Abstract: Provided are a compound represented by Formula 1 and an organic light-emitting device including the same: wherein descriptions of Formula 1 are provided in the detailed description of the present specification.

Abstract: An apparatus for compressive sensing may include a filter array, a detector, and a reconstruction engine. The filter array may be configured to generate a first illumination pattern in response to a first wavelength of light and a second illumination pattern in response to a second wavelength of light. The first illumination pattern and the second illumination pattern may be projected onto an object. The detector may be configured to determine a first intensity of a first light emitted by the object in response to the first illumination pattern and a second intensity of a second light emitted by the object in response to the second illumination pattern. The reconstruction engine may be configured to generate an image of the object based at least on the first intensity, the first illumination pattern, the second intensity, and the second illumination pattern.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a semiconductor manufacturing method for a stacked body that includes a semiconductor substrate, a supporting substrate containing silicon, and a joining layer arranged between the semiconductor substrate and the supporting substrate to joint the semiconductor substrate and the supporting substrate, in which a surface of the semiconductor substrate opposite to the joining layer is to be ground, includes irradiating the stacked body with electromagnetic wave having energy of 0.11 to 0.14 eV from a side of the supporting substrate, and separating the semiconductor substrate from the supporting substrate.

Abstract: An optoelectronic device that includes a germanium containing buffer layer atop a silicon containing substrate, and a first distributed Bragg reflector stack of III-V semiconductor material layers on the buffer layer. The optoelectronic device further includes an active layer of III-V semiconductor material present on the first distributed Bragg reflector stack, wherein a difference in lattice dimension between the active layer and the first distributed brag reflector stack induces a strain in the active layer. A second distributed Bragg reflector stack of III-V semiconductor material layers having a may be present on the active layer.

Abstract: In a first step, protrusions (42) are formed on a surface of an SiC substrate (40), and the SiC substrate (40) is etched. In a second step, the protrusions (42) of the SiC substrate (40) are epitaxially grown through MSE process, and an epitaxial layer (43a) containing threading screw dislocation, which has been largely grown in the vertical (c-axis) direction as a result of MSE process, is at least partially removed. In a third step, MSE process is performed again on the SiC substrate (40) after the second step, to cause epitaxial layers (43) containing no threading screw dislocation to be grown in the horizontal (a-axis) direction to be connected at the molecular level, so that one monocrystalline 4H—SiC semiconductor wafer (45) having a large area is generated throughout an Si-face or a C-face of the SiC substrate (40).

Abstract: A method of growing crystalline materials on two-dimensional inert materials comprising functionalizing a surface of a two-dimensional inert material, growing a nucleation layer on the functionalized surface, and growing a crystalline material. A crystalline material grown on a two-dimensional inert material made from the process comprising functionalizing a surface of a two-dimensional inert material, growing a nucleation layer on the functionalized surface, and growing a crystalline material.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing large area graphene for graphene-based photonics devices such as bolometric graphene detectors, or for use as a saturable absorber in ultra-high bandwidth detectors for producing ultrafast laser pulses. The method includes: growing a first graphene layer on one side of a metal substrate, and a second graphene layer on another side of the metal substrate; coating the first graphene layer with a plurality of resist layers including a low molecular weight polymethylmethacrylate, and a high molecular weight polymethylmethacrylate; removing the second graphene layer and the metal substrate to reveal the first graphene layer; disposing the first graphene layer on an optical substrate; and removing the plurality of resist layers from the first graphene layer to reveal a final graphene layer, which can be used as the basis to manufacture a multilayer graphene structure for graphene detectors.

Abstract: A carrier for Raman spectroscopy comprising: a substrate having a first metal surface; a plurality of graphene islands disposed on the substrate, wherein parts of the neighboring graphene islands are not connected and thereby form a plurality of gaps between the graphene islands; and a plurality of second metal particles disposed at the gaps between the graphene islands.

Abstract: A layer structure may include a carrier, a two-dimensional layer, and a holding structure. The holding structure is arranged on the carrier and holds the two-dimensional layer on the carrier such that at least a portion of the two-dimensional layer is spaced apart from the carrier. The holding structure includes a holding portion extending from the two-dimensional layer towards the carrier beyond the at least a portion of the two-dimensional layer spaced apart from the carrier.

Abstract: An optical waveguide element includes: a cladding portion made of silica-based glass; and a plurality of optical waveguides positioned in the cladding portion and made of silica-based glass in which ZrO2 crystal particles are dispersed. The optical waveguide element is a planar lightwave circuit. The plurality of optical waveguides configure an arrayed waveguide grating element.

Abstract: A semiconductor structure is provided including an electrically-conducting substrate and a layer of a two-dimensional material. The structure further includes a solid organic spacer layer arranged between the electrically-conducting substrate and the layer of the two-dimensional material.

Abstract: A sealed bag containing a reference fluid for the calibration and/or quality control of a creatine and/or creatinine sensor, the bag comprising: an inner polymer layer and an outer polymer layer; and an aluminium oxide gas barrier layer there between; and wherein the inner polymer layer is in contact with the reference fluid.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of displays and discloses a polyimide substrate, which is manufactured by reacting lignin, polyimide and a free radical initiator. Because lignin contains various active groups, for example, hydroxyl, carboxyl and aryl, etc., when it is introduced into the polymer structure of polyimide, the maximum absorption peak of the polymer can be made to redshift from less than or equal to 280 nm to less than or equal to 380 nm, so that a certain absorption and screening action may be laid on the light wave during a subsequent Laser Lift Off process, and the substrate and the liquid crystal may be prevented from being damaged during a Laser Lift Off process of the glass base substrate, thereby guaranteeing the display quality of the flexible display.

Abstract: A method for producing a multicoat coating (M) on a substrate (S) that includes:(!) producing a basecoat (B) on the substrate by applying an aqueous basecoat material (b) to the substrate (S), the basecoat material being a two-component coating composition, and (II) producing a clearcoat (K) directly on the basecoat (B) by applying an aqueous clearcoat material (k) directly to the basecoat (B), the clearcoat material being a two-component coating composition.

Abstract: In some examples, an article may include a substrate and a coating on the substrate. In accordance with some of these examples, the coating may include a bond layer and an overlying layer comprising at least one oxide. In some examples, the bond layer comprises silicon metal and at least one of a transition metal carbide, a transition metal boride, or a transition metal nitride.

Abstract: Metal-chalcogenide films disposed on a substrate comprising at least one monolayer (e.g., 1 to 10 monolayers) of a metal-chalcogenide. The films can be continuous (e.g., structurally and/or electrically continuous) over 80% or greater of the substrate that is covered by the film. The films can be made by methods based on low metal precursor concentration relative to the concentration of chalcogenide precursor. The methods can be carried out at low water concentration. The films can be used in devices (e.g., electrical devices and electronic devices).

Abstract: Provided is a method of producing a Mn-activated complex fluoride phosphor, the method including: mixing a red phosphor as a Mn-activated complex fluoride represented by the following formula (1): K2MF6:Mn??(1) wherein M is one or two or more of tetravalent elements selected from the group consisting of Si, Ti, Zr, Hf, Ge and Sn and necessarily includes Si, with K2MnF6 in solid state and optionally with a hydrogenfluoride represented by the following formula (2): AF.nHF??(2) wherein A is one or two or more of alkali metals and/or ammonium selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Rb and NH4 and necessarily includes K, and n is a number of 0.7 to 4, in solid state; and heating the resulting mixture at a temperature of 100 to 500° C. According to the present invention, it is possible to obtain a Mn-activated complex fluoride phosphor which can be used with smaller amount as compared to those according to the related art.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a Microelectromechanical System (MEMS) resonator includes providing a dielectric substrate defining a resonator and depositing a conductive coating having a resistivity of approximately 1 to 50 ??-cm on that substrate by Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD). A resonator fabricated according to this process includes a dielectric substrate defining a resonator and a conductive coating having a resistivity of approximately 1 to 50 ??-cm for electrically coupling the resonator to electronics. Another method for fabricating a MEMS resonator includes providing a dielectric substrate defining a resonator, depositing an aluminum oxide film on that substrate by ALD, and depositing a noble metal film on the aluminum oxide film, also by ALD.

Abstract: The invention relates to an optoelectronic device (1) comprising at least one outer surface (2) containing silicone (20), chemical compounds, comprising an anchor group (3) and a head group (4), being bonded to the silicone via the anchor group, and the adhesion of the regions of the silicone (2) present on the outer surface being reduced owing to the head groups of the chemical compounds. A method for producing an optoelectronic device is also disclosed.

Abstract: An anti-corrosion composition includes a first compound including: a first polyisobutylene having an average relative molar mass ranging from about 30,000 to about 100,000 g/mole and a Staudinger index ranging from about 15-70 cm3/g, a first depolymerized butyl rubber with Brookfield viscosity at 66° C. ranging from about 400,000-2,000,000 mPa·s and an average molecular weight ranging from about 20,000-60,000, and combinations thereof. A second compound includes a second polyisobutylene having an average relative molar mass ranging from about 900,000-6,500,000 g/mole and a Staudinger index ranging from about 240-900 cm3/g, at least one second partly cross-linked butyl rubber with a Mooney viscosity at 127° C. ranging from about 65-100 MU. The anti-corrosion composition includes at least one first or at least one second polyisobutylene as well as at least one first or at least one second butyl rubber.

Abstract: Provided is a laminate film having a substrate and at least one thin film layer which is formed on at least one surface of the substrate, wherein at least one of the thin film layers satisfies all of the following conditions (i) to (iv): (i) silicon atoms, oxygen atoms, and carbon atoms are contained, (ii) a content ratio X (at %) of the number of carbon atoms relative to a sum of the number of silicon atoms, the number of oxygen atoms, and the number of carbon atoms is 3 to 25 at %, (iii) an average density d (g/cm3) is 2.12 g/cm3 or higher and is less than 2.25 g/cm3, and (iv) the content ratio X (at %) of the number of carbon atoms and the average density d (g/cm3) satisfy a condition represented by the following formula (1): d>(2.22?0.008X)??(1).

Abstract: Provided is a method for producing a red phosphor which is a Mn-activated complex fluoride represented by formula (1), A2MF6:Mn (1) (M is one type or more of a tetravalent element selected from Si, Ti, Zr, Hf, Ge, and Sn, and A is one type or more of an alkali metal selected from Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs, and includes at least Na and/or K.), wherein, as a reactive source, a solid of a complex fluoride represented by formula (2), A2MF6 (2) (M and A are as described above) and a solid of a manganese compound represented by formula (3), A2MnF6 (3) (A is as described above) are mixed and heated at a temperature of from 100° C. to 500° C. According to the present invention, a Mn-activated complex fluoride phosphor having favorable luminescence properties can be obtained without using hydrofluoric acid in a main step.

Abstract: A method may include exposing a porous, carbon-containing material to a fuel source and an oxidizing agent; allowing the porous, carbon-containing material to adsorb at least some of the fuel source; and heating the porous, carbon-containing material to a temperature at which combustion of the adsorbed fuel source occurs, so that the porous, carbon-containing material is homogeneously oxidized throughout its thickness. Another method may include exposing a microporous, carbon-containing material to a fuel and an oxidizing agent, allowing the microporous, carbon-containing material to adsorb at least some of the fuel, and heating the microporous, carbon-containing material to a temperature at which combustion of the fuel occurs, to seal pores of the microporous, carbon-containing material adjacent to its surface.

Abstract: An improved structure for reducing compound semiconductor wafer distortion comprises a contact metal layer, at least one stress balance layer and a die attachment layer. The contact metal layer is formed on a bottom surface of a compound semiconductor wafer; the at least one stress balance layer is formed on a bottom surface of the contact metal layer, wherein the at least one stress balance layer is made of at least one conductive material; the die attachment layer is formed on a bottom surface of the at least one stress balance layer, wherein the die attachment layer is made of conductive material. By locating the at least one stress balance layer between the contact metal layer and the die attachment layer, the stress suffered by the compound semiconductor wafer is balanced so that the distortion of the compound semiconductor wafer is reduced.

Abstract: A composition and method of kinetically depositing the composition to form a coating onto an exterior surface of a zirconium alloy cladding of a light water nuclear reactor which at least partially adheres to the exterior surface. The coating composition includes a first component and a second component. The first component is selected from the group consisting of zirconium, zirconium oxide and mixtures thereof. The second component is selected from the group consisting of Zr2AlC ceramic, Ti2AlC ceramic, Ti3AlC2 ceramic, Al2O3, aluminum, zirconium silicide, amorphous and semi-amorphous alloyed stainless steel, and mixtures of Zr2AlC ceramic, Ti2AlC ceramic and Ti3AlC2 ceramic. The coating has a gradient emanating from the exterior surface of the cladding toward an exposed outer surface of the coating such that percent by weight of the first component decreases and the second component increases from the exterior surface of the cladding toward the exposed outer surface of the coating.

Abstract: The present invention provides a mirror plate capable of suppressing the occurrence of orange peel-like unevenness. The mirror plate includes a mirror film including a mirror layer and an adhesive layer; and a substrate. The adhesive layer is attached to one surface of the substrate. The one surface of the substrate has an arithmetic average roughness of less than 0.03 ?m. The mirror film includes no hard coat layer containing cured resin. The thicknesses of the mirror layer and the adhesive layer have a relation satisfying: tA/tM?0.18, where tM represents the thickness of the mirror layer and to represents the thickness of the adhesive layer.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a gas barrier laminated film having high adhesion under a high-temperature working environment.

Abstract: A cleaning wafer or substrate for use in cleaning, or in combination with, components of, for example, integrated chip manufacturing apparatus. The cleaning substrate can include a substrate having varying predetermined surface features, such as one or more predetermined adhesive, non-tacky, electrostatic, projection, depression, or other physical sections. The predetermined features can provide for more effective cleaning of the components with which they are used, such as an integrated chip manufacturing apparatus in the place of the integrated chip wafer. The cleaning substrate can be urged into cleaning or other position by vacuum, mechanical, electrostatic, or other forces. The cleaning substrate can adapted to accomplish a variety of functions, including abrading or polishing. The cleaning substrate may be made by a novel method of making, and it may then be used in a novel method of use I combination with chip manufacturing apparatus.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a method of preparing a film of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) on at least one surface of a support material, wherein the film is applied and spread directly onto a surface of the plastic support material in the form of a suspension of nanofibrillated cellulose, whereby the nanofibrillated cellulose forms a film. Further, the invention concerns a structure containing or consisting of a film of nanofibrillated cellulose prepared using said method.

Abstract: A solar cell is provided. The solar cell includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and a photoelectric conversion layer, disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode. The solar cell further includes an ionizable charged film disposed on one of the outermost surface of the first electrode and the outermost surface of the second electrode.

Abstract: The invention concerns an optical coating (3, 3?), having a high refractive index and good optical properties (i.e., low absorption and scatter) and limited internal stresses in a spectral range extending from the visible to the near UV range (i.e., up to a wavelength of 220 nm). The coating (3, 3?) according to the invention consists of a hafnium- or zirconium-containing oxide HfxSiyOz or ZrxSiyOz containing an silicon fraction (y) between 1 at. % and 10 at. %, especially between 1.5 at. % and 3 at. %.

Abstract: In the present invention, a crucible formed of SiC as a main component is used as a container for a Si—C solution. The SiC crucible is heated such that, for example, an isothermal line representing a temperature distribution within the crucible draws an inverted convex shape; and Si and C, which are derived from a main component SiC of the crucible, are eluted from a high-temperature surface region of the crucible in contact with the Si—C solution, into the Si—C solution, thereby suppressing precipitation of a SiC polycrystal on a surface of the crucible in contact with the Si—C solution. To the Si—C solution of this state, a SiC seed crystal is moved down from the upper portion of the crucible closer to the Si—C solution and brought into contact with the Si—C solution to grow a SiC single crystal on the SiC seed crystal.

Abstract: A method and structure for providing high-quality transferred graphene layers for subsequent device fabrication includes transferring graphene onto a hydrophobic surface of a hydrophobic layer and performing a thermal treatment process. In various embodiments, a substrate including an insulating layer is provided, and a hydrophobic layer is formed over the insulating layer. In some examples, a graphene layer is transferred onto the hydrophobic layer. By way of example, the transferred graphene layer has a first carrier mobility. In some embodiments, after transferring the graphene layer, an annealing process is performed, and the annealed graphene layer has a second carrier mobility greater than the first carrier mobility.

Abstract: A part including a substrate in which at least a portion adjacent to a surface of the substrate is made of a refractory material containing silicon, is protected by an environmental barrier formed on the surface of the substrate and having at least a self-healing layer containing a rare earth silicate. The self-healing layer is formed: for at least 90 mol %, by a system constituted by 30 mol % to at most 80 mol % of at least one rare earth silicate RE2Si2O7, RE being a rare earth, and at least 20 mol % to 70 mol % of manganese oxide MnO; and for at most 10 mol %, by one or more oxides other than MnO, having a eutectic point with SiO2 less than or equal to 1595° C.; the self-healing layer presenting a liquid phase having a self-healing function at least throughout the temperature range 1200° C. to 1400° C., while conserving a majority solid phase.

Abstract: A window for a display device including a plastic substrate having yield strain of greater than or equal to about 0.8% at about 85 degrees Celsius and 85% relative humidity and a hard coating layer disposed on at least one side of the plastic substrate.

Abstract: Methods for synthesizing aluminum-modified silazanes, their use as polymer-derived ceramic precursors, and polymer-derived ceramics and carbon nanotube core/shell nanocomposites formed therefrom are disclosed.

Abstract: An exemplary dehydrogenation device for generating a hydrogen gas through dehydrogenation according to the present disclosure comprises an anode containing a dehydrogenation catalyst, a cathode containing catalyst capable of reducing protons, and a proton conductor disposed between the anode and the cathode. The proton conductor has a perovskite crystal structure expressed by the compositional formula AaB1-xB?xO3-?. The A element is an alkaline-earth metal and is contained in a range of 0.4<a<0.9, where the a value represents a mole fraction of this element, and the B? element is a trivalent group 3 or group 13 element and is contained in a range of 0.2<x<0.6, where the x value represents a mole fraction of this element.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of fabricating a preceramic polymer for making a ceramic material including a metal boride. The method includes providing a starting preceramic polymer that includes a silicon-containing backbone chain and first and second reactive side groups extending off of the silicon-containing backbone chain, reacting a boron-containing material with the first reactive side group to bond a boron moiety to the silicon-containing backbone chain, and reacting a metal-containing material with the second reactive side group to bond a metal moiety to the silicon-containing backbone chain such that the preceramic polymer includes the boron moiety and the metal moiety extending as side groups off of the silicon-containing backbone chain. Also disclosed is a preceramic polymer composition and a metal-boride-containing ceramic article fabricated from the preceramic polymer.

Abstract: In a power semiconductor module, the 0.2% yield strength of solder under a lead terminal that bonds the lead terminal and a semiconductor element is set to be lower than the 0.2% yield strength of solder under the semiconductor element that bonds the semiconductor element and an insulating substrate. As a result, the lead terminal is expanded with self-heating by energization of the semiconductor element, and stress is applied to the semiconductor element via the solder under the lead terminal. However, the solder under the lead terminal with low 0.2% yield strength reduces the stress that is applied to the semiconductor element. Thus, the reliability of a surface electrode of the semiconductor element that is bonded to the solder under the lead terminal is improved.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a self-adhesive article comprising a support layer of foam or similar type and an adhesive layer obtained by cross-linking an adhesive composition. The present invention also relates to a mixture of at least two polymers suitable for use for the manufacture of the self-adhesive article as well as an adhesive composition comprising said mixture of at least two polymers according to the invention.

Abstract: A ceramic matrix composite includes continuous silicon carbide fibers in a ceramic matrix comprising silicon carbide and a MAX phase compound having a chemical composition Mn+1AXn, where M is a transition metal selected from the group consisting of: Ti, V, Cr, Sc, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, and Ta; A is a group-A element selected from the group consisting of: Al, Si, P, S, Ga, Ge, As, Cd, In, Sn, Tl and Pb; and X is carbon or nitrogen, with n being an integer from 1 to 3.

Abstract: A tool and a method of making the tool are disclosed. The tool includes a superabrasive compact, for example, a volume of silicon carbide diamond bonded composite, directly bonded to a tungsten carbide body during sintering. The green body may have a recess with a complementary shape to the superabrasive compact, whereby after inserting at least a part of the superabrasive compact within the recess and sintering, the tungsten carbide body and the recess shrink to form an interference fit therebetween.

Abstract: The present invention relates to detection systems and methods that detect fluorescence, luminescence, chemiluminescence or phosphorescence signatures in the form of an electrical signal conducted and emitted from metallic containing surfaces. Thus, the present invention provides for detecting fluorescence digitally and directly without the need for expensive detectors.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for measuring the isoelectric pH for materials deposited on or otherwise affixed onto and in contact with an electrode surface, and a method for utilizing the isoelectric pH to form nanometer thickness, self-assembled layers on the material, are described. Forming such layers utilizing information obtained about the isoelectric pH values of the substrate and the coating is advantageous since the growth of the coating is self-limiting because once the surface charge has been neutralized there is no longer a driving force for the solid electrolyte coating thickness to increase, and uniform coatings without pinhole defects will be produced because a local driving force for assembly will exist if any bare electrode material is exposed to the solution. The present self-assembly procedure, when combined with electrodeposition, may be used to increase the coating thickness.

Abstract: The method includes the steps of: a) providing a silicon substrate including a first portion covered by the mask made from a carbonaceous material and a second doped portion, the mask including, at the surface, a surface layer including implanted ionic species and an underlying layer free of implanted ionic species, b) exposing the surface layer and the second portion to a SiCl4 and Cl2 plasma so as to deposit a silicon chloride SiClx layer on the second portion and etch the surface layer, c) etching the underlying layer so as to expose the first portion, and d) etching the silicon chloride SiClx layer so as to expose the second portion.

Abstract: The present invention describes an improved multilayer solar selective coating useful for solar thermal power generation. Solar selective coating of present invention essentially consists of Ti/Chrome interlayer, two absorber layers (AlTiN and AlTiON) an anti-reflection layer (AlTiO). Coating deposition process uses Ti and Al as the source materials, which are abundantly available and easy to manufacture as sputtering targets for industrial applications. The present invention allows deposition of all the layers in a single sputtering chamber on flat and tubular substrates with high absorptance and low emittance, thus making the process simpler and cost effective. The process of the present invention can be up-scaled easily for deposition on longer tubes with good uniformity and reproducibility. The coating of the present invention also displays improved adhesion, UV stability, corrosion resistance and stability under extreme environments.

Abstract: Method for creating a flexible, multistable element (5): a silicon component (S) is etched with a beam (P) connecting two ends (E1, E2) of a rigid mass (MU) having a cross-section more than ten times that of said beam (P), SiO2 is grown at 1100° C. for a duration adjusted to obtain, on said beam (P), a first ratio (RA) of more than 1 between the section of a first peripheral layer (CP1) of SiO2, and that of a first silicon core (A1), and, on said mass (MU), a second ratio (RB) between the section of a second peripheral layer (CP2) of SiO2 and that of a second silicon core (A2), which is less than a hundredth of said first ratio (RA); cooling to ambient temperature is performed, to deform said beam (P) by buckling when said mass (MU) cools and contracts more than said beam (P).

Abstract: A cutting element includes a polycrystalline diamond layer having a cutting face and a diamond layer side surface, a substrate attached to the polycrystalline diamond layer, the substrate having a bottom surface and a substrate side surface, an interface between the diamond layer and the substrate, and a mask covering at least the bottom surface and the substrate side surface of the cutting element.

Abstract: A sheet manufacturing apparatus includes a defibrating unit configures to defibrate a raw material containing fiber into a defibrated material; a screening unit configured to screen the defibrated material that is defibrated by the defibrating unit; a web forming unit configured to form a web on which the defibrated material screened by the screening unit is deposited; a rotary body that includes a protrusion unit for forming a subdivided body by dividing the web formed by the web forming unit; a deposition unit configures to deposit the defibrated material configuring the subdivided body; and a forming unit configured to form the sheet by pressurizing and heating the defibrated material deposited by the deposition unit.

Abstract: A coating of a random copolymer of acrylamide and a second monomer, e.g. glycidoxylmethacrylate, for a silica surface is described. The coating is applied to chromatographic support structures having silica based surfaces. The coating is functionalized to produce protein chromatography matrices that are particularly useful for extracting trace amounts of biomarker molecules from biological samples.