Abstract: A binder composition for a non-aqueous secondary battery electrode contains a particulate polymer A and a particulate polymer B. The particulate polymer A is a block copolymer including an aromatic vinyl monomer unit and an aliphatic conjugated diene monomer unit having a carbon number of 4 or more. The particulate polymer B is a random copolymer including a (meth)acrylic acid ester monomer unit in a proportion of not less than 20.0 mass % and not more than 80.0 mass %.

Abstract: Measurement unit for an ion-sensitive solid-state electrode, that serves to measure pH in a measurement solution, with a layered structure including an ion-sensitive glass layer with a first ring-shaped contact surface, an electrically conducting layer that directly or via at least one intermediate layer adheres to the ion-sensitive glass layer, and a substrate that adheres to the electrically conducting layer and is provided with a second ring-shaped contact surface; and with a holding member that is provided with a first ring-shaped sealing surface, a second ring-shaped sealing surface, and an annular section; wherein the first ring-shaped sealing surface is sealingly connected to the first ring-shaped contact surface, wherein the second ring-shaped sealing surface is connected to the second ring-shaped contact surface of the substrate, and wherein the first and second ring-shaped sealing surfaces of the holding member are sealingly connected by the annular section.

Abstract: Microsupercapacitors (MSCs), as well as methods of fabricating the same and methods of using the same, are provided. An MSC can include interdigitated microelectrodes having reduced graphene oxide (rGO) (e.g., vertically aligned nanosheets thereof) disposed on upper surfaces of the microelectrodes. The MSC can be fabricated by preparing a micro-current collector (MCC) comprising the interdigitated microelectrodes using photolithography and then performing a bipolar electrochemistry process on the MCC to deposit rGO on the upper surfaces of the interdigitated microelectrodes (e.g., in a single-step in situ exfoliation, reduction, and deposition).

Abstract: In an electrolytic capacitor having a capacitor element housed inside a body case where the capacitor element has a first electrode member and a second electrode member wound up with a separator in between and where the capacitor element holding an electrolyte solution, there is provided, between the first and second electrode members, a conductive polymer particle band in which conductive polymer particles of a conductive polymer in a dense state are disposed to extend in the longitudinal direction of the separator, the conductive polymer particle band contains a cellulose derivative, and the conductive polymer particle band is provided to cover, within at least one of regions on opposite sides of the center line of the separator in its lateral direction, one half or more of the region in the lateral direction.

Abstract: A method for producing an yttrium oxide-containing thin film by atomic layer deposition, the method comprising: a step for introducing a raw material gas containing tris(sec-butylcyclopentadienyl) yttrium into a treatment atmosphere in order to deposit tris(sec-butylcyclopentadienyl) yttrium on a substrate; and a step for introducing a reactive gas containing water vapor into the treatment atmosphere and causing the reactive gas to react with the tris(sec-butylcyclopentadienyl) yttrium that has been deposited on the substrate, thereby oxidizing yttrium is provided.

Abstract: A method for forming a V-NAND device is disclosed. Specifically, the method involves deposition of at least one of semiconductive material, conductive material, or dielectric material to form a channel for the V-NAND device. In addition, the method may involve a pretreatment step where ALD, CVD, or other cyclical deposition processes may be used to improve adhesion of the material in the channel.

Abstract: A solid electrolytic capacitor according to the present disclosure includes an anode body made of a porous valve metal, a dielectric layer formed on a surface of the anode body, and a solid electrolyte layer formed on the dielectric layer. A carboxylic acid ester is filled in at least part of cavities inside the solid electrolyte layer. By the solid electrolytic capacitor according to the present disclosure, it is possible to provide a solid electrolytic capacitor capable of suppressing an increase in ESR and an increase in leakage current.

Abstract: A graphene/metal-oxide hybrid reinforced composite and a method for a graphene/metal-oxide hybrid reinforced composite. The method includes freeze drying a slurry comprising graphene oxide and flakes to form a flake-graphene oxide foam. The graphene/metal-oxide hybrid reinforced composite comprises graphene, metal, and metal oxide nanoparticles. The metal is arranged in parallel lamellar structure to form metal layers in the composite. The metal oxide nanoparticles are present at the interfaces between the metal layers and the graphene.

Abstract: [Object] To provide a conductive polymer solution capable of forming a capacitor having a large capacitance, low ESR, and excellent long-term reliability without using treatment solutions for conductive polymer layer formation differing in composition, and without forming an inside conductive polymer layer by different approaches, the capacitor and a method for producing the capacitor [Solution] The present invention relates to: a conductive polymer solution which comprises a conductive polymer and a solvent, wherein the conductive polymer comprises a pi-conjugated conductive polymer, a polyanion with which the pi-conjugated conductive polymer has been doped, and a compound formed by reacting an oxirane or oxetane group with an anion making no contribution to the dope in the polyanion, and the solution has a pH in the range of 2.0 to 6.

Abstract: A carbon composite material, including a plurality of spaced graphene sheets, each respective sheet having opposed generally planar surfaces, and a plurality of functionalized carbonaceous particles. At least some functionalized carbonaceous particles are disposed between any two adjacent graphene sheets, and each respective at least some functionalized carbonaceous particle is attached to both respective any two adjacent graphene sheets. Each respective graphene sheet comprises at least one layer of graphene and at least portions of respective any two adjacent graphene sheets are oriented substantially parallel with one another.

Abstract: There is provided an electrolyte capacitor, which has a low ESR, and is superior in the heat resistance and reliable under a hot condition. The electrolyte capacitors in constructed by including a conductive polymer and a conductive auxiliary liquid having a lower conductivity than usual electrolyte, having a structure below. The conductive auxiliary liquid includes a high boiling point organic solvent having a boiling point of 150° C. or more, and an aromatic compound having at least one hydroxyl group. The aromatic compounds preferably includes an aromatic compound having at least one carboxyl group or an aromatic compound having at least one nitro group, or a combination of an aromatic compound having at least one carboxyl group with an aromatic compound having at least one nitro group.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a lithium ion secondary battery having electrodes in which a mix layer including a first binder and one of a positive electrode active material and a negative electrode active material is formed via a second binder on a collector. The method includes: performing pattern coating of the second binder on the surface of the collector and regularly forming binder-coated sections and uncoated sections; and feeding a powder of mix particles on the binder-coated sections and the uncoated sections so as to form the mix layer on the collector.

Abstract: [Problem] To provide a heavy rare-earth element RH diffusion process that contributes greatly to mass production. [Solution] A method for producing a sintered magnet includes the steps of: providing a sintered R-T-B based magnet body; providing an RH diffusion source which is made of at least one of a fluoride, an oxide and an oxyfluoride that each include Dy and/or Tb; loading the sintered R-T-B based magnet body and the RH diffusion source into a process chamber so that the magnet body and the diffusion source are movable relative to each other and are readily brought close to, or into contact with, each other; and performing an RH diffusion process in which the sintered R-T-B based magnet body and the RH diffusion source are heated to a processing temperature of 800° C. through 950° C. while being moved either continuously or discontinuously in the process chamber.

Abstract: This invention relates to a coating formulation, a coating formulation for manufacturing an electrode plate and an undercoating formulation, and their use. These coating formulations are all characterized by containing, in a polar solvent, a hydroxyl-containing resin and an organic acid and/or a derivative thereof. The hydroxyl-containing resin is at least one of (1) a polyvinyl acetal resin, (2) an ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, (3) a modified and/or unmodified polyvinyl alcohol, and (4) a cyanoethyl-containing polymer. According to the present invention, there is provided a coating formulation capable of forming a coating of excellent adhesion and solvent resistance on a surface of a metal material such as an aluminum material.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing electrolytic capacitors with low equivalent series resistance, low residual current and high thermal stability, which consist of a solid electrolyte and an outer layer comprising conjugated polymers, to electrolytic capacitors produced by this process and to the use of such electrolytic capacitors.

Abstract: Disclosed is a capacitor (200) comprising a first structured surface having a dielectric coating (230), a second structured surface having a dielectric coating (230), a separator (240) provided between the first structured surface and the second structured surface, and an electrolyte provided between the first structured surface and the second structured surface. The structured surface may be formed from carbon which may be a random array of carbon nanotubes having a spacing to length ratio of the carbon nanotubes is not greater than 1:30. The dielectric coating may be selected from but not limited to hafnium oxide, barium titanate (BTO), BST, PZT, CCTO or titanium dioxide or a combination of two or more such materials.

Abstract: Provided is a method of forming a graphene electrode including providing a solution including graphenes on a substrate, pressing a mold having a pattern onto the substrate to fill up the solution in the pattern of the mold, applying a temperature and a pressure to the mold so that the graphenes are arranged in a vertical direction with respect to a surface of the substrate, removing the solution, and separating the mold from the substrate to form an electrode including the graphenes on the substrate.

Abstract: A solid electrolytic capacitor comprises a positive electrode, a dielectric layer, a silane coupling layer, a conductive polymer layer, and a negative electrode layer. The dielectric layer is provided on the positive electrode. The silane coupling layer is provided on the dielectric layer. The conductive polymer layer is provided on the silane coupling layer. The negative electrode layer is provided on the conductive polymer layer. The silane coupling layer comprises a first silane coupling layer and a second silane coupling layer. The first silane coupling layer covers a part of a surface of the dielectric layer facing the conductive polymer layer. The second silane coupling layer covers at least a part of a portion exposed from the first silane coupling layer on the surface of the dielectric layer facing the conductive polymer layer.

Abstract: A separator such as for an electrochemical double layer capacitor includes acicular inorganic particles that are dried to form a porous membrane. Example inorganic particles are calcium silicate particles. A deposition method implementing slurry that includes the acicular inorganic particles and a dispersing medium along with a binder material can be used to form the separator layer directly on electrode materials.

Abstract: Described is a process for the production of a capacitor, where an electrode body (1) of an electrode material (2) is provided, wherein a dielectric (3) covers one surface (4) of this electrode material (2) at least partly to form an anode body (5), where the in situ polymerization of at least one thiophene monomer in at least a part of the anode body (5) in the presence of at least one oxidizing agent and at least one polymer with the structural formula (I).

Abstract: A composition for forming an electroactive coating is described, including an acid as a polymerization catalyst, at least one functional component, and at least one compound of formula (1) as a monomer: wherein X is selected from S, O, Se, Te, PR2 and NR2, Y is hydrogen (H) or a precursor of a good leaving group Y? whose conjugate acid (HY) has a pKa of less than 30, Z is hydrogen (H), silyl, or a good leaving group whose conjugate acid (HY) has a pKa of less than 30, b is 0, 1 or 2, each R1 is a substituent, and the at least one compound of formula (1) includes at least one compound of formula (1) with Z=H and Y?H.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electroconductive polymer solution in which the good dispersibility is maintained and the pH is arbitrarily adjusted, and an electroconductive polymer composition having an excellent heat resistance. Further, the present invention provides a solid electrolytic capacitor having an excellent reliability. The present invention is an electroconductive polymer solution, containing an electroconductive polymer in which a dopant is doped, a first compound having an amino group and a hydroxyl group, a second compound having a carboxylic acid group, and a dispersing medium.

Abstract: Disclosed is a cathode active material having a core-shell structure. The core-shell cathode active material includes a core including a lithium transition metal oxide with excellent electrochemical properties and a shell formed by coating the surface of the core with a transition metal oxide. The formation of the shell by coating a transition metal oxide on the surface of the core comprising a lithium transition metal oxide prevents the structure of the lithium transition metal oxide from collapsing and inhibits the dissolution of manganese ions, enabling the fabrication of a hybrid capacitor with improved energy density and rate characteristics. Also disclosed is a method for producing the cathode active material.

Abstract: A capacitor with an anode and a dielectric over the anode. A first conductive polymer layer is over the dielectric wherein the first conductive polymer layer comprises a polyanion and a first binder. A second conductive polymer layer is over the first conductive polymer layer wherein the second conductive polymer layer comprises a polyanion and a second binder and wherein the first binder is more hydrophilic than the second binder.

Abstract: Provided is a carbon nanotube-graphene composite comprising a substrate, a graphene layer disposed on the substrate, and a patterned layer of aligned carbon nanotubes disposed on the graphene layer.

Abstract: This disclosure provides (a) methods of making an oxide layer (e.g., a dielectric layer) based on yttrium and titanium, to have a high dielectric constant and low leakage characteristic and (b) related devices and structures. An oxide layer having both yttrium and titanium may be fabricated either as an amorphous oxide or as an alternating series of monolayers. In several embodiments, the oxide is characterized by a yttrium contribution to total metal that is specifically controlled. The oxide layer can be produced as the result of a reactive process, if desired, via either a PVD process or, alternatively, via an atomic layer deposition process that employs specific precursor materials to allow for a common process temperature window for both titanium and yttrium reactions.

Abstract: A method of producing an electrode for an electricity storage device includes producing a paste to form an electrode active material layer, in which aggregates of a solids fraction material that contains at least an electrode active material and a binder are dispersed in a solvent, coating the paste on a surface of a current collector, and drying the current collector coated with the paste, to form the electrode active material layer formed of the solids fraction material. The paste is produced in such a manner that a content ratio of the solids fraction material in the paste is 60 to 80 mass %, an abundance ratio for the aggregates with a particle size that is equal to or smaller than 20 ?m is at least 99%, and a viscosity at 25° C. and a shear rate of 40 s?1 is 200 to 5,000 mPa·s.

Abstract: This disclosure provides (a) methods of making an oxide layer (e.g., a dielectric layer) based on yttrium and titanium, to have a high dielectric constant and low leakage characteristic and (b) related devices and structures. An oxide layer having both yttrium and titanium may be fabricated either as an amorphous oxide or as an alternating series of monolayers. In several embodiments, the oxide is characterized by a yttrium contribution to total metal that is specifically controlled. The oxide layer can be produced as the result of a reactive process, if desired, via either a PVD process or, alternatively, via an atomic layer deposition process that employs specific precursor materials to allow for a common process temperature window for both titanium and yttrium reactions.

Abstract: This disclosure provides (a) methods of making an oxide layer (e.g., a dielectric layer) based on yttrium and titanium, to have a high dielectric constant and low leakage characteristic and (b) related devices and structures. An oxide layer having both yttrium and titanium may be fabricated either as an amorphous oxide or as an alternating series of monolayers. In several embodiments, the oxide is characterized by a yttrium contribution to total metal that is specifically controlled. The oxide layer can be produced as the result of a reactive process, if desired, via either a PVD process or, alternatively, via an atomic layer deposition process that employs specific precursor materials to allow for a common process temperature window for both titanium and yttrium reactions.

Abstract: An electrode for an electrochemical device includes a current collector, electrode layer, and active material layer. The electrode layer is formed on the current collector and contains an active material. The active material layer is formed in an area on the current collector where the electrode layer is not formed, and contains an active material. The electrode is capable of reducing the leak current while improving the device reliability.

Abstract: The polarized electrode flow through capacitor comprises at least one each electrode material, with a pore volume that includes meso and micropores, with contained anionic or cationic groups. The polarized electrodes are in opposite polarity facing pairs, separated by a flow path or flow spacer. Both polarities of the particular attached ionic groups used are ionized at the working pH or composition of the particular feed solution supplied to inlet of the flow through capacitor. The contained groups cause the electrodes to be polarized so that they are selective to anions or cations. The polarized electrode flow through capacitor has better performance compared to identical flow through capacitors made from non-derivitized carbon. The capacitor electrode materials so derivitized provide this polarization function directly without need for a separate charge barrier material.

Abstract: An improved process for forming a capacitor, and improved capacitor formed thereby is described. The process includes: providing an anode comprising a dielectric thereon; applying a first layer of an intrinsically conducting polymer on the dielectric to form a capacitor precursor; applying at least one subsequent layer of an intrinsically conducting polymer on the first layer from a dispersion; and treating the capacitor precursor at a temperature of at least 50° C. no more than 200° C. at a relative humidity of at least 25% up to 100%, or fusing the layered structure by swelling the layered structure with a liquid and at least partially removing the liquid.

Abstract: A solid electrolytic capacitor that contains an anode body, dielectric overlying the anode body, adhesion coating overlying the dielectric, and solid electrolyte overlying the adhesion coating. The solid electrolyte contains an inner conductive polymer layer and outer conductive polymer layer, at least one of which is formed from a plurality of pre-polymerized conductive polymer particles. Furthermore, the adhesion coating contains a discontinuous precoat layer containing a plurality of discrete nanoprojections of a manganese oxide (e.g., manganese dioxide).

Abstract: A solid electrolytic capacitor that contains an anode body, dielectric located over and/or within the anode body, an adhesion coating overlying the dielectric, and a solid electrolyte overlying the dielectric and adhesion coating that contains a conductive polymer. The adhesion coating is multi-layered and employs a resinous layer in combination with a discontinuous layer containing a plurality of discrete nanoprojections of a manganese oxide (e.g., manganese dioxide).

Abstract: Provided is a solid electrolytic capacitor element which is reduced in ESR deterioration due to thermal shock and suppressed in variation in ESR changes, while having good initial characteristics of ESR. This solid electrolytic capacitor element is provided, on the surface of an anode body, with at least a dielectric layer, a solid electrolyte layer, a carbon layer that contains a first resin component and a conductive layer that contains a second resin component. Both of the first resin component and the second resin component have a hydroxyl group, and the difference ??h (=?h2??h1) between the hydrogen-bonding component value ?h1 [mN/m] of the carbon layer surface and the hydrogen-bonding component value ?h2 [mN/m] of the conductive layer surface is within the range of ?3???h?3 [mN/m].

Abstract: A mesoporous, nanocrystalline, metal oxide construct particularly suited for capacitive energy storage that has an architecture with short diffusion path lengths and large surface areas and a method for production are provided. Energy density is substantially increased without compromising the capacitive charge storage kinetics and electrode demonstrates long term cycling stability. Charge storage devices with electrodes using the construct can use three different charge storage mechanisms immersed in an electrolyte: (1) cations can be stored in a thin double layer at the electrode/electrolyte interface (non-faradaic mechanism); (2) cations can interact with the bulk of an electroactive material which then undergoes a redox reaction or phase change, as in conventional batteries (faradaic mechanism); or (3) cations can electrochemically adsorb onto the surface of a material through charge transfer processes (faradaic mechanism).

Abstract: An apparatus and associated method for an energy-storage device (e.g., a capacitor) having a plurality of electrically conducting electrodes including a first electrode and a second electrode separated by a non-electrically conducting region, and wherein the non-electrically conducting region further includes a non-uniform permittivity (K) value. In some embodiments, the method includes providing a substrate; fabricating a first electrode on the substrate; and fabricating a second electrode such that the second electrode is separated from the first electrode by a non-electrically conducting region, wherein the non-electrically conducting region has a non-uniform permittivity (K) value. The capacitor devices will find benefit for use in electric vehicles, of all kinds, uninterruptible power supplies, wind turbines, mobile phones, and the like requiring wide temperature ranges from several hundreds of degrees C. down to absolute zero, consumer electronics operating in a temperature range of ?55 degrees C.

Abstract: A composition for forming an electroactive coating is described, including an acid as a polymerization catalyst, at least one functional component, and at least one compound of formula (1) as a monomer: wherein X is selected from S, O, Se, Te, PR2 and NR2, Y is hydrogen (H) or a precursor of a good leaving group Y? whose conjugate acid (HY) has a pKa of less than 30, Z is hydrogen (H), silyl, or a good leaving group whose conjugate acid (HY) has a pKa of less than 30, b is 0, 1 or 2, each R1 is a substituent, and the at least one compound of formula (1) includes at least one compound of formula (1) with Z=H and Y?H.

Abstract: A process for producing anodes includes providing a foil comprising tantalum or niobium. A surface of the foil is oxidized so as to form oxides on the foil surface. The foil is heated so that the oxides formed on the foil surface diffuse into the foil. A paste comprising a powder selected from the group consisting of a tantalum powder, a niobium powder, a niobium oxide powder and mixtures thereof is applied to the foil. The foil with the applied paste is sintered.

Abstract: A process for forming a solid electrolytic capacitor and an electrolytic capacitor formed by the process. The process includes: providing an anode wherein the anode comprises a porous body and an anode wire extending from the porous body; apply a thin polymer layer onto the dielectric, and forming a dielectric on the porous body to form an anodized anode; applying a first slurry to the anodized anode to form a blocking layer wherein the first slurry comprises a first conducting polymer with an median particle size of at least 0.05 ?m forming a layer of crosslinker on the blocking layer; and applying a layer of a second conducting polymer on the layer of crosslinker.

Abstract: An electrode material for an aluminum electrolytic capacitor, comprising, as constituent elements, sintered body of a powder of at least one member selected from the group consisting of aluminum and aluminum alloys, and an aluminum foil substrate supporting the sintered body thereon, wherein (1) the powder has an average particle size D50 of 0.5 to 100 ?m, (2) the sintered body is formed on one surface or both surfaces of the aluminum foil substrate and has a total thickness of 10 to 1,000 ?m, (3) the porosity of the sintered body is 35 to 49% by volume, and (4) the sintered body is obtained by applying a rolling process to a film made from a composition comprising a powder of at least one member selected from the group consisting of aluminum and aluminum alloys, and subsequently sintering the film.

Abstract: A solid electrolytic capacitor in which a solid electrolytic layer is formed by applying and drying a conductive-polymer solution which contains a conductive polymer that satisfies following condition (A) and which meets following condition (B) to a dielectric layer formed by oxidizing the surface of an anode metal. Condition (A): Out of one or more peaks that appear when particle size distributions are measured by a dynamic light-scattering method using a conductive-polymer solution containing 1 mass % conductive polymer, the volume average particle size in the distribution that includes the peak of the smallest particle size is smaller than 26 nm.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a solid electrolytic capacitor having an even conductive polymer layer includes the steps of forming a conductive polymer layer on an anode element by bringing a dispersion containing a conductive solid and a first solvent into contact with the anode element having a dielectric film formed thereon, washing the anode element with a second solvent higher in boiling point than the first solvent, in which the conductive solid can be dispersed, after the conductive polymer layer is formed, and drying the anode element washed with the second solvent at a temperature not lower than the boiling point of the first solvent and lower than the boiling point of the second solvent.

Abstract: The described embodiments provide an energy storage device that includes a positive electrode including an active material that can store and release ions, a negative electrode including an active material that is a lithiated nano-architectured active material including tin and at least one stress-buffer component, and a non-aqueous electrolyte including lithium. The negative electrode active material is nano-architectured before lithiation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a capacitor comprising an electrode body (1) of an electrode material (2), wherein a dielectric (3) at least partly covers the surface (4) of this electrode material (2) and forms an anode body (5), wherein the anode body (5) is at least partly coated with a solid electrolyte (6) which comprises a conductive polymer, wherein the capacitor comprises at least one polyglycerol; wherein for the ratio of the amount by weight of polyglycerol (Mpg) in the capacitor and the amount by weight of conductive polymer (Mpolymer) in the capacitor: Mpg/Mpolymer>0.15, wherein the polyglycerol contains more than 50 wt. % of a mixture of a tri- and tetraglycerol, based on the total weight of the polyglycerol. The invention also relates to a process for the production of a capacitor, the capacitor obtainable by this process, an electronic circuit, the use of a capacitor and a dispersion.

Abstract: A manufacturing method of an anode foil for an aluminum electrolytic capacitor is provided, which comprises a first step of forming a porous oxide film, i.e. subjecting an etched foil having etched holes thereon to an anodic oxidation process to form a porous oxide film on both the outer surface of the etched foil and the inner surface of etched holes, and a second step of forming a dense oxide film, i.e. converting the porous oxide film into the dense oxide film. The method can be used to manufacture an anode foil for various voltage ranges, e.g. an ultra-high voltage anode foil whose voltage is more than 800 vf, and the method can increase specific capacity, reduce power consumption, simplify the process, and increase production efficiency.

Abstract: The present invention relates in particular to a conductive electrode for an electrical energy storage system (1) having an aqueous electrolyte solution, said electrode comprising a metallic current collector (3) and an active material (7), said metallic current collector (3) comprising a protective conductive layer (5) placed between said metallic current collector (3) and said active material (7), characterized in that said protective conductive layer (5) comprises:—between 30% and 85% as a proportion by weight of dry matter of a copolymer matrix,—between 70% and 15% as a proportion by weight of dry matter of conductive fillers, in addition to the proportion by weight of dry matter of copolymer in order to achieve a total of 100%.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an electrode structure for an energy storage device, the electrode structure including a current collector and an active material layer formed on the current collector, the active material layer including a carbon material and metal particles formed on the carbon material.

Abstract: A titanium oxide composite, a titanium oxide composite manufacturing method, and a super capacitor using the same are provided. The titanium oxide composite is prepared to surround graphene on a surface of granule type titanium oxide. One of a granule type LixTiyOz and a granule type HxTiyOz is selected and thereby used for the granule type titanium oxide, the granule type LixTiyOz satisfies 1?x?4, 1?y?5, and 1?z?12, and the granule type HxTiyOz satisfies 1?x?2, 1?y?12, and 1?z?25.

Abstract: Improved flow through capacitors (FTC) and methods for purifying aqueous solutions are disclosed. For example, FTC electrodes that are activated with a poly-electrolyte are disclosed.