the layer (130) of electro-optic material, and a layer (180) of a lamination adhesive interposed between the layer (130) of electro-optic material and the electrode, the lamination adhesive (180) having a higher electrical conductivity in a direction perpendicular to the layer of lamination adhesive than in the plane of the layer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for treating plastic substrates structured by means of a laser or generation of seed structures on the surface that are suitable for subsequent metallization. The substrates, after the laser structuring, are brought into contact with a process solution that is suitable for removal of the unintentional deposits that arise during the laser structuring. The treatment of the laser-structured substrates with a mixture of wetting agents and compositions that support the cleaning before metallization leads to sufficient removal of the unintentionally deposited metal seeds, without having a lasting damaging effect on the planned structured surface paths.