Abstract: A bi-polar electrode having ion exchange polymers on opposite faces of a porous substrate is formed using a method that includes providing an electrode substrate with activated carbon layers on opposite faces of the electrode substrate, wherein said faces have an outer perimeter band void of the activated carbon layers. The electrode substrate is placed in a thermoplastic envelope formed by a pair of polyethylene films. A Mylar sheet is placed in each side of the envelope against the electrode substrate, and the envelope is thermally sealed to the outer perimeter band of the electrode substrate void of activated carbon to form a first pocket on one side of the electrode substrate and a second pocket on the opposite side of the electrode substrate. The method also includes inserting a first polymerizable monomer mixture having an anion exchange group into the first pocket of the envelope and inserting a second polymerizable monomer mixture having a cation exchange group into the second pocket of the envelope.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to methods of making a nanofiber-nanoparticle network to be used as electrodes of fuel cells. The method comprises electrospinning a polymer-containing material on a substrate to form nanofibers and electrospraying a catalyst-containing material on the nanofibers on the same substrate. The nanofiber-nanoparticle network made by the methods is suitable for use as electrodes in fuel cells.

Abstract: A composite separator and a method of making a composite separator are disclosed. The composite separator includes one or more electrospun polymer fibers and ceramic particles. And the method of making a composite separator includes electrospinning a first non-woven polymer fiber mat, applying ceramic particles over the first non-woven polymer fiber mat, and then electrospinning a second non-woven polymer fiber mat over the first non-woven polymer fiber mat and the ceramic particles. Once formed, the composite separator may be incorporated into an electrochemical battery cell of a lithium ion battery.

Abstract: There is provided a multilayer ceramic electronic component including: a ceramic main body including a dielectric layer and internal electrodes disposed to face each other, while having the dielectric layer interposed therebetween; and external electrodes electrically connected to the internal electrodes, wherein the external electrodes include first external electrodes formed on outer surfaces of the ceramic main body and second external electrodes formed outwardly of the first external electrodes, and protective layers including one or more of an oxide layer and a glass layer are formed between the first external electrodes and the second external electrodes.

Abstract: A display device includes a first substrate and a second substrate opposing each other. One of the first and second substrates includes a display surface. The display device further includes a display area and a non-display area surrounding the display area when viewed in a direction perpendicular to the display device. The display device includes a common voltage line formed in the non-display area and over the first substrate, at least one column spacer formed over the common voltage line, a conductive layer formed over the first substrate to cover the column spacer and electrically connected to the common voltage line, a common electrode formed over the second substrate and electrically connected to the conductive layer, and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the first substrate and the second substrate.

Abstract: Ligand compositions for use in preparing discrete coated nanostructures are provided, as well as the coated nanostructures themselves and devices incorporating same. Methods for post-deposition shell formation on a nanostructure, for reversibly modifying nanostructures, and for manipulating the electronic properties of nanostructures are also provided. The ligands and coated nanostructures of the present invention are particularly useful for close packed nanostructure compositions, which can have improved quantum confinement and/or reduced cross-talk between nanostructures. Ligands of the present invention are also useful for manipulating the electronic properties of nanostructure compositions (e.g., by modulating energy levels, creating internal bias fields, reducing charge transfer or leakage, etc.).

Abstract: PBI-based MEAs for high temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) were prepared by direct hot pressing of catalyst layer on Teflon sheets on to both sides of phosphoric acid doped PBI membrane (decal transfer). These MEAs show two times higher performance compared to the MEAs prepared by normal brush coating method on GDL at an operating temperature of 160° C.

Abstract: There is provided a multilayer ceramic electronic component, including: a ceramic body including a dielectric layer and having first and third surfaces opposing each other in a length direction of the dielectric layer and second and fourth surfaces opposing each other in a width direction thereof; and a multilayer part including a first internal electrode and a second internal electrode disposed to oppose each other, while having the dielectric layer interposed there between in the ceramic body, and exposed to the first and third surfaces of the ceramic body, respectively; wherein one or more residual carbon removing path parts are formed to be protruded on both side of the first and second internal electrodes in a length direction of the ceramic body.

Abstract: The present application discloses a method for producing a stable ultra thin metal film that comprises the following steps: a) deposition, on a substrate, of an ultra thin metal film, such as an ultra thin film of nickel, chromium, aluminum, or titanium; b) thermal treatment of the ultra thin metal film, optionally in combination with an O2 treatment; and c) obtaining a protective oxide layer on top of the ultra thin metal film.

Abstract: A shielded cable is mainly configured by an electromagnetic shielding tube, a terminal, and an electric wire or the like. An electric wire is inserted into an inside of the electromagnetic shielding tube. The terminal is connected to both end portions of the electric wire that serves as a covered wire. In the present invention, a structure in which the terminal is connected to the electric wire is called a structure of a shielded cable. The electromagnetic shielding tube is configured by an inner layer made of plastic, a metal layer made of metal, and an outer layer made of plastic. The electromagnetic shielding tube is configured such that the inner layer is formed on an innermost layer, the outer layer is formed on an outermost layer, and the metal layer is formed between the inner layer and the outer layer.

Abstract: A bulk dielectric material comprises a solid composite material comprising a solid matrix material and a plurality of filler elements distributed within the matrix material. The bulk dielectric material has, at a frequency greater than 1 MHz, (i) a permittivity having a real part of magnitude greater than 10 and an imaginary part of magnitude less than 3, and (ii) an electrical breakdown strength greater than 5 kV/mm and has a minimum dimension greater than 2 mm.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrochemical device (1) having electrically controllable optical and/or energy properties, comprising a first electrode coating (4), a second electrode coating (12) and an electrochemically active medium (6, 10) capable of switching reversibly between a first state and a second state of different optical transmission by supplying electrical power to the first electrode coating (4) and to the second electrode coating (12), the material of the electrode coatings being based on a metal oxide having a light transmission factor D65 equal to or greater than 60%, preferably equal to or greater than 80%, and having a concentration of free charge carriers such that the material has an absorption spectrum satisfying (????/2)?1.8 ?m, where ? is the plasma wavelength of the material and ?? is the full width at half maximum of the absorption spectrum at the plasma wavelength.

Abstract: A method for producing a coated nickel hydroxide powder suitable as a cathode active material for alkaline secondary battery includes the steps of: dispersing a nickel hydroxide powder in water to prepare a suspension, an aqueous alkali solution to the suspension with stirring to keep a pH of the suspension at 8 or higher as measured at 25° C., and supplying an aqueous cobalt salt solution to the suspension to coat a surface of each particles of the nickel hydroxide powder with cobalt hydroxide crystallized out by neutralization.

Abstract: This invention relates to a coating formulation for manufacturing an electrode plate, which contains a solution of a hydroxyalkylchitosan and an organic acid and/or its derivative in an aprotic polar solvent, and an active material added to the solution and kneaded with the solution, the electrode plate, a manufacturing process of the electrode plate, a battery, a capacitor, and an undercoating formulation. According to this invention, a coating formulation for manufacturing an electrode plate for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery or an electrode plate for an electric double layer capacitor having excellent adhesion and improved contact resistance between an active material layer and a collector, the electrode plate, its manufacturing process, the battery and the capacitor can be provided.

Abstract: An electrode includes a current collector formed in a sheet and an electrode mixture layer formed on the surface of a current collector. An electrode mixture containing an active material is prepared by using a kneading machine. The electrode mixture on a surface of the current collector is coated. The electrode mixture coated on the current collector is pressed to form the electrode mixture layer on the surface of the current collector. A first thickener and a second thickener are added to the active material when the electrode mixture is prepared. A 1% by weight aqueous solution of the first thickener has the viscosity of equal to or larger than 5000 and equal to or smaller than 9000 mPa·s. A 1% by weight aqueous solution of the second thickener has the viscosity of equal to or larger than 2000 and equal to or smaller than 5000 mPa·s.

Abstract: A high luminance and high output LED package using an LED as a light source and a fabrication method thereof. The LED package includes an Al substrate with a recessed multi-stepped reflecting surface formed therein and a light source composed of LEDs mounted on the reflecting surface and electrically connected to patterned electrodes. The LED package also includes anodized insulation layers formed between the patterned electrodes and the substrate, and an encapsulant covering over the light source of the substrate. The LED package further includes an Al heat radiator formed under the LEDs to enhance heat radiation capacity. According to the present invention, the substrate is made of Al material and anodized to form insulation layers thereon, allowing superior heat radiation effect of the LED, thereby significantly increasing the lifetime and light emission efficiency of the LED package.

Abstract: A secondary battery 100 includes a positive electrode current collector 221 and a positive electrode mixture layer 223 coated on the positive electrode current collector 221. The positive electrode mixture layer 223 includes a positive electrode active material 610 and an electrically conductive material 620. A ratio (Vb/Va) of a volume Vb of holes formed inside the positive electrode mixture layer 223 to an apparent volume Va of the positive electrode mixture layer 223 satisfies 0.30?(Vb/Va). In addition, in a micropore distribution of differential micropore volume with respect to a micropore diameter as measured by the mercury intrusion method, the positive electrode mixture layer 223 has a first peak at which a micropore diameter D1 satisfies D1?0.25 ?m and a second peak at which a micropore diameter D2 is greater than the first peak micropore diameter D1.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method including (a) mixing a precursor of a material for preparing at least one material selected from the group consisting of low crystalline carbon and amorphous carbon with a hydrophilic material, followed by purification to prepare a mixture for coating, (b) mixing the mixture for coating with a crystalline carbon-based material to prepare a core-shell precursor in which the mixture for coating is coated on a core including a crystalline carbon-based material, and (c) calcining the core-shell precursor to carbonize the material for preparing the at least one material selected from the group consisting of low crystalline carbon and amorphous carbon into the at least one material selected from the group consisting of low crystalline carbon and amorphous carbon.

Abstract: Disclosed is to a method of manufacturing an anode active material, including mixing a first solution having a metal oxide precursor dissolved therein, a second solution having a polymer as a carbon fiber precursor dissolved therein, and an ionic liquid solution for nitrogen doping and formation of a porous structure, thus preparing an electrospinning solution, electrospinning the electrospinning solution, thus preparing a metal oxide-nitrogen-porous carbon nanofiber composite, and thermally treating the composite, and to an anode and a lithium battery using the anode active material.

Abstract: A method of forming a biosensor electrode for HER2 detection is provided. The method includes providing a metal electrode, forming a metal electrode/3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) by depositing MPA on the metal electrode, forming a metal electrode/MPA/n-hydroxy-succinimide (NHS) by ester-bonding between NHS and the MPA on the metal electrode/MPA, and forming a metal electrode/MPA/aptamer by amide-bonding between an HER2 specific aptamer having an amino terminus and the MPA of the metal electrode/MPA/NHS.

Abstract: An instrument and related method includes at least one substrate, and conductive layer, and a coating disposed on the conductive layer. The conductive layer is at partially disposed on the at least one substrate. The coating is disposed on the conductive layer and includes first and second materials. The first material and second materials are different from each other.

Abstract: An electrochemical strip is disclosed. The electrochemical strip includes a substrate and an electrode deposited on the substrate. The electrode includes a conductive paste layer, a first metal layer, a second metal layer, a third metal layer, and a fourth metal layer. The conductive paste is made of a material selected from the group consisting of copper paste, nickel paste, silver paste, and silver-carbon paste. The first metal layer is made of a group VIII metal. The second metal layer is made of nickel. The third metal layer is made of a group VIII metal. The fourth metal layer is made of a material selected from the group consisting of palladium, gold, and platinum.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide methods and apparatuses for enhancing electron flow within a battery, such as a lead-acid battery. In one embodiment, a battery separator may include a conductive surface or layer upon which electrons may flow. The battery separator may include a fiber mat that includes a plurality of electrically insulative fibers. The battery separator may be positioned between electrodes of the battery to electrically insulate the electrodes. The battery separator may also include a conductive material disposed on at least one surface of the fiber mat. The conductive material may contact an electrode of the battery and may have an electrical conductivity that enables electron flow on the surface of the fiber mat.

Abstract: A battery electrode or separator surface protective agent composition having fluidity and being capable of being solidified by hot melt, and comprising at least two types of organic particles comprising organic materials, wherein the organic particles of types different from each other are substantially incompatible with each other, wherein when the composition is solidified by hot melt, the organic particles of the same type thermally fuse with one another to form a continuous phase.

Abstract: A PZT-based ferroelectric thin film formed on a lower electrode of a substrate having the lower electrode in which the crystal plane is oriented in a (111) axis direction, having an orientation controlling layer which is formed on the lower electrode and has a layer thickness in which a crystal orientation is controlled in a (111) plane preferentially in a range of 45 nm to 270 nm, and a film thickness adjusting layer which is formed on the orientation controlling layer and has the same crystal orientation as the crystal orientation of the orientation controlling layer, in which an interface is formed between the orientation controlling layer and the film thickness adjusting layer.

Abstract: A battery structure is provided for making alkali ion and alkaline-earth ion batteries. The battery has a hexacyanometallate cathode, a non-metal anode, and non-aqueous electrolyte. A method is provided for forming the hexacyanometallate battery cathode and non-metal battery anode prior to the battery assembly. The cathode includes hexacyanometallate particles overlying a current collector. The hexacyanometallate particles have the chemical formula A?n, AmM1xM2y(CN)6, and have a Prussian Blue hexacyanometallate crystal structure.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method of making a sensing element comprising forming an electrically conductive element, wherein the sensing element comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of Pd and alloys and combinations comprising Pd; and wherein the electrically conductive element is thermally stable at temperatures as high as 1,200° C.

Abstract: Carbon-nanotube based pastes and methods for making and using the same are disclosed. Carbon nanotubes are dispersed via milling; resultant paste has Hegman scale of greater than 7. The pastes can be used as electro-conductivity enhancement in electronic devices such as batteries, capacitors, electrodes or other devices needing high conductivity paste.

Abstract: Blends comprising a sulfonated block copolymer and particulate carbon are useful materials for membranes, films and coatings in applications which require high dimensional stability, high water vapor transport, high conductivity, and low flammability. The sulfonated block copolymer comprises at least two polymer end blocks A and at least one polymer interior block B wherein each A block contains essentially no sulfonic acid or sulfonate functional groups and each B block is a polymer block containing from about 10 to about 100 mol percent sulfonic acid or sulfonate functional groups based on the number of monomer units of the B block.

Abstract: An anode usable in a cell of a lithium-ion battery comprising an electrolyte based on a lithium salt and a non-aqueous solvent, to a process for manufacturing this anode and to a lithium-ion battery having one or more cells incorporating this anode. This anode is based on a polymer composition, obtained by melt processing and without solvent evaporation, that is the product of a hot compounding reaction between an active material and additives having a polymer binder and an electrically conductive filler. The binder is based on at least one crosslinked elastomer and the additives furthermore include at least one non-volatile organic compound usable in the electrolyte solvent, the composition advantageously includes the active material in a mass fraction greater than or equal to 85%.

Abstract: A negative active material, a method for preparing the negative active material and a lithium ion battery comprising the same are provided. The negative active material may comprise: a core, an intermediate layer consisting of a first material and an outmost layer consisting of a second material, which is coated on a surface of the intermediate layer. The first material may be at least one selected from the group consisting of the elements that form alloys with lithium, and the second material may be at least one selected from the group consisting of transition metal oxides, transition metal nitrides and transition metal sulfides.

Abstract: A porous polymer web layer of ultrafine fibers, and a non-porous film layer made of a material that is swellable and allows conduction of electrolyte ions in an electrolyte solution, are integrally provided on one surface or both surfaces of a positive electrode or a negative electrode, and a short circuit between the positive electrode and the negative electrode by the inorganic particles contained in polymer web is prevented although a battery is overheated. The electrode assembly includes: a positive electrode; a negative electrode; and a separator that separates the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The separator comprises: a first non-porous polymer film layer; and a porous polymer web layer that is formed on the first non-porous polymer film layer and is made of ultrafine fibers of a mixture of a heat-resistant polymer and inorganic particles or a mixture of a heat-resistant polymer, a swellable polymer, and inorganic particles.

Abstract: Provided is a lithium ion battery having a long service life by improving an adhesion strength between a binder resin and a metal foil. A binder resin, which is a compound having a chemical structure that contains a polyvinylidene fluoride molecular chain, a six-membered ring such as a cyclohexane ring, and an end group selected from the group consisting of SiX3, S, N, GeX3, and TiX3 (wherein X is a functional group that undergoes a condensation reaction), wherein the six-membered ring is disposed in a region between the polyvinylidene fluoride molecular chain and the end group, is mixed with an active material and applied to a metal foil, and the binder resin is chemically bonded to metal atoms such as copper atoms on the surface of the metal foil.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a semiconductor-based planar micro-tube discharger structure and a method for fabricating the same. The method comprises steps: forming on a substrate two patterned electrodes separated by a gap and at least one separating block arranged in the gap; forming an insulating layer over the patterned electrodes and the separating block and filling the insulating layer into the gap. Thereby are formed at least two discharge paths. The method can fabricate a plurality discharge paths in a semiconductor structure. Therefore, the structure of the present invention has very high reliability and reusability.

Abstract: The ESD protection device includes: opposed electrodes 2 including an opposed electrode 2a on one side and an opposed electrode 2b on the other side, and a discharge auxiliary electrode 3, the discharge auxiliary electrode being placed so as to extend from the opposed electrode on one side to the opposed electrode on the other side, wherein the discharge auxiliary electrode contains metal grains, semiconductor grains and a glass material, the metal grains, the semiconductor grains, and the metal grain and the semiconductor grain are bound together, respectively, via the glass material, the average grain size X of the metal grains is 1.0 ?m or more, and the relationship between the thickness Y of the discharge auxiliary electrode and the average grain size X of the metal grains satisfies the requirement of 0.5?Y/X?3.

Abstract: A high power electron tube, such as a magnetron, has the disadvantage that, to reduce the chances of the ceramic RF window failing in use, the manufacturing step entails a prolonged ageing period of powering the magnetron at low power on test, in order to drive any absorbed gases out of the RF window. According to the invention, the RF window 6 is internally glazed (8), which makes it possible to avoid the ageing period.

Abstract: Nanostructured carbon electrode usable for electrochemical devices and methods of fabricating the same. The method of fabricating a nanostructured carbon electrode includes providing a carbon material of large-effective-surface-area polyaromatic hydrocarbon (LPAH), mixing the carbon material of LPAH with a surfactant in a solution to form a suspension thereof; depositing the suspension onto a substrate to form a layered structure; and sintering the layered structure at a temperature for a period of time to form a nanostructured carbon electrode having a film of LPAH.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of porous structures comprising electrode active materials, which can be used as electrodes in electrochemical cells. In certain embodiments, the electrodes described herein can comprise a first porous support structure (e.g., a plurality of particles, which can be porous in certain cases) in which electrode active material is at least partially contained. The first porous support structure can be, in some embodiments, at least partially contained within the pores of a second porous support structure (e.g., an agglomeration of elongated fibers, a porous web formed by sintered particles, etc.) containing pores that are larger than the components of the first porous support structure.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a production method for an ultra-low-dielectric-constant film, in which ratios are optimised in a mixed solution having a matrix consisting of a poly (alkyl silsesquioxane) copolymer and a porogen represented by Chemical formula 1, and in which this mixed solution is subjected to ultraviolet curing during a heat treatment. The ultra-low-dieletric-constant film of the present invention can be used as an intermediate insulating film for next generation semiconductors instead of the SiO2 dielectric films currently used, since pores of from 1 to 3 nm are uniformly distributed at from 10 to 30% and a very high degree of mechanical elasticity of from 10.5 to 19 GPa is achieved at a low dielectric constant from 2.12 to 2.4.

Abstract: The present invention provides a negative active material for a rechargeable lithium battery, including an inner layer including a material being capable of doping and dedoping lithium, a carbon layer outside the inner layer, and an outer layer disposed on the carbon layer and including a material being capable of doping and dedoping lithium. The materials being capable of doping and dedoping lithium included in the inner layer and in the outer layer may be the same or different from each other.

Abstract: Generally, embodiments of the present disclosure relate to analyte determining methods and devices (e.g., electrochemical analyte monitoring systems) that have improved uniformity of distribution of the sensing layer by inclusion of a high-boiling point solvent, where the sensing layer is disposed proximate to a working electrode of in vivo and/or in vitro analyte sensors, e.g., continuous and/or automatic in vivo monitoring using analyte sensors and/or test strips. Also provided are systems and methods of using the, for example electrochemical, analyte sensors in analyte monitoring.

Abstract: An anode protector of a lithium-ion battery and a method for fabricating the same are provided. A passivation protector (110) is formed on a surface of an anode (102) in advance by film deposition, such as atomic layer deposition (ALD). The passivation protector (110) is composed of a metal oxide having three dimensional structures, such as columnar structures. Accordingly, the present invention is provided with effective protection of the anode electrode structure and maintenance of battery cycle life under high-temperature operation.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods of fabricating an organic electronic device, which includes dip coating layers, and the devices made therefrom.

Abstract: The present disclosure includes a sulfur-carbon nanotube composite comprising a sheet of carbon nanotubes and sulfur nucleated upon the carbon nanotubes, and methods for synthesizing the same. In some embodiments, the sulfur-carbon composite may further be binder-free and include a sheet of carbon nanotubes, rendering a binder and a current collector unnecessary. In other embodiments of the present disclosure, a cathode comprising the sulfur-carbon nanotube composite is disclosed. In additional embodiments of the present disclosure, batteries may include the cathodes described herein. Those batteries may achieve high rate capabilities.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a nanocomposite comprising shaped sulfur and a polymer layer coating the shaped sulfur. An alternative embodiment of the disclosure provides a method of synthesizing a nanocomposite. This method comprises forming a shaped sulfur. This may include preparing an aqueous solution of a sulfur-based ion and a micelle-forming agent, and adding a nucleating agent. The method further includes coating the shaped sulfur with a polymer layer. Another embodiment of the disclosure provides a cathode comprising nanocomposites of the present disclosure, and batteries incorporating such cathodes.

Abstract: Disclosed is a cathode for a lithium-sulfur secondary battery. The cathode for the lithium-sulfur secondary battery includes a sulfur-infiltrated mesoporous nanocomposite structure and a mesoporous conductive material. The sulfur-infiltrated mesoporous nanocomposite structure includes a mesoporous conductive material with pores infiltrated with sulfur particles. The mesoporous conductive material has vacant pores and the same type of mesoporous conductive material as the sulfur-infiltrated mesoporous nanocomposite structure. Here, the sulfur-infiltrated mesoporous nanocomposite structure and the mesoporous conductive material are disposed at a volume ratio of about 1:0.1 to 0.9 and are adjacent to each other.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the preparation of electroactive cathode compounds useful in lithium-ion batteries, comprising exothermic mixing of low-cost precursors and calcination under appropriate conditions. The exothermic step may be a spontaneous flameless combustion reaction. The disclosed process can be used to prepare any lithium metal phosphate or lithium mixed metal phosphate as a high surface area single phase compound.

Abstract: Disclosed are embodiments of a structure with a metal silicide transparent conductive electrode, which is commercially viable, robust and safe to use and, thus, optimal for incorporation into devices, such as flat panel displays, touch panels, solar cells, light emitting diodes (LEDs), organic optoelectronic devices, etc. Specifically, the structure can comprise a substrate (e.g., a glass or plastic substrate) and a transparent conducting film on that substrate. The transparent conducting film can comprise a metal silicide nanowire network. For example, in one embodiment, the metal silicide nanowire network can comprise multiple metal silicide nanowires fused together in a disorderly arrangement so that they form a mesh. In another embodiment, the metal silicide nanowire network can comprise multiple metal silicide nanowires patterned so that they form a grid. Also disclosed herein are various different method embodiments for forming such a structure.

Abstract: A mixture including a room temperature ionic liquid; and a reversible source/sink of lithium ions. The mixture may be used as a lithium-ion battery electrode slurry enabling flexible lithium-ion batteries.

Abstract: A method for preparing a cathode material is provided, which includes: providing particles of a cathode material; coating a carbon layer onto the particles of the cathode material, in which the carbon layer is formed of a carbon-containing compound; and mixing the carbon-containing compound with the particles at a temperature equal to or lower than 0° C. According to the method, the lithium ferrous phosphate powder does not agglomerate in the carbon coating process, and the carbon-coated particles have slightly increased volumes so that the nano-lithium ferrous phosphate material maintains its nano size after being coated with carbon.